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IFAD - Livestock glossary Category: Agriculture and Industry > Livestock Date & country: 20/01/2014, USA Words: 206

Hog Cholera
Also called Classic Swine Fever. Typically acute, highly contagious and fatal disease of pigs but it can also cause chronic or sub-clinical disease. It is characterised with high fever, anorexia, haemorrhages in different parts of the body and it is often accompanied with digestive, nervous and pulmonary symptoms. Reproductive failure can be a significant feature of infection and may occur without other symptoms. The affected animals eliminate the virus in large quantities in all their excretions and secretions.

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
An acute bacterial disease, mainly affecting large ruminants. It is characterised by a sudden onset of fever, profuse salivation, severe depression and death in about 24 hours. This disease is recorded chiefly from Southeast Asian countries and it can be prevented by vaccination.

Heifer
A bovine female less than three years of age who has not born a calf.

Hen
A female fowl that has begun to lay.

Grazing pressure
The relationship between the number of animal units or forage intake units and the weight of forage dry matter per unit area at any point in time; an animal-to forage relationship. May be expressed as animal units or forage intake units to forage mass (animal units/forage mass at a specific time).

Grazing season
The time period during which grazing can normally be practised each year or portion of each year.

Grazing system
A defined, integrated combination of animal, plant, soil, and other environmental components and the grazing method(s) by which the system is managed to achieve specific results or goals.

Grazing period
The length of time that grazing livestock or wildlife occupy a specific land area.

Grazing permit/license/lease
Official written permission to graze a specific number, kind, and class of livestock for a specified time period on a defined rangeland.

Grazing preference
(1) Selection of plants, or plant parts, over others by grazing animals. (2) In the administration of public lands, a basis upon which grazing-use permits and licenses are issued.

Grazing method
A defined procedure or technique of grazing management designed to achieve a specific objective(s). One or more grazing methods can be utilised within a grazing system.

Grazing management unit
The grazing land area used to support a group of grazing animals for a grazing season. It may be a single area or it may have a number of subdivisions.

Grazing land management
The manipulation of the soil-plant-animal complex of the grazing land in pursuit of a desired result. The definition may be applied to specific kinds of grazing land by substituting the appropriate term, such as grassland in place of grazing land.

Grazing management
The control of grazing and browsing animals to accomplish a defined objective.

Grazing land
Any vegetated land that is grazed or that has the potential to be grazed by animals.

Grazing event
The length of time that an animal grazes without stopping.

Grazing fee
A charge, usually on a monthly (or annually) basis, for grazing a specific kind of livestock.

Grazing cycle
The time elapsed between the beginning of one grazing period and the beginning of the next grazing period in the same paddock where the forage is regularly grazed and rested. One grazing cycle includes one grazing period plus one rest period. Dispersion of livestock grazing within a management unit.

Grazing cell
A grazing arrangement comprised of numerous sub-divisions (paddocks) with a central component for livestock management and movement (cell center).

Graze
The consumption of forage in situ by animals. This verb should be used in the active form with the animal as the subject. The verb should not be used in the passive voice so as to imply that a person is the subject or actor; i.e., cattle graze; people do not graze cattle.

Grazing
Consumption of native forage from rangelands or pastures by livestock or wildlife.

Grazing Allotment
An area where one or more livestock operators graze their livestock. An allotment generally consists of federal land but may include parcels of private or state-owned land.

Grass
A plant with long, narrow leaves having parallel veins and nondescript flowers. Stems are hollow or pithy in cross-section. Members of the plant family Poaceae.

Grassland
Land on which the vegetation is dominated by grasses.

Grass-like plant
A plant that resembles a grass but has stems that are solid in cross-section, including rushes and sedges.

Grazable forestland
Forestland that produces, at least periodically, sufficient understory vegetation that can be grazed. Forage is indigenous or, if introduced, it is managed as though it were indigenous.

GM
Global Mechanism

GMU
Grassland Management Unit (China)

Frontal grazing
A grazing method that allocates forage within a land area by means of a sliding fence that livestock can advance to gain access to ungrazed forage.

GIAP
Groupement d'int

GIP
Groupement d'int

Forest grazing
The combined use of forestland or woodland for both wood production and animal production by grazing of the coexisting indigenous forage, or vegetation that is managed like indigenous forage.

Forestland
Land on which the vegetation is dominated by forest or, if trees are lacking, the land bears evidence of former forest and has not been converted to other vegetation.

Fowl
General term for domestic cocks, cockerels, hens and pullets.

Fowl Cholera
A contagious bacterial disease of poultry, characterised by sudden high fever and profuse green diarrhoea.

Forage mass
The total dry weight of forage per unit area of land, usually above ground level and at a defined reference level. This definition can be appropriately altered to be specific to herbage or browse by substituting these terms in place of forage.

Forb
A non-woody, herbaceous broadleaf plant that is not a grass, sedge, or rush and is not grass-like.

Forage crop
A crop of cultivated plants or plant parts, other than separated grain, produced to be grazed or harvested for use as feed for animals.

Forage intake unit
An animal with a rate of forage consumption equal to 8kg dry matter/day. Assuming that one animal unit has a dry matter intake rate of 8 kg/day (NRC, 1984), any animal may be represented as a certain fraction or multiple of the animal-unit, based solely on its rate of forage intake per day. An animal which has a forage intake rate larger or smaller than 8 kg dry matter/day will have an animal-unit-equivalent which is a proportionate fraction or multiple of one animal unit. The use of forage intake unit in a publication should be followed by a description using a standard format. This format should include at least the following information

Forage
All browse and herbaceous growth available and acceptable to grazing animals or that may be harvested for feeding purposes. Forage includes pasture, rangelands, and crop aftermath. Feed includes forage, hay and grains.

Forage allowance
The relationship between the weight of forage dry matter per unit area and the number of animal units or forage intake units at any point in time; a forage-to-animal relationship. The inverse of grazing pressure. May be expressed as forage mass per animal unit or forage intake unit (forage mass/animal unit at a specific time). This definition can be appropriately altered to be specific to herbage or browse by substituting these terms in place of forage.

First-last grazing
A method of utilising two or more groups of animals, usually with different nutritional requirements, to graze sequentially on the same land area. If more than two groups of animals are grazed sequentially, this would be described as first, second, and last grazing.

FNEC
F

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
A highly infectious viral disease in cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, characterised by the development of blisters in the mouth and on the feet resulting in lameness. Death is not usual but animals cease gaining weight and milk production drops.

Epizootic
Temporarily prevalent and widespread disease in an animal population.

Etiology
The science or study of the causes of disease, both direct and predisposing, and the mode of their operation.

Ewe
An adult female sheep.

Extensive grazing management
Grazing management that utilises relatively large land areas per animal and a relatively low level of labour, resources, or capital.

Epidemiology
The study of the incidence and distribution of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Enzootic
Occurring endemically among animals, i.e., continuously prevalent among animals in a certain region.

Epidemic
A widespread occurrence of a disease in one area at a particular time.

Endoparasite
Parasite that lives on the inside of its host e.g. tapeworm.

Environmental assessment (EA)
A concise public document for which a federal agency is responsible. An EA serves (1) to briefly provide enough evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an environmental impact statement (EIS) or a finding of no significant impact; and to aid an agencies compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act when no EIS is needed; and (3) to facilitate preparation of an EIS when one is needed.

Endemic
Confined in its indigenous occurrence to a particular region.

EDF
European Development Fund.

Ecosystem
Organisms that together with their physical environment form an interacting system and inhabit an identifiable space.

Ectoparasite
A parasite that lives in the skin or outside of its host e.g. lice.

Dystocia
Abnormal or difficult labour causing difficulty in delivering the foetus and placenta.

East Coast Fever
Acute tick-borne disease of cattle caused by protozoan parasite and it is characterised by high fever, lymph node enlargement, dyspnea (respiratory distress), weakness, emaciation and high death rate in susceptible breeds.

Ecological site
Land with a specific potential natural community and specific physical site characteristics, differing from other kinds of land in its ability to produce vegetation and to respond to management. Synonymous with range site.

Ecological status
The present state of vegetation and soil protection of an ecological site in relation to the potential natural community for the site. Vegetation status is the expression of the relative degree to which the kind, proportions, and amounts of plants in a community resemble that of the potential natural community.

Dipping
Commonly used for immersing animals in an insecticidal liquid.

Deferment
Delay of livestock grazing on an area for an adequate period of time to provide for plant reproduction, establishment of new plants, or restoration of vigour.

Desert
Land on which the vegetation is absent or sparse, usually shrubby, and is characterised by an arid, hot to cool climate.

Cropland
Land devoted to the production of cultivated crops. May be used to produce forage crops.

Creep grazing
The practice of allowing juvenile animals to graze areas that their dams cannot access at the same time.

Cow-calf operation
A livestock operation in which a base breeding herd of mother cows and bulls is maintained. The cows produce a calf crop each year, and the operation keeps some heifer calves from each calf crop for breeding herd replacements. The rest of the calf crop is sold between the ages of 6 and 12 months along with old or non-productive cows and bulls.

Cover
(1) The plant or plant parts, living or dead, on the ground surface. (2) The proportional area of ground covered by plants on a stated area.

Controlled grazing
Controlled grazing has sometimes been used erroneously to describe increased grazing management. The control imposed is a matter of level or degree and is better described in terms of grazing management and grazing methods.

Continuous stocking
A method of grazing livestock on a specific unit of land where animals have unrestricted and uninterrupted access throughout the time period when grazing is allowed. The length of the grazing period should be defined.

Continuous grazing
The grazing of a specific unit throughout a year, growing season, or that part of a year when grazing is feasible.

Contamination
Entry of undesirable micro-organisms to some material or object.

Congenital
Deformities, diseases etc., that are either present at birth or which being transmitted direct from the parents, show themselves some time after birth.

Climax vegetation
The final vegetation community and highest ecological development of a plant community that emerges after a series of successive vegetative stages. The climax community perpetuates itself indefinitely unless disturbed by outside forces.

CLW
Community Livestock Worker.

Complementary forage
Short-term forage planted to enhance the management and productivity of a ranch.

CBPP
Contagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia.

Class of livestock
Description of age or sex group for a particular kind of livestock, such as cow, bull, calf, yearling, ewe, ram or lamb.

Carrying capacity
The average number of livestock and wildlife that may be sustained on a management unit compatibly with management objectives. It is a function of site characteristics, and management goals and intensity.

Brucellosis
A bacterial disease of the reproductive system that causes abortions in mainly cattle, sheep and pigs, although all mammals are susceptible. It is spread via aborted calves, discharges and milk that contaminate pasture, food and water.

BSF
Belgian Survival Fund.

CAHW
Community Animal Health Worker.

CAR
Central African Republic.

Bod
Mongolian livestock unit. 1 bod is equivalent to one cattle or yak, or seven sheep.

Browse
Leaf and twig growth of shrubs, woody vines, trees, cacti, and other non-herbaceous vegetation available for animal consumption.(v) To browse. The consumption of browse in situ by animals.

Available forage
That portion of the forage, expressed as weight of forage per unit land area, that is accessible for consumption by a specified kind, class, sex, size, age, and physiological status of grazing animal.

Bag
Sub-district in Mongolia

Blackleg
An acute, infectious disease of cattle, which is characterised by swelling beneath the skin, due to gas formation in the tissues. It is caused by the bacterium Clostridium chauvei. The infection spreads through food, water and wounds. Penicillin can be used to treat the disease. Vaccination is the most practicable and effective means of protecting individual animal.

Arable
Suitable for cultivation; tillable.

Arid
Applied to a climate or region where rainfall is barely sufficient to support vegetation; deficient in rainfall.

Aquaculture
The raising of plants or animals, as fish or shellfish, in or under a sea, a lake, a river, or another body of water.

Anthelmintic
A drug which kills or expels intestinal worms.

Anthrax
An acute, infectious, febrile disease of livestock and man, which often leads to the death of an infected individual. Cattle, sheep, goats etc. are commonly affected by anthrax. Bacteria called Bacillus anthracis causes this disease.

Annual Plant
A plant that completes its life cycle and dies in 1 year or less.

ANDE
Agence nationale pour le D

Animal Unit (AU)
Considered to be one mature cow (1000 lb, 455kg) either dry or with a calf up to 6 months of age, with an average daily forage consumption of 15 kg of dry matter. Livestock which consume more or less forage than the standard animal unit, because of kind, class, or size are rated on an animal unit equivalent (e.g. 1300 lb cow = 1.3 AU; 1 sheep = 0.1 AU)

Animal unit day
The amount of dry forage consumed by one animal unit per 24-hour period. Animal unit day is used to express the quantity of forage intake for a period of time and may be extrapolated to other time periods, such as week, month, or year.

ANBC
Association Nationale des Bouchers Centrafricains (The National Association of Central African Butchers, Central African Republic).

Aimag
Province in Mongolia.

Alternate stocking
The repeated grazing and resting of forage using two paddocks in succession.