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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


Fortune 500
List compiled by the US business magazine Fortune of the 500 largest US corporations for which revenues are publicly available

formatting
In computing, short for disk formatting (laying down a structure for organizing, saving, and retrieving data), or text formatting (changing its appearance). Modern office programs and desktop publishing packages also allow the formatting of objects such as pictures and frames

font
Click images to enlargeComplete set of printed or display characters of the same typeface, size, and style (bold, italic, underlined, and so on). Fonts used in computer setting are of two main types: bit-mapped and outline. Bit-mapped fonts are stored in the computer memory as the exact arrangement of pixels o...

footloose industry
Industry that can be sited in any of a number of places, often because transport costs are unimportant. Such industries may have raw materials that are commonly available, for example a bakery, or use components from a wide range of suppliers, for example the electronics industry. High-tech industries, needing a highly qualified workforce, may ...

fog
Cloud that collects at the surface of the Earth, composed of water vapour that has condensed on particles of dust in the atmosphere. Cloud and fog are both caused by the air temperature falling below dew point. The thickness of fog depends on the number of water particles it contains. Officially, fog...

formula
(mathematics) In mathematics, a set of symbols and numbers that expresses a fact or rule. For example, A = πr2 is the formula for calculating the area of a circle. E = mc2...

Formentera
Smallest inhabited island in the Spanish Balearic Islands, lying south of Ibiza; area 93 sq km/36 sq mi; population (2001) 5,600. The chief town is San Francisco Javier and the main port is La Sabina. The main industry is tourism

forum
In an ancient Roman town, the meeting place and market, like the Greek agora. In Rome the Forum Romanum contained the Senate House, the public speaking platform, covered halls for trading, temples of Saturn, Concord, and the Divine Augustus, and memorial arches. Later constructions...

forest
Click images to enlargeArea where trees have grown naturally for centuries, instead of being logged at maturity (about 150–200 years). A natural, or old-growth, forest has a multistorey canopy and includes young and very old trees (this gives the canopy its range of heights). There are also fallen trees contribut...

foot
(poetry) Unit of metrical pattern in poetry; see metre. The five most common types of foot in English poetry are iamb (v –), trochee (– v), dactyl (– vv), spondee ( –– ), and anapaest (vv –); the symbol v stands for an unstressed syllable and – for a ...

footnote
Note at the bottom of the page of a book, indicated by a small letter or a number attached to a word used to prevent a sentence or explanation becoming over-complex

forage crop
Plant that is grown to feed livestock; for example, grass, clover, and kale (a form of cabbage). Forage crops cover a greater area of the world than food crops, and grass, which dominates this group, is the world's most abundant crop, though much of it is still in an unimproved state

form
(music) The basic plan or temporal structure of a piece of music. The simplest forms are binary form, which consists of two sections often separated by a double bar (marking off a section), and simple ternary form, which consists of three sections – the first section, followed by a contra...

foster care
Care of children away from the home when the family is unable to fill its normal role. Foster families offer children a closer approximation to normal family living than other types of substitute care. Children require foster care for a variety of reasons such as the death of their parents, parental inability to provide financially, and violence in...

foreshortening
In painting and drawing, the application of perspective to a single object or figure to create the illusion of projection or depth. It mimics the shortened appearance of a form when it is not perpendicular to the line of sight, for instance an arm held out to the viewer will look shorter, and the hand larger, than an arm held straight down by the s...

forensic medicine
In medicine, branch of medicine concerned with the resolution of crimes. Examples of forensic medicine include the determination of the cause of death in suspicious circumstances or the identification of a criminal by examining tissue found at the scene of a crime. Forensic psychology involves the establishment of a psychological profile of a crimi...

foetus
Stage in mammalian embryo development; see fetus

Fongafale
Capital of Tuvalu, on Funafuti atoll; population (2001 est) 5,000

food supply
Availability of food, usually for human consumption. Food supply can be studied at scales ranging from individual households to global patterns. Since the 1940s the industrial and agricultural aspects of food supply have become increasingly globalized. New farming, packaging, and distribution techniques mean that the seasonal aspect of food supply ...

food web
Interconnected and often elaborate mesh of feeding relationships (interconnecting food chains), within an ecosystem

focal point
In art, the centre of interest in an artwork that attracts the viewer's eyes first. Artists use various techniques to bring the viewer to the focal point of their work, often the most important part of a painting, but not always placed in the centre of it. The focal point may stand out because of its size, the brightness of its colour, the use ...

form
(art) In art, a three-dimensional shape or object, and one of the formal art elements. The form of a subject can be recreated using contour lines, shading, cross-hatching, and highlights. If a drawing `lacks form`, it means that an image is flat and two-dimensional to loo...

form
(literature) In literature, the structure and style of a text. The term can also refer to genre

forgiveness
In the Christian church, one of the central values of the Christian faith. Christians believe that when Jesus forgave those who crucified him while dying on the cross (Luke 23:34), he demonstrated what he expected from his followers. By his death on the cross, Christians believe that the sin of disobedience committed by Adam and Eve, which led ...

fourth Gospel
Another term for the Gospel of St John

Formula 1
Form of motor racing. Formula 1 Grand Prix racing first began in 1906. A world championship for drivers has been in existence since 1950 and for constructors since 1958. The first eight drivers and cars in each race are awarded 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 point respectively, and the cumulative total at the end of a season decides the winners. In 200...

forming
In technology, a process similar to moulding. A former is usually a solid shape around which a material is shaped. Examples include vacuum forming, drape forming, and line bending. Vacuum forming involves clamping a piece of sheet plastic, heating it until it becomes plastic, and then lowering it over a former as the air is drawn out from underneat...

formula
(computing) In computing, an expression entered into a cell on a spreadsheet. The formula is displayed in the data entry line of the spreadsheet and the result is displayed in the cell. Formulae normally start with an equals (=) sign, which is followed by the expression. For example =S...

freezing
Change of state from liquid to solid, as when water becomes ice. For a given substance, freezing occurs at a definite temperature, known as the freezing point, that is invariable under similar conditions of pressure, and the temperature remains at this point until all the liquid is frozen; the freezing point and melting point of the substance a...

friction
In physics, the force that opposes the movement of two bodies in contact as they move relative to each other. The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force required to achieve this relative motion to the force pressing the two bodies together. Two materials with rough surfaces rubbing together will change kinetic energy into heat and sound ...

French West Africa
Group of French colonies administered from Dakar 1895–1958. They are now Senegal, Mauritania, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Niger, Côte d'Ivoire, and Benin

French Polynesia
Click images to enlargeFrench Overseas Territory in the South Pacific, consisting of five archipelagos: Windward Islands, Leeward Islands (the two island groups comprising the Society Islands), Tuamotu Archipelago (including Gambier Islands), Tubuai Islands, and Marquesas Islands; total area 3,940 sq km/1,521 ...

French Guiana
French overseas département from 1946, and administrative region from 1974, on the north coast of South America, bounded west by Suriname and east and south by Brazil; area 83,500 sq km/32,230 sq mi; population (1999 est) 157,200. The main towns are Cayenne and St ...

Freud, Sigmund
Click images to enlargeAustrian physician who pioneered the study of the unconscious mind. He developed the methods of free association and interpretation of dreams that are basic techniques of psychoanalysis. The influence of unconscious forces on people's thoughts and actions was Freud's discovery, as was his co...

French India
Former French possessions in India: Pondicherry, Chandernagore, Karaikal, Mahé, and Yanam (Yanaon). They were all transferred to India by 1954

Freud, Lucian
German-born British painter. One of the greatest contemporary figurative artists, he combines meticulous accuracy with a disquieting intensity, painting from unusual angles and emphasizing the physicality of his subjects, whether nudes, still lifes, or interiors. His Portrait of Francis Bacon (1952; Tate Gallery, London) ...

French horn
Brass instrument descended from the natural hunting horn. It is valved and curved into a circular loop, with a funnel-shaped mouthpiece and wide bell

fresco
Mural painting technique using water-based paint on wet plaster that has been freshly applied to the wall. The technique is ancient and widespread; some of the earliest examples (c. 1750–1400 BC) were found in Knossos, Crete (now preserved in the Archaeological Museum in Heraklion). However, fresco reached its finest...

French Community
Former association consisting of France and those overseas territories joined with it by the constitution of the Fifth Republic, following the 1958 referendum. Many of the constituent states withdrew during the 1960s, and it no longer formally exists, but in practice all former French colonies have close economic and cultural as well as linguistic ...

French Antarctic Territories
Territory created in 1955; population approximately 200 research scientists. It includes Adélie Land (area 432,000 sq km/165,500 sq mi) on the Antarctic continent, the Kerguelen and Crozet archipelagos (7,515 sq km/2,901 sq mi), and St Paul and Nouvelle Amsterdam islands (67 sq km/26 sq mi) in the southern seas. It is administe...

French art
Painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of France. As the birthplace of the Gothic style, France was a centre for sculpture and manuscript illumination in the Middle Ages, and of tapestry from the 15th century. 17th-century French painting is particularly rich, dominated by the Italianate Classicism of Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin. Subse...

Freetown
Capital of Sierra Leone; population (2004) 786,900. It has a naval station and a natural deep-water harbour. Industries include cement, plastics, footwear, oil refining, diamond cutting, paint and footwear manufacture, and food- and tobacco-processing. Platinum, chromite, rutile, diamonds, and gold, as well as palm oil and kernels, ...

freemasonry
Beliefs and practices of a group of linked national organizations open to men over the age of 21, united by a common code of morals and certain traditional `secrets`. Modern freemasonry began in 18th-century Europe. Freemasons do much charitable work, but have been criticized in recent years for their secrecy, their male exclusivity, ...

freehold
In England and Wales, ownership of land for an indefinite period. It is contrasted with a leasehold, which is always for a fixed period. In practical effect, a freehold is absolute ownership

frostbite
The freezing of skin or flesh, with formation of ice crystals leading to tissue damage. The treatment is slow warming of the affected area; for example, by skin-to-skin contact or with lukewarm water. Frostbitten parts are extremely vulnerable to infection, with the risk of gangrene. Sufferers of frostbite should always receive medical ...

Fronde
French revolts 1648–53 against the administration of the chief minister Mazarin during Louis XIV's minority. In 1648–49 the Paris parlement attempted to limit the royal power, its leaders were arrested, Paris revolted, and the rising was suppressed by the royal army under Louis II Condé. In 1650 Condé led a new revolt of the...

Fromm, Erich
German psychoanalyst who moved to the USA in 1933 to escape the Nazis. He believed that human beings experience a separation from nature and from other people which gives them the freedom to decide on the course their lives should take. This gives their lives meaning but also causes anxiety. Fromm was influenced by Karl Marx and existentialism as m...

Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August
German educationist. He evolved a new system of education using instructive play, described in Education of Man (1826) and other works. In 1836 he founded the first kindergarten (German `garden for children`) in Blankenburg, Germany. He was influenced by the Swiss Johann Pestalozzi

Frobisher, Martin
English navigator. He made his first voyage to Guinea, West Africa, in 1554. In 1576 he set out in search of the Northwest Passage, and visited Labrador and Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island. Second and third expeditions sailed in 1577 and 1578. Knighted in 1588. He was vice admiral in Drake's West Indian expedition in 1585. In 1588 he was knighted ...

Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Province and autonomous agricultural and wine-producing region of northeast Italy, bordered to the east by Slovenia and to the north by Austria, comprising the provinces of Pordenone, Gorizia, Trieste, and Udine; area 7,855 sq km/3,033 sq mi; population (2001 est) 1,180,400. The most ...

Frink, Elisabeth
English sculptor. She created rugged, naturalistic bronzes, mainly based on human and animal forms; for example, the Alcock Brown Memorial (1962) for Manchester airport, In Memoriam (heads), and Running Man (1980)

Frisian Islands
Chain of low-lying islands 5–32 km/3–20 mi off the northwest coasts of the Netherlands and Germany, with a northerly extension off the west coast of Denmark. They are divided between these three states. They were formed by the natural sinking of the intervening land and are separated from the mainland only by shallow flats (
Friesland
Maritime province on the northeast side of the IJsselmeer, north Netherlands, which includes the Frisian Islands and land reclaimed from the former Zuider Zee; area 3,400 sq km/1,313 sq mi; population (1997) 615,000 (the inhabitants of the province are called Frisians). The capital is Leeuwarden; other main towns are Drachten, Harli...

Friends, Society of
Christian Protestant sect founded by George Fox in England in the 1660s. They were persecuted for their nonviolent activism, and many emigrated to form communities elsewhere; for example, in Pennsylvania and New England. The worldwide movement had about 219,800 members in 1997. Their faith is based on the belief that God speaks individually to ...

friendly society
Association that makes provisions for the needs of sickness and old age by money payments. Among the largest in the UK are the National Deposit, Odd Fellows, Foresters, and Hearts of Oak. In the USA similar `fraternal insurance` bodies are known as benefit societies; they include the Modern Woodmen of America (1883) and the Fraternal ...

Free State
Province of the Republic of South Africa; area 127,993 sq km/49,418 sq mi; population (2000 est) 2,762,700. Lesotho forms an enclave on the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Province border. The capital is Bloemfontein, which is also the judicial capital of the republic; other main towns are Springfontein, Kroonstad, Bethlehem, Har...

freesia
Any of a South African group of plants belonging to the iris family, commercially grown for their scented, funnel-shaped flowers. (Genus Freesia, family Iridaceae.)

fritillary
(zoology) In zoology, any of a large grouping of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae. Mostly medium-sized, fritillaries are usually orange and reddish with a black criss-cross pattern or spots above and with silvery spots on the underside of the hindwings. They take their name from t...

frankincense
Resin of various African and Asian trees, burned as incense. Costly in ancient times, it is traditionally believed to be one of the three gifts brought by the Magi to the infant Jesus. (Genus Boswellia, family Burseraceae.)

frangipani
Any of a group of tropical American trees, especially the species P. rubra, belonging to the dogbane family. Perfume is made from the strongly scented waxy flowers. (Genus Plumeria, family Apocynaceae.)

francium
Radioactive metallic element, atomic number 87, relative atomic mass 223. It is one of the alkali metals and occurs in nature in small amounts as a decay product of actinium. Its longest-lived isotope has a half-life of only 21 minutes. Francium was discovered and named in 1939 by Marguérite Perey, to honour her country

fructose
Sugar that occurs naturally in honey, the nectar of flowers, and many sweet fruits; it is commercially prepared from glucose. Fructose is a monosaccharide, whereas the more familiar cane or beet sugar is a disaccharide, made up of two monosaccharide units: fructose and glucose. It is sweeter than cane sugar and can be used to sweeten foods ...

frog
Click images to enlargeAny amphibian of the order Anura (Greek `tailless`). There are about 24 different families of frog, containing more than 3,800 species. There are no clear rules for distinguishing between frogs and toads. Frogs usually have squat bodies, with hind legs specialized for jumping, and webbed f...

fritillary
(botany) In botany, any of a group of plants belonging to the lily family. The snake's head fritillary (F. meleagris) has bell-shaped flowers with purple-chequered markings. (Genus Fritillaria, family Liliaceae.)

Frisch, Karl von
Austrian zoologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1973 with Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen for their work on animal behaviour patterns. Karl von Frisch specialized in bees, discovering how they communicate the location of sources of nectar by movements called `dances`

French Academy
Literary society concerned with maintaining the purity of the French language, founded by Richelieu in 1635. Membership is limited to 40 `Immortals` at a time. Suspended during the French Revolution but restored by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1803, it is one of five academies that comprise the French Institute. The French Academy publishes an o...

fruit
Click images to enlargeIn botany, the ripened ovary in flowering plants that develops from one or more seeds or carpels and encloses one or more seeds. Its function is to protect the seeds during their development and to aid in their dispersal. Fruits are often edible, sweet, juicy, and colourful. When eaten they provide ...

frustum
In geometry, a `slice` taken out of a solid figure by a pair of parallel planes. A conical frustum, for example, resembles a cone with the top cut off. The volume and area of a frustum are calculated by subtracting the volume or area of the `missing` piece from those of the whole ...

fraction
(mathematics) In mathematics, a number that indicates one or more equal parts of a whole. Usually, the number of equal parts into which the unit is divided (denominator) is written below a horizontal or diagonal line, and the number of parts comprising the fraction (numerator) is written above...

fractal
Irregular shape or surface produced by a procedure of repeated subdivision. Generated on a computer screen, fractals are used in creating models of geographical or biological processes (for example, the creation of a coastline by erosion or accretion, or the growth of plants). Sets of curves with such discordant properties were developed in the 19t...

front
In meteorology, the boundary between two air masses of different temperature or humidity. A cold front marks the line of advance of a cold air mass from below, as it displaces a warm air mass; a warm front marks the advance of a warm air mass as it rises up over a cold one. Frontal systems define...

Freya
In Norse mythology, goddess of married love and the hearth. She was also the goddess of death, Odin's punishment after her dalliance with four dwarfs to gain the necklace Brisingamen. In this capacity, she caused war between mortals and flew over their battlefields in a chariot drawn by two cats. Half the heroes slain were banqueted in Sessrumn...

French language
Member of the Romance branch of the Indo-European language family, spoken in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, and Switzerland in Europe; also in Canada (principally in the province of Québec), various Caribbean and Pacific Islands (including overseas territories such as Martinique and French Guiana), and certain North and West Afri...

frequency
(physics) In physics, number of periodic oscillations, vibrations, or waves occurring per unit of time. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz), one hertz being equivalent to one cycle per second. Frequency is related to wavelength and velocity by the equation: f =...

French Revolution
Click images to enlargeThe period 1789–1799 that saw the end of the monarchy in France. The revolution began as an attempt to create a constitutional monarchy, where the powers of the king would be limited by a parliament. By late 1792, however, demands for long-overdue reforms resulted in the proclamation of the...

free will
The doctrine that human beings are free to control their own actions, and that these actions are not fixed in advance by God or fate. Some Jewish and Christian theologians assert that God gave humanity free will to choose between good and evil; others that God has decided in advance the outcome of all human choices (predestination), as in Calvi...

free thought
Post-Reformation movement opposed to Christian dogma. It was represented in Britain in the 17th and 18th century by deism; in the 19th century by the radical thinker Richard Carlile (1790–1843), a pioneer of the free press, and the Liberal politicians Charles Bradlaugh and Lord Morley (1838–1923); and in the 20th century by th...

free port
Port or sometimes a zone within a port, where cargo may be accepted for handling, processing, and reshipment without the imposition of tariffs or taxes. Duties and tax become payable only if the products are for consumption in the country to which the free port belongs. Free ports are established to take advantage of a location with good trade link...

Free Church
Protestant denominations of England and Wales that became members of the Free Church Federal Council from 1940. They include the Methodist Church, Baptist Union, United Reformed Church, Society of Friends (Quakers), Salvation Army, and Pentecostalist churches. The denominations were founded by those who did not wish to conform to the traditional fo...

Frederick William
(elector) Elector of Brandenburg from 1640, `the Great Elector`. By successful wars against Sweden and Poland, he prepared the way for Prussian power in the 18th century

Fraser,
(John) Australian Liberal politician, prime minister 1975–83; nicknamed `the Prefect` because of a supposed disregard of subordinates. Born in Melbourne, the grandson of an influential politician and businessman, Fraser was educated at Oxford University, and later became a m...

Fraser, Antonia
(Pakenham) English author. She has published authoritative biographies, including Mary Queen of Scots (1969) and The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1992), and wider historical works such as The Weaker Vessel: Woman's Lot in Seventeenth-Centu...

Frank
Member of a group of Germanic peoples prominent in Europe in the 3rd to 9th centuries. Believed to have originated in Pomerania on the Baltic Sea, they had settled on the Rhine by the 3rd century, spread into the Roman Empire by the 4th century, and gradually conquered most of Gaul, Italy, and Germany under the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties...

Franco-Prussian War
1870–71. The Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck put forward a German candidate for the vacant Spanish throne with the deliberate, and successful, intention of provoking the French emperor Napoleon III into declaring war. The Prussians defeated the French at Sedan, then besieged Paris. The Tre...

François
French form of Francis, two kings of France

Franz Joseph
Emperor of Austria-Hungary from 1848, when his uncle Ferdinand I abdicated. After the suppression of the 1848 revolution, Franz Joseph tried to establish an absolute monarchy but had to grant Austria a parliamentary constitution in 1861 and Hungary equality with Austria in 1867. He was defeated in the Italian War in 1859 and the Prussian War in...

Franciscan order
Catholic order of friars, Friars Minor or Grey Friars, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. Subdivisions were the strict Observants; the Conventuals, who were allowed to own property corporately; and the Capuchins, founded in 1529. The Franciscan order included such scholars as the English scientist Roger Bacon. A female order, the Poor Cl...

Francesca, Piero della
Italian painter; see Piero della Francesca

Franche-Comté
Region of eastern France; area 16,202 sq km/6,256 sq mi; population (1999 est) 1,117,100. Its administrative centre is Besançon, and it includes the départements of Doubs, Jura, Haute-Saône, and Territoire de Belfort. About 40% of the land is forested, especially in the mountainous Jura, where t...

frost
Condition of the weather that occurs when the air temperature is below freezing, 0°C/32°F. Water in the atmosphere is deposited as ice crystals on the ground or on exposed objects. As cold air is heavier than warm air and sinks to the ground, ground frost is more common than hoar (air) frost, which is formed by the condensation of wat...

free trade
Economic system where governments do not interfere in the movement of goods between countries; there are thus no taxes on imports. In the modern economy, free trade tends to hold within economic groups such as the European Union (EU), but not generally, despite such treaties as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1948 and subse...

Free Church of Scotland
Body of Scottish Presbyterians who seceded from the Established Church of Scotland in the Disruption of 1843. In 1900 all but a small section that retains the old name (known as the Wee Frees) combined with the United Presbyterian Church to form the United Free Church of Scotland. Most of this reunited with the Church of Scotland in 1929, although ...

Frazer, James
(George) Scottish anthropologist. Frazer's book The Golden Bough (12 volumes, 1890–1915), a pioneer study of the origins of religion and sociology on a comparative basis, exerted considerable influence on subsequent anthropologists and writers such as T S Eliot and ...

fraud
In law, an act of deception resulting in injury to another. To establish fraud it has to be demonstrated that (1) a false representation (for example, a factually untrue statement) has been made, with the intention that it should be acted upon; (2) the person making the representation knows it is false or does not attempt to find out whether it...

Fraser
River in southern British Columbia, Canada; length 1,375 km/855 mi. It rises in the Yellowhead Pass of the Rocky Mountains and flows northwest into the interior plateau of British Columbia. It then flows south through its lower valley at Hope, then west where it enters the Strait of Georgia, near Vancouver. The Fraser River has acted as the...

Franz Josef Land
Archipelago of over 85 islands in the Arctic Ocean, east of Svalbord and northwest of Novaya Zemlya, Russia; area 20,720 sq km/8,000 sq mi. There are scientific stations on the islands

Frankfurt am Main
City in Hessen, Germany, 72 km/45 mi northeast of Mannheim; population (2003 est) 648,000. It is an industrial, commercial, and banking centre, with electrical and machine industries, and an inland port on the River Main. Manufacturing includes pharmaceuticals, machinery, metals, oil products, and beer. The city hosts major international tr...

Frankenstein law
Popular name for the 1980 ruling by the US Supreme Court (Diamond v. Chakrabarty) that new forms of life created in the laboratory may be patented

Frank, Anne(lies Marie)
German diarist. She fled to the Netherlands with her family in 1933 to escape Nazi anti-Semitism (the Holocaust). During the German occupation of Amsterdam, they and two other families remained in a sealed-off room, protected by Dutch sympathizers 1942–44, when betrayal resulted in their...

Franco, Francisco
(Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Bahamonde) Spanish dictator from 1939. As a general, he led the insurgent Nationalists to victory in the Spanish Civil War 1936–39, supported by fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, and established a dictatorship. In 1942 Franco reinstated a Cortes (Spanish p...