Copy of `IFAD - Livestock glossary`

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IFAD - Livestock glossary Category: Agriculture and Industry > Livestock Date & country: 20/01/2014, USA Words: 206

ZAGROP
Zone d'action agro-pastoral (pastoralist settlement area, Central African Republic).

Zoonoses
Any of various diseases that can be transmitted to humans from animals e.g. salmonellosis, Q-fever, leptospirosis and rabies.

Vector
An organism, such as a mosquito or a tick, which transmits micro-organisms that cause diseases.

Vegetation
Plant life in general (Webster's, 1988).

VV
Village Veterinarians.

Wetlands
Permanently wet or intermittently water-covered areas, such as swamps, marshes, bogs, potholes, swales, and glades.

Year-Long grazing
Continuous grazing for a calendar year.

Variable stocking
The practice of allowing a variable number of animals on a fixed area of land during the time when grazing is allowed.

UNSO
Office to Combat Desertification and Drought (formerly United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office, UNDP/UNSO).

Urea
A white, crystalline, substance found in urine, blood, and lymph, which is the final product of protein metabolism in the body. Synthetic urea can be used by ruminal bacteria as a nitrogen source for protein synthesis.

USAID
United States Agency for International Development.

Use
The proportion of current years forage production that is consumed or destroyed by grazing animals.

Tundra
Land areas in arctic and alpine regions devoid of large trees, varying from bare ground to various types of vegetation consisting of grasses, sedges, forbs, dwarf shrubs and trees, mosses, and lichens.

UNCCD
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.

Ungrazed
The status of grazing land that is not grazed by animals. Also, the status of plants or plant parts that are not grazed by animals.

Tuberculosis
A contagious bacterial disease characterised by the progressive development of tubercles in any of the organs in most species. Bovine tuberculosis damages the animal's lungs and eventually leads to death. Tuberculosis is a zoonoses.

Sum
District in Mongolia.

Tethering
To tie an animal with a rope or chain to allow grazing but prevent straying.

TG
Thematic Group.

TLU
Tropical Livestock Unit.

Trypanosomiasis
Group of diseases caused by parasites that live in the blood and body fluids of their hosts. Flies, especially tsetse flies, transmit the disease. African trypanosomiasis occurs in cattle, small ruminants and pigs. Symptoms vary from subclinical infection to a highly fatal disease depending on the parasite species, the host and its level of resistance.

Strip grazing
Confining animals to an area of grazing land to be grazed in a relatively short period of time, where the paddock size is varied to allow access to a specific land. Strip grazing may or may not be a form of rotational stocking, depending on whether or not specific paddocks are utilised for recurring periods of grazing and rest.

SU
Stock Unit.

Substitution ratio
Number of animals or animal-units of one kind or class that can be substituted for another kind or class to meet a specified management objective.

SPA
The Special Programme for Africa (full name

Species composition
The proportions of various plant species in relation to the total on a given area.

Steppe
Semi-arid grassland characterised by short grasses occurring in scattered bunches with other herbaceous vegetation and occasional woody species.

Stocking rate
The number of specific kinds and classes of animals grazing or using a unit of land for specified time. May be expressed as animal units or forage intake units per unit of land area (animal units over a described time period/area of land).

Short-duration grazing
Grazing management whereby short periods (days) of grazing and associated non-grazing are applied to range or pasture units. The lengths of grazing and non-grazing periods are based on the rate of plant growth.

Shrub
Any species of woody plant of less than tree height (16 feet) and usually having multiple basal stems.

Shrubland
Land on which the vegetation is dominated by shrubs.

Season of use
The time during which livestock grazing is permitted on a given range area, as specified in the grazing permit.

Seasonal grazing
Grazing restricted to one or more specific seasons of the year.

Sequence grazing
The grazing of two or more land units in succession that differ in forage species composition. Sequence grazing takes advantage of differences among forage species and species combinations, grown in separate areas for management purposes, to extend grazing seasons enhance forage quality and/or quantity, or achieve some other management objective.

RKMS
Rangelands Knowledge Management System (previous name of RKMIS).

Rotational stocking/grazing
A grazing method that utilises recurring periods of grazing and rest among two or more paddocks in a grazing management unit throughout the period when grazing is allowed. The lengths of the grazing and of the rest periods should be defined.

Savannah
Grassland with scattered trees or shrubs; often a transitional type between true grassland and forestland, and accompanied by a climate with alternating wet and dry seasons.

Rinderpest
An acute, highly contagious viral disease of ruminants and swine characterised by high fever, necrotic stomatitis, diarrhoea and high mortality.

Riparian zone
The banks and adjacent areas of water bodies, water courses, seeps and springs whose waters provide soil moisture sufficiently in excess of that otherwise available locally so as to provide a more moist habitat than that of contiguous flood plains and uplands.

RIS
Rangelands Information System (previous name of RKMIS).

RKMIS
Rangelands Knowledge Management Information System.

Rest
To leave an area of grazing land ungrazed or not harvested for a specific time, such as a year, a growing season, or a specified period required within a particular management practice.

Rest period
The length of time that a specific land area is allowed to rest.

Rest rotation
A grazing-management scheme in which rest periods, usually for a full growing season, for individual grazing units are incorporated into a grazing rotation.

RF
Revolving Fund.

Range trend
The change in range condition over time.

Ration grazing
Confining animals to an area of grazing land to provide the daily allowance of forage per animal.

RDF
Revolving Drug Fund

Residue
Forage remaining on the land as a consequence of harvest.

Range condition
The current productivity of a rangeland relative to what it could naturally produce.

Range improvement
Any practice designed to improve range condition or allow more efficient use.

Range management
A distinct discipline founded on ecological principles with the objective of sustainable use of rangelands and related resources for various purposes.

Range site
Subdivisions of rangeland for management purposes having similar soils, climate and climax plant communities. Two or more identical range sites that are spatially separated should respond in a similar manner to the same kind of management.

Rabies
A highly fatal viral zoonosis that occurs in all warm-blooded animals. Rabies is a viral disease and it is transmitted by the bites of infected animals.

Ram
A male sheep that has not been castrated.

Predisposition
Latent susceptibility or tendency toward disease.

Prevalence
This is defined as a number of cases of disease or infection existing at any given time in relation to the unit of population in which they occur.

Pure live seed (PLS)
Purity and germination of seed expressed in percent; calculated as PLS = % germination x % purity/100.

Range or Rangeland
(1) A kind of land on which the native vegetation, climax or natural potential consists predominately of grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs. Rangeland includes lands re-vegetated naturally or artificially to provide a plant cover that is managed like native vegetation. Rangelands may consist of natural grasslands, savannahs, shrub lands, most deserts, tundra, alpine communities, coastal marshes, and wet meadows. (2) Land supporting indigenous vegetation that is grazed or that has the potential to be grazed, and is managed as a natural ecosystem. Range includes grazable forestland and rangeland.

Peste de Petits Ruminantes
An acute, highly contagious viral disease of goats and sheep characterised by fever, anorexia, necrotic stomatitis, diarrhoea and respiratory distress. It is a rinder-pest-like disease in Africa and Asia and is highly fatal in goats and less so in sheep.

PIU
Project Implementation Unit.

Prairie
Nearly level or rolling grassland, originally treeless, and usually characterised by fertile soil.

Period of stay
The length of time that a particular animal group occupies a specific land area. Period of occupation and period of stay differentiate between the total time a specific land area is utilized and the time that a particular group of animals is using said land area.

Perennial Plant
A plant that has a life cycle of 3 or more years.

Period of occupation
The length of time that a specific land area is occupied, whether by one animal group or by two or more animal groups in succession.

Paddock
A grazing area that is a subdivision of a grazing management unit, and is enclosed and separated from other areas by a fence or barrier.

Palatability
The relish with which a particular species or plant part is consumed by an animal.

Parasite
An organism living in or on another and benefiting at the expense of the other. Often, though not always harmful to the host. Animal parasites include internal warms and external lice, mites, ticks etc.

Pasture
A type of grazing management unit enclosed and separated from other areas by fencing or other barriers and devoted to the production of forage for harvest primarily by grazing.

NRM
Natural Resource Management.

OKMC
Operational Knowledge Management Committee (IFAD)

Overgrazing
Continued heavy grazing that exceeds the recovery capacity of individual plants in the community and creates a deteriorated range.

Overstocking
Placing a number of animals on a given area that exceeds the forage supply during the time they are present.

Native species
A species that is a part of the original fauna or flora of a given area.

Newcastle disease
A highly infectious disease of poultry caused by paramyxovirus. Symptoms include reduced yield of often soft and miss-shaped eggs, lack of appetite, troubled breathing, nasal discharges and foul-smelling yellow, watery diarrhoea. High mortality amongst young birds is common.

Non-selective grazing
Utilisation of forage by grazing animals so that all forage species and/or all plants within a species are grazed. Non-selective grazing is generally attempted by using high stocking rates or high stocking densities during short time periods. In practice, non-selective grazing is achieved rarely.

Morbidity
The percentage of a herd, flock etc., that becomes infected by particular disease.

Mortality rate
A measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval of time.

MTR
Mid-Term Review.

Multiple use
A combination of balanced and diverse resource uses that considers long-term needs for renewable and non-renewable resources, including recreation, rangeland, timber, minerals, watershed, and wildlife, along with scenic, scientific, and cultural values.

Manure
Excreta of animals, dung and urine (commonly with some bedding).

Meadow
A tract of grassland where productivity of indigenous or introduced forage is modified due to characteristics of the landscape position or hydrology.

Mixed grazing
Grazing by two or more species of grazing animals on the same land unit, not necessarily at the same time but within the same grazing season.

Monitoring
The orderly collection, analysis, and interpretation of resource data over time to evaluate progress toward meeting management objectives.

Lice
Small non-flying biting or sucking ectoparasites.

MAAR
Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (Syria).

Invader
Plant species that were absent in undisturbed portions of the original vegetation of a specific range site and will invade or increase following disturbance or continued heavy grazing.

Khot ail
Tent group in Mongolia.

Lamb
A sheep less than twelve months old.

Legume
A legume is a flowering plant that bears its protein-rich seeds in pods and can fix nitrogen from the soil (due to the symbiotic root bacteria rhizobia). Some legumes include lentils, beans, clover, alfalfa, vetches, kudzu, peas and Leucaena spp.. Members of the plant family Fabaceae.

Intensity
In reference to the Grazing Response Index, the proportion of leaves removed during a grazing period.

Intensive grazing management
Grazing management that attempts to increase production or utilisation per unit area or production per animal through a relative increase in stocking rates, forage utilisation, labour, resources, or capital. Intensive grazing management is not synonymous with rotational grazing.

Introduced species
A species not a part of the original fauna or flora of a given area.

IDA
International Development Association.

Incidence
The frequency of occurrence of a situation or a condition.

Indigenous
An organism that is native to a particular habitat, as distinct from one introduced from outside the area.

Infectious diseases
Diseases capable of transmission from sick animals to disease-free animals.

Herbaceous
Non-woody.

Herbage
The biomass of herbaceous plants, other than separated grain, generally above ground but including edible roots and tubers.

Herbage
Total aboveground biomass of herbaceous plants regardless of grazing preference or availability.