1) Fictional city-state 
Esgaroth, or Lake-town, is a fictitious community of Men upon the Long Lake, in The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien. The town is constructed entirely of wood and stands upon wooden pillars sunk into the bed of the Long Lake, south of the Lonely Mountain and east of Mirkwood. It seems that the town`s prosperity is built on trade between the Men (descen....