1) Middle-earth language 
Westron, or the Common Speech, is a fictional language in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien. Westron is the closest thing to a lingua franca in Middle-earth, at least at the time during which The Lord of the Rings is set. `Westron` is an invented English word, derived from West. It is not a word from the language itself. ==Fictional history=.....