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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


flotation, law of
Law stating that a floating object displaces its own weight of the fluid in which it floats. See Archimedes principle

fluoridation
Addition of small amounts of fluoride salts to drinking water by certain water authorities to help prevent tooth decay. Experiments in Britain, the USA, and elsewhere have indicated that a concentration of fluoride of 1 part per million in tap water retards the decay of children's teeth by more than 50%. Much concern has been expressed abou...

flash flood
Flood of water in a normally arid area brought on by a sudden downpour of rain. Flash floods are rare and usually occur in mountainous areas. They may travel many kilometres from the site of the rainfall. Because of the suddenness of flash floods, little warning can be given of their occurrence. In 1972 a flash flood at Rapid City, South Dakota, US...

fluorescence microscopy
Technique for examining samples under a microscope without the need to slice them into sections thin enough to be translucent. Instead, fluorescent dyes are introduced into the tissue and used as a light source for imaging purposes. Fluorescent dyes can also be bonded to monoclonal antibodies and used to highlight areas where particular cell protei...

flystrike
Infestation of the flesh of living sheep by blowfly maggots, especially those of the blue blowfly. It is one of the most costly sheep diseases in Australia, affecting all the grazing areas of New South Wales. Control has mainly been by insecticide, but nonchemical means, such as docking of tails and mulesing, are increasingly being encouraged. Mule...

fluid mechanics
Study of the behaviour of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. Fluid mechanics is important in the study of the weather, the design of aircraft and road vehicles, and in industries, such as the chemical industry, which deal with flowing liquids or gases

flour
Foodstuff made by grinding starchy vegetable materials, usually cereal grains, into a fine powder. Flour may also be made from root vegetables such as potato and cassava, and from pulses such as soybeans and chick peas. The most commonly used cereal flour is wheat flour. The properties of wheat flour depend on the strain of wheat used. Bread requir...

flue-gas desulphurization
Process of removing harmful sulphur pollution from gases emerging from a boiler. Sulphur compounds such as sulphur dioxide are commonly produced by burning fossil fuels, especially coal in power stations, and are the main cause of acid rain. The process is environmentally beneficial but expensive, adding about 10% to the cost of electricity gen...

flooding
Click images to enlargeThe inundation of land that is not normally covered with water. Flooding from rivers commonly takes place after heavy rainfall or in the spring after winter snows have melted. The river's discharge (volume of water carried in a given period) becomes too great, and water spills over the banks ont...

flour beetle
Beetle that is a major pest of stored agricultural products, such as flour. They are found worldwide in granaries and stores where both the adult beetles and the larvae feed on damaged grain or flour. Neither adults nor larvae can eat intact grains. Classification Flour beetles are in the genus Tribolium, family Tenebrionidae, cl...

FM
In physics, abbreviation for frequency modulation

fossil
Click images to enlargeCast, impression, or the actual remains of an animal or plant preserved in rock. Dead animals and plant remains that fell to the bottom of the sea bed or an inland lake were gradually buried under the accumulation of layers of sediment. Over millions of years, the sediment became sedimentary rock an...

forsythia
Any of a group of temperate eastern Asian shrubs, which bear yellow bell-shaped flowers in early spring before the leaves appear. (Genus Forsythia, family Oleaceae.)

foxglove
Click images to enlargeAny of a group of flowering plants found in Europe and the Mediterranean region. They have showy spikes of bell-like flowers, and grow up to 1.5 m/5 ft high. (Genus Digitalis, family Scrophulariaceae.) The wild species (D. purpurea), native to Britain, p...

forget-me-not
Any of a group of plants belonging to the borage family, including M. sylvatica and M. scorpioides, with small bright blue flowers. (Genus Myosotis, family Boraginaceae.)

foxhound
Small, keen-nosed hound, up to 60 cm/2 ft tall and black, tan, and white in colour. There are two recognized breeds: the English foxhound, bred for some 300 years to hunt foxes, and the American foxhound, not quite as stocky, used for foxes and other game

fowl
Chicken or chickenlike bird. Sometimes the term is also used for ducks and geese. The red jungle fowl Gallus gallus is the ancestor of all domestic chickens. It is a forest bird of Asia, without the size or egg-laying ability of many domestic strains. Guinea fowl are of African...

foraminifera
Any marine protozoan of the order Foraminiferida, with shells of calcium carbonate. Their shells have pores through which filaments project. Some form part of the plankton, others live on the sea bottom. The many-chambered Globigerina is part of the plankton. Its shells eventually form much of the chalky ooze of the ocean flo...

folic acid
Vitamin of the B complex. It is found in liver, legumes and green leafy vegetables, and whole grain foods, and is also synthesized by the intestinal bacteria. It is essential for growth, and plays many other roles in the body. Lack of folic acid causes anaemia because it is necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids and the formation of red blood...

fox
Click images to enlargeOne of the smaller species of wild dog of the family Canidae, which live in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Foxes feed on a wide range of animals from worms to rabbits, scavenge for food, and also eat berries. They are very adaptable, maintaining high populations close to urb...

forgery
The making of a false document, painting, or object with deliberate intention to deceive or defraud. The most common forgeries involve financial instruments such as cheques or credit-card transactions or money (counterfeiting). There are also literary forgeries, forged coins, and forged antiques. Financial gain is not the only motive for forger...

follicle
(botany) In botany, a dry, usually many-seeded fruit that splits along one side only to release the seeds within. It is derived from a single carpel. Examples include the fruits of the larkspurs Delphinium and columbine Aquilegia. It differs from a pod...

Foucault, Michel Paul
French philosopher who argued that human knowledge and subjectivity are dependent upon specific institutions and practices, and that they change through history. In particular, he was concerned to subvert conventional assumptions about `social deviants` – the mentally ill, the sick, and the criminal – who, he believed, are oppre...

fold
Click images to enlargeIn geology, a deformation (bend) in beds or layers of rock. Folds are caused by pressures within the Earth's crust resulting from plate-tectonic activity. Rocks are slowly pushed and compressed together, forming folds. Such deformation usually occurs in sedimentary layers that are softer and...

foreign aid
See aid

fourth-generation language
In computing, a type of programming language designed for the rapid programming of applications but often lacking the ability to control the individual parts of the computer. Such a language typically provides easy ways of designing screens and reports, and of using databases. Other `generations` (the term implies a class of language rath...

foxtrot
Ballroom dance originating in the USA about 1914. It is believed to be named after Harry Fox, a US vaudeville comedian who did a distinctive trotting dance to ragtime music

Fourth Republic
The French constitutional regime that was established between 1944 and 1946 and lasted until 4 October 1958: from liberation after Nazi occupation during World War II to the introduction of a new constitution by General de Gaulle

Formosa
Former name for Taiwan

Foster, Norman Robert
English architect of the high-tech school. His works in England include the Willis Faber & Dumas insurance offices, Ipswich (1975); the Sainsbury Centre for the Visual Arts, Norwich (1977); Stansted Airport, Essex (1991), the Millennium Bridge, London (2000), and the new Wembley Stadium (2007). He was awarded the Stirling Prize twic...

foreign relations
A country's dealings with other countries. Specialized diplomatic bodies first appeared in Europe during the 18th century. After 1818 diplomatic agents were divided into: ambassadors, papal legates, and nuncios; envoys extraordinary, ministers plenipotentiary, and other ministers accredited to the head of state; ministers resident&#...

Foreign Legion
Volunteer corps of foreigners within a country's army. The French Légion Etrangère, founded in 1831, is one of a number of such forces. Enlisted volunteers are of any nationality (about half are now French), but the officers are usually French. Headquarters until 1962 was in Sidi Bel Abbés, Algeria; the main base is now Corsi...

forces, fundamental
In physics, four fundamental interactions currently known to be at work in the physical universe. There are two long-range forces: the gravitational force, or gravity, which keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun and acts between all particles that have mass; and the electromagnetic force, which stops solids from falling apart and ac...

football, association
Form of football originating in the UK, popular throughout the world. The modern game is played in the UK according to the rules laid down by the home countries' football associations. Slight amendments to the rules take effect in certain competitions and international matches as laid down by the sport's world governing body, Fédé...

Foot, Michael Mackintosh
British Labour politician and writer. A leader of the left-wing Tribune Group, he was secretary of state for employment 1974–76, Lord President of the Council and leader of the House 1976–79, and succeeded James Callaghan as Labour Party leader 1980–83

food poisoning
Any acute illness characterized by vomiting and diarrhoea and caused by eating food contaminated with harmful bacteria (for example, listeriosis), poisonous food (for example, certain mushrooms or puffer fish), or poisoned food (such as lead or arsenic introduced accidentally during processing). A frequent cause of food poisoning is Salmon...

fox-hunting
The pursuit of a fox across country on horseback, aided by a pack of foxhounds specially trained to track the fox's scent. The aim is to catch and kill the fox. In drag-hunting, hounds pursue a prepared trail rather than a fox. Described by the playwright Oscar Wilde as `the unspeakable in pursuit of the uneatable`, fox-huntin...

fourth estate
Another name for the press. The term was coined by the British politician Edmund Burke in analogy with the traditional three estates

Fowler, Henry Watson
(1858–1933) English brothers who were scholars and authors of a number of English dictionaries. Modern English Usage (1926), the work of Henry Fowler, has become a classic reference work for matters of style and disputed usage

Fourth of July
In the USA, the anniversary of the day in 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress. It is a public holiday, officially called Independence Day, commemorating independence from Britain

Fourier,
(François Marie) French socialist. In Le Nouveau monde industriel/The New Industrial World (1829–30), he advocated that society should be organized in self-sufficient cooperative units of about 1,500 people, and marriage should be abandoned

Fountains Abbey
Cistercian abbey in North Yorkshire, England, situated 13 km/8 mi north of Harrogate. Celebrated as the greatest monument to English monasticism and its architecture, it was founded about 1132, and closed in 1539 at the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The ruins were incorporated into a Romantic landscaped garden (1720–40) with a lake, form...

Foucault,
(Jean Bernard) French physicist who used a pendulum to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth on its axis, and invented the gyroscope in 1852. In 1862 he made the first accurate determination of the velocity of light. Foucault investigated heat and light, discovered eddy currents induced in a c...

Foster, Stephen Collins
US songwriter. He wrote 175 sentimental popular songs including `The Old Folks at Home` (1851), `My Old Kentucky Home` (1853), and `Beautiful Dreamer` (1864), and rhythmic minstrel songs such as `Oh! Susanna` (1848) and `Camptown Races` (1850)

Forty-Five, the
Jacobite rebellion of 1745, led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart. With his army of Highlanders `Bonnie Prince Charlie` occupied Edinburgh and advanced into England as far as Derby, but then turned back. The rising was crushed by the Duke of Cumberland at Culloden in 1746

Fort Worth
City in northeastern Texas, USA, on the Trinity River, 48 km/30 mi west of Dallas; seat of Tarrant County; population (2000 est) 534,700. It is a grain and railway centre serving the southern USA; manufactured products include aerospace equipment, motor vehicles, computers, and refined petroleum. History Fort Worth developed from an...

Fort Sumter
Fort in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, USA, 6.5 km/4 mi southeast of Charleston. The first shots of the US Civil War were fired here on 12 April 1861, after its commander had refused the call to surrender made by the Confederate General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard. The attack was successful, with the South holding the fort until 1865&...

Forth
River in central Scotland, with its headstreams, Duchray Water and Avondhu, rising on the northeast slopes of Ben Lomond. It flows east approximately 105 km/65 mi to Kincardine where the Firth of Forth begins. The Firth is approximately 80 km/50 mi long, and is 26 km/16 mi wide where it j...

Fort-de-France
Capital, chief commercial centre, and port of Martinique, West Indies, on the west coast at the mouth of the Madame River; population (1999 est) 94,000 (city), 134,700 (commune). It exports sugar, rum, tinned fruit, and cacao. There is an airport and the tourist industry is a source of much local revenue

Forster, E(dward) M(organ)
English novelist, short-story writer, and critic. He was concerned with the interplay of personality and the conflict between convention and instinct. His novels include A Room with a View (1908), Howards End (1910), and A Passage to India (1924). Other works include the collections of st...

Ford, John
(writer) English poet and dramatist. His play 'Tis Pity She's a Whore (performed in about 1626, printed in 1633) is a study of incestuous passion between brother and sister. His other plays include The Lover's Melancholy (1629), The Br...

Ford, Henry
Click images to enlargeUS car manufacturer. He built his first car in 1896 and founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903 with 11 investors. Ford held 25.5% of the stock, and it was three years before he took a controlling interest and was named president. His first car, the Model A, was sold in 1903. He was a pioneer of ...

Ford, Gerald R(udolph)
38th president of the USA 1974–77, a Republican. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1948, was nominated to the vice-presidency by Richard Nixon in 1973 on the resignation of Spiro Agnew, and became president in 1974, when Nixon was forced to resign following the Watergate scandal. He granted Nixon a full pardon in September ...

Fonteyn, Margot
English ballet dancer. She made her debut with the Vic-Wells Ballet in Nutcracker (1934) and first appeared as Giselle in 1937, eventually becoming prima ballerina of the Royal Ballet, London. Renowned for her perfect physique, clear line, musicality, and interpretive powers, she created many roles in Frederick Ashton's b...

Fontainebleau
Town in Seine-et-Marne département, France, situated 60 km/37 mi southeast of Paris near the River Seine; population (1990) 35,500. Its royal palace was founded by Philip the Good, but, as it exists today, was built by Francis I in the 16th century. Louis XIV&#...

Fonda, Henry
(Jaynes) US actor. His engaging style made him ideal in the role of the American pioneer and honourable man. He appeared in more than 90 films, including Young Mr Lincoln (1939), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), My Darling Clementine (1946), ...

folk music
Traditional music, especially from rural areas, which is passed on by listening and repeating, and is usually performed by amateurs. The term is used to distinguish it from the classical music of a country, and from urban popular or commercial music. Most folk music exists in the form of songs, or instrumental music to accompany folk dancing, and i...

Folkestone
Port and resort on the southeast coast of Kent, England, 10 km/6 mi southwest of Dover; population (2001) 45,300. There are passenger ferry and SeaCat (high-speed catamaran) connections with Boulogne, France, and to the northwest of the town is the British terminal of Eurotunnel, which offers a high-speed train link through the Chan...

folk dance
Click images to enlargeDance characteristic of a particular people, nation, or region. Many European folk dances are derived from the dances accompanying the customs and ceremonies of pre-Christian times. Some later became ballroom dances (for example, the minuet and waltz). Once an important part of many rituals, fol...

Foch, Ferdinand
Marshal of France during World War I. He was largely responsible for the Allied victory at the first battle of the Marne in September 1914, and commanded on the northwestern front October 1914–September 1916. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Allied armies in the spring of 1918, and launched the Allied counter-offensive in...

foot-and-mouth disease
Contagious eruptive viral disease of cloven-hoofed mammals, characterized by blisters in the mouth and around the hooves. In cattle it causes deterioration of milk yield and abortions. It is an airborne virus, which makes its eradication extremely difficult. In the UK, affected herds are destroyed; inoculation is practised in Europe and the...

Fox, Charles James
English Whig politician, son of the 1st Baron Holland. He entered Parliament in 1769 as a supporter of the court, but went over to the opposition in 1774. As secretary of state in 1782, leader of the opposition to William Pitt the Younger, and foreign secretary in 1806, he welcomed the French Revolution and brought about the abolition of the slave ...

forging
One of the main methods of shaping metals, which involves hammering or a more gradual application of pressure. A blacksmith hammers red-hot metal into shape on an anvil, and the traditional place of work is called a forge. The blacksmith's mechanical equivalent is the drop forge. The metal is shaped by the blows from a falling hammer or ram...

Formica
Trademark of the Formica Corporation for a heat-proof plastic laminate, widely used as a veneer on wipe-down kitchen surfaces and children's furniture. It is a plastic made from ureaformaldehyde bonded to fabric or paper. It was first put on the market in 1913

four-colour process
Colour printing using four printing plates, based on the principle that any colour is made up of differing proportions of the primary colours blue, red, and yellow. Ink colours complementary to those represented on the plates are used for printing – cyan for the blue plate, magenta for the red, and yellow for the yellow. The first stage in pre...

Fourdrinier machine
Papermaking machine patented by the Fourdrinier brothers Henry and Sealy in England in 1803. On the machine, liquid pulp flows onto a moving wire-mesh belt, and water drains and is sucked away, leaving a damp paper web. This is passed first through a series of steam-heated rollers, which dry it, and then between heavy calender rollers, whic...

four-stroke cycle
Click images to enlargeEngine-operating cycle of most petrol and diesel engines. The `stroke` is an upward or downward movement of a piston in a cylinder. In a petrol engine the cycle begins with the induction of a fuel mixture as the piston goes down on its first stroke. On the second stroke (up) the piston...

focal length
Distance from the centre of a lens or curved mirror to the focal point. For a concave mirror or convex lens, it is the distance at which rays of light parallel to the principal axis of the mirror or lens are brought to a focus (for a mirror, this is half the radius of curvature). For a convex mirror ...

football, Australian rules
Game that combines aspects of Gaelic football, rugby, and association football; it is played between two teams of 18 players each, with an inflated oval ball. It is unique to Australia. The game is played on an oval pitch with a pair of goalposts at each end. On either side of each pair of goalposts is a smaller post. Each team is placed in fiv...

Fo, Dario
Italian dramatist and actor. His plays are predominantly political satires combining black humour with slapstick. They include Morte accidentale di un anarchico/Accidental Death of an Anarchist (1970), Non si paga non si paga/Can't Pay? Won't Pay! (1974) and L'Anomalo Bicefalo&#...

foot
(measurement) Imperial unit of length, equivalent to 0.3048 m, in use in Britain since Anglo-Saxon times. It originally represented the length of a human foot. One foot contains 12 inches and is one-third of a yard

food
Anything eaten by human beings and other animals, or absorbed by plants, to sustain life and health. The building blocks of food are nutrients, and humans can utilize the following nutrients: carbohydrates as starches found in bread, potatoes, and pasta; as simple sugars in sucrose and honey; and as fibres in cereals, fruit, and vegetab...

forestry
Click images to enlargeScience of forest management. Recommended forestry practice aims at multipurpose crops, allowing the preservation of varied plant and animal species as well as human uses (lumbering, recreation). Forestry has often been confined to the planting of a single species, such as a rapid-growing conife...

football, American
Contact sport similar to the English game of rugby, played between two teams of 11 players, with an inflated oval ball. Players are well padded for protection and wear protective helmets. The Super Bowl, first held in 1967, is now an annual meeting between the winners of the National and American Football Conferences. The game is played on a 100...

formula
(chemistry) In chemistry, a representation of a molecule, radical, or ion, in which the component chemical elements are represented by their symbols. For example, the formula for carbon dioxide is CO2, showing that a molecule of carbon dioxide consists of one atom of car...

formaldehyde
Common name for methanal

formic acid
Common name for methanoic acid

foreclosure
In law, the transfer of title of a mortgaged property from the mortgagor (borrower, usually a home owner) to the mortgagee (loaner, for example a bank) if the mortgagor is in breach of the mortgage agreement, usually by failing to make a number of payments on the mortgage (loan). The mortgagor may keep or sell the mortgaged property, often by aucti...

Four Noble Truths
In Buddhism, the central teaching of the Buddha, comprising of four basic concepts. Firstly, there is the reality of suffering (Pali dukkha). In the Four Noble Truths, dukkha also carries the meaning of impermanence and imperfection. Secondly, suffering is caused. Human attachments, cravings, and desires lead to the suffering described in the first...

fossil fuel
Click images to enlargeCombustible material, such as coal, lignite, oil, peat, and natural gas, formed from the fossilized remains of plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. Such fuels are non-renewable resources – once they are burnt, they cannot be replaced. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons (they cont...

follicle
(zoology) In zoology, a small group of cells that surround and nourish a structure such as a hair (hair follicle) or a cell such as an egg (Graafian follicle; see menstrual cycle)

football, Gaelic
Kicking and catching game played mainly in Ireland. The two teams have 15 players each. The game is played on a field with an inflated spherical ball. The goalposts have a crossbar and a net across the lower half. Goals are scored by kicking the ball into the net (three points) or over the crossbar (one point). First played in 1712, it is now one o...

Fomalhaut
Brightest star in the southern constellation Piscis Austrinus and the 18th-brightest star in the night sky. It is 25 light years from the Sun, with a true luminosity 13 times that of the Sun. Fomalhaut is one of a number of stars around which IRAS (the Infra-Red Astronomy Satellite) detected excess infrared radiation. This comes from a regi...

follicle-stimulating hormone
Hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It affects the ovaries in women, stimulating the production of an egg cell. Luteinizing hormone is needed to complete the process. In men, FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm. It is used to treat some forms of infertility

Fontainebleau School
French school of Mannerist painting and sculpture. It was established at the court of François I, who brought Italian artists to Fontainebleau, near Paris, to decorate his hunting lodge: Rosso Fiorentino arrived in 1530, Francesco Primaticcio came in 1532. They evolved a distinctive decorative style using a combination of stucco relief and...

force ratio
The amount by which a machine increases or decreases the applied force; see mechanical advantage

forensic science
Use of scientific techniques to solve criminal cases. A multidisciplinary field embracing chemistry, physics, botany, zoology, and medicine, forensic science includes the identification of human bodies or traces. Ballistics (the study of projectiles, such as bullets), another traditional forensic field, makes use of such tools as the comparison mic...

food technology
The application of science to the commercial processing of foodstuffs. Food is processed to make it more palatable or digestible, for which the traditional methods include boiling, frying, flour-milling, bread-, yogurt-, and cheese-making, and brewing; to prevent the growth of bacteria, moulds, yeasts, and other micro-organi...

food irradiation
Exposure of food to low-level irradiation to kill micro-organisms; a technique used in food technology. In irradiation, X-rays from a radioactive or electron beam are passed through the food, and so the food is treated with ionizing radiation. The process helps to stop vegetables, for example potatoes, from sprouting, delays fruit f...

fortepiano
Early 18th-century piano invented by Italian instrument maker Bartolommeo Cristofori in 1709. It has small, leather-bound hammers and harpsichord strings. Unlike the harpsichord, it can produce a varying intensity of tone, depending on the pressure of the player's touch, hence the name, which means `loud-soft` in Italian. ...

Fourier,
(Jean Baptiste) French applied mathematician whose formulation of heat flow in 1807 contains the proposal that, with certain constraints, any mathematical function can be represented by trigonometrical series. This principle forms the basis of Fourier analysis, used today in many different fie...

Fonda, Jane
(Seymour) US actor. She appeared in a number of comic roles in the 1960s, and went on to have success with more substantial roles in socially conscious films in the late 1960s and 1970s. She won Academy Awards for her performances in Klute (1971) and Coming Home<...

Ford, John
(director) US film director. Active from the silent film era, he became one of the most acclaimed figures of classical Hollywood cinema, winning four Academy Awards for best director. Responsible for a number of impressive Westerns such as The Iron Horse (1924), Sta...

focus
(optics) In optics, the point at which light rays converge, or from which they appear to diverge. Other electromagnetic rays, such as microwaves, and sound waves may also be brought together at a focus. Rays parallel to the principal axis of a lens or mirror are converged at, or appear to dive...

focus
(photography) In photography, the distance that a lens must be moved in order to focus a sharp image on the light-sensitive film at the back of the camera. The lens is moved away from the film to focus the image of closer objects. The focusing distance is often marked on a scale around the...

formalin
Aqueous solution of formaldehyde (methanal) used to preserve animal specimens

food chain
In ecology, a sequence showing the feeding relationships between organisms in a habitat or ecosystem. It shows who eats whom. An organism in one food chain can belong to other food chains. This can be shown in a diagram called a food web. One of the most important aspects of food is that it provides ...

force
Any influence that tends to change a body's state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line. A force is a push or a pull on an object. It will cause a stationary object to move or a moving object to change direction, slow down, or speed up. It may, if the body is unable to move freely, resu...

food test
Any of several types of simple test, easily performed in the laboratory, used to identify the main classes of food. Starch–iodine test Food is ground up in distilled water and iodine solution is added. A dense black colour indicates that starch is present. Sugar–Benedict's test Food is ...

Fon
A people living mainly in Benin, and also in Nigeria, numbering about 2.5 million. The Fon language belongs to the Kwa branch of the Niger–Congo family. The Fon founded a kingdom which became powerful in the 18th and 19th centuries through the slave trade, and the region became known as the Slave Coast