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Illinois Brick - Brickwork terms Category: Architecture and Buildings > Buildings Date & country: 24/09/2013, USA Words: 208

header
A masonry unit which overlaps two or more adjacent wythes of masonry to tie them together. Often called bonder.

heading course
A continuous bonding course of header brick. Also called header course.

high-bond mortar
Mortar which develops higher bond strengths with masonry units than normally developed with conventional mortar.

high-lift grouting
The technique of grouting masonry in lifts up to 12 ft.

hollow brick
A masonry unit of clay or shale whose net cross-sectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing surface is not less than 60 percent of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane. See ASTM Specification C 652.

hollow masonry unit
One whose net cross-sectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing surface is less than 75 percent of the gross.

hollow wall
A wall built of masonry units arranged to provide an air space within the wall. The separated facing and backing are bonded together with masonry units.

initial rate of absorptlon
The weight of water absorbed expressed in grams per 30 sq. in. of contact surface when a brick is partially immersed for one minute. Also called suction. See ASTM Specification C 67.

ira
See Initial Rate of Absorption.

jack arch
One having horizontal or nearly horizontal upper and lower surfaces. Also called flat or straight arch.

jumbo brick
A generic term indicating a brick larger in size than the standard. Some producers use this term to describe oversize brick of specific dimensions manufactured by them.

kiln
A furnace oven or heated enclosure used for burning or firing brick or other clay material.

kiln run
Brick from one kiln which have not been sorted or graded for size or color variation.

king closer
A brick cut diagonally to have one 2 in. end and one full width end.

lateral support
Means whereby walls are braced either vertically or horizontally by columns, pilasters, cross walls, beams, floors, roofs, etc.

lead
The section of a wall built up and racked back on successive courses. A line is attached to leads as a guide for constructing a wall between them.

lean mortar
Mortar which is deficient in cementitious components, it is usually harsh and difficult to spread.

lime putty
Hydrated lime in plastic form ready for addition to mortar.

lime, hydrated
Quicklime to which sufficient water has been added to convert the oxides to hydroxides.

lintel
A beam placed over an opening in a wall.

loadbearing wall
A wall which supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.

low-lift grouting
The technique of grouting as the wall is constructed.

major arch
Arch with spans greater than 6 ft and equivalent to uniform loads greater than 1000 lb. per ft. Typically known as Tudor arch, semicircular arch, Gothic arch or parabolic arch. Has rise to span ratio greater than 0.15.

masonry
Brick, stone, concrete, etc., or masonry combinations thereof, bonded with mortar.

masonry cement
A mill-mixed cementitious material to which sand and water must be added. See ASTM C 91.

masonry unit
Natural or manufactured building units of burned clay, concrete, stone, glass, gypsum, etc.

minor arch
Arch with maximum span of 6 ft and loads not exceeding 1000 lb. per ft. Typically known as jack arch, segmental arch or multicentered arch. Has rise to span ratio less than or equal to 0.15.

modular masonry unit
One whose nominal dimensions are based on the 4 in. module.

mortar
A plastic mixture of cementitious materials, fine aggregate and water. See ASTM Specifications C 270, C 476 or BIA M1-72.

nominal dimension
A dimension greater than a specified masonry dimension by the thickness of a mortar joint, but not more than 1/2 in.

non-combustible material
Any material which will neither ignite nor actively support combustion in air at a temperature of 1200 F when exposed to fire.

non-loadbearing wall
A wall which supports no vertical load other than its own weight.

norman brick
A brick whose nominal dimensions are 4 by 2 2/3 by 12 in.

overhand work
Laying brick from inside a wall by men standing on a floor or on a scaffold.

panel wall
An exterior, non-loadbearing wall wholly supported at each story.

parapet wall
That part of any wall entirely above the roof line.

pargeting
The process of applying a coat of cement mortar to masonry. Often spelled and/or pronounced parging.

partition
An interior wall, one story or less in height.

party wall
A wall used for joint service by adjoining buildings.

paving brick
Vitrified brick especially suitable for use in pavements where resistance to abrasion is important. See ASTM Specification C 7.

perforated wall
One which contains a considerable number of relatively small openings. Often called pierced wall or screen wall.

pick and dip
A method of laying brick whereby the bricklayer simultaneously picks up a brick with one hand and, with the other hand, enough mortar on a trowel to lay the brick. Sometimes called the Eastern or New England method.

pier
An isolated column of masonry.

pilaster
A wall portion projecting from either or both wall faces and serving as a vertical column and/or beam.

plumb rule
This is a combination plumb rule and level. It is used in a horizontal position as a level and in a vertical position as a plumb rule. They are made in lengths of 42 and 48 in., and short lengths from 12 to 24 in.

pointing
Troweling mortar into a joint after masonry units are laid.

prefabricated brick masonry
Masonry construction fabricated in a location other than its final inservice location in the structure. Also known as preassembled, panelized and sectionalized brick masonry.

prism
A small masonry assemblage made with masonry units and mortar. Primarily used to predict the strength of full scale masonry members.

queen closer
A cut brick having a nominal 2 in. horizontal face dimension.

quoin
A projecting right angle masonry corner.

racking
A method entailing stepping back successive courses of masonry.

raggle
A groove in a joint or special unit to receive roofing or flashing.

rbm
Reinforced brick masonry

reinforced masonry
Masonry units, reinforcing steel, grout and/or mortar combined to act together in resisting forces.

relieving arch
One built over a lintel, flat arch, or smaller arch to divert loads, thus relieving the lower member from excessive loading. Also known as discharging or safety arch.

return
Any surface turned back from the face of a principal surface.

reveal
That portion of a jamb or recess which is visible from the face of a wall.

roman brick
Brick whose nominal dimensions are 4 by 2 by 12 in.

rowlock
A brick laid on its face edge so that the normal bedding area is visible in the wall face. Frequently spelled rolok.

salmon brick
Generic term for under-burned brick which are more porous, slightly larger, and lighter colored than hard-burned brick. Usually pinkish-orange color.

salt glaze
A gloss finish obtained by thermochemical reaction between silicates of clay and vapors of salt or chemicals.

saturation coefficient
See C/B Ratio.

scr (reg u.s. pat off., scpi (bia))
Structural Clay Research (trademark Of the Structural Clay Products Institute, BIA).

sewer brick
Low absorption, abrasive-resistant brick intended for use in drainage structures. See ASTM Specification C 32.

shale
Clay which has been subjected to high pressures until it has hardened.

shear wall
A wall which resists horizontal forces applied in the plane of the wall.

shoved joints
Vertical joints filled by shoving a brick against the next brick when it is being laid in a bed of mortar.

single wythe wall
A wall containing only one masonry unit in wall thickness.

slenderness ratio
Ratio of the effective height of a member to its effective thickness.

soap
A masonry unit of normal face dimensions, having a nominal 2 in. thickness.

soffit
The underside of a beam, lintel or arch.

soft-burned
Clay products which have been fired at low temperature ranges, producing relatively high absorptions and low compressive strengths.

soft-mud brick
Brick produced by molding relatively wet clay (20 to 30 percent moisture). Often a hand process. When insides of molds are sanded to prevent sticking of clay, the product is sand-struck brick. When molds are wetted to prevent sticking, the product is water-struck brick.

solar screen
A perforated wall used as a sunshade.

soldier
A stretcher set on end with face showing on the wall surface.

solid masonry unit
One whose net cross-sectional area in every plane parallel to the bearing surface is 75 percent or more of the gross.

solid masonry wall
A wall built of solid masonry units, laid contiguously, with joints between units completely filled with mortar or grout.

spall
A small fragment removed from the face of a masonry unit by a blow or by action of the elements.

spandrel wall
That part of a curtain wall above the top of a window in one story and below the sill of the window in the story above.

stack
Any structure or part thereof which contains a flue or flues for the discharge of gases.

stiff-mud brick
Brick produced by extruding a stiff but plastic clay (12 to 15 percent moisture) through a die.

story pole
A marked pole for measuring masonry coursing during construction.

stretcher
A masonry unit laid with its greatest dimension horizontal and its face parallel to the wall face.

stringing mortar
The procedure of spreading enough mortar on a bed to lay several masonry units.

struck joint
Any mortar joint which has been finished with a trowel.

suction
See Initial Rate of Absorption.

temper
To moisten and mix clay, plaster or mortar to a proper consistency.

tie
Any unit of material which connects masonry to masonry or other materials. See Wall Tie.

tooling
Compressing and shaping the face of a mortar joint with a special tool other than a trowel.

toothing
Constructing the temporary end of a wall with the end stretcher of every alternate course projecting. Projecting units are toothers.

traditional masonry
Masonry in which design is based on empirical rules which control minimum thickness, lateral support requirements and height without a structural analysis.

trimmer arch
An arch, usually a low rise arch of brick, used for supporting a fireplace hearth.

tuck pointing
The filling in with fresh mortar of cut-out or defective mortar joints in masonry.

veneer
A single wythe of masonry for facing purposes, not structurally bonded.

veneered wall
A wall having a facing of masonry units or other weather-resisting non-combustible materials securely attached to the backing, but not so bonded as to intentionally exert common action under load.

virtual eccentricity
The eccentricity of a resultant axial load required to produce axial and bending stresses equivalent to those produced by applied axial loads and moments. It is normally found by dividing the moment at a section by the summation of axial loads occurring at that section.

vitrification
The condition resulting when kiln temperatures are sufficient to fuse grains and close pores of a clay product, making the mass impervious.

wall
A vertical member of a structure whose horizontal dimension measured at right angles to the thickness exceeds three times its thickness.

wall plate
A horizontal member anchored to a masonry wall to which other structural elements may be attached. Also called head plate.

wall tie
A bonder or metal piece which connects wythes of masonry to each other or in other materials.