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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


world music
Popular music that has its roots in folk music, especially non-European folk music. It is usually performed by artists from the country it comes from, and has a distinct regional character. Examples are West African mbalax, East African soukous, South African mbaqanga, French Antillean zouk, Latin American salsa and lambada, and Cajun music, as...

Wolof
The majority ethnic group living in Senegal. There is also a Wolof minority in Gambia. There are about 2 million speakers of Wolof, a language belonging to the Niger-Congo family. The Wolof are Muslims. They are predominantly arable farmers, and some also raise cattle. Before the French colonized the region in the 19th century, the Wolof were d...

word processing
Input, amendment, manipulation, storage, and retrieval of text. A computer system that runs such software is known as a word processor. Since word-processing programs became available to microcomputers, the method has almost completely replaced the typewriter for producing letters or other text. Typical facilities include insert, delete, cut an...

work experience
The going out of pupils or students into industry to experience work for a short period of time. Typically, 15–16 year olds spend 1–2 weeks in a work experience placement. It helps them gain some understanding of the world of work and of the opportunities that might be available to them when they leave full-time education

worker cooperative
Business owned and controlled by its workers rather than outside shareholders. In some worker cooperatives each member worker has one vote at meetings, however many shares he or she owns. There are relatively few worker cooperatives in the UK; they are far more popular in Europe and Japan

worker participation
Situation where workers are involved in some way with decision-making in a business organization. Worker participation can take many forms. There might be a consultative council in the company where trade unions and management meet regularly to discuss points of mutual interest. Workers can be organized in quality circles and meet regularly in ...

womb
Common name for the uterus

workstation
High-performance desktop computer with strong graphics capabilities, traditionally used for engineering (CAD and CAM), scientific research, and desktop publishing. From 1985 to 1995 workstations were frequently based on fast RISC (reduced instruction-set computer) chips running the Unix operating system. However, the market is under attack ...

worship
Adoration and service of God or gods. This service involves reverence, awe, and wonder, and may take many different forms. Worship often takes the form of group participation in rituals, though private individual worship is common in a number of religions, such as Sikhism and Hinduism. The purpose of worship is to show respect, remind the believers...

World Wide Web
Click images to enlargeHypertext system for publishing information on the Internet. World Wide Web documents (`Web pages`) are text files coded using HTML to include text and graphics, and are stored on a Web server connected to the Internet. Web pages may also contain dynamic objects and Java applets for enhanc...

Workers' Party of Kurdistan
Kurdish guerrilla organization, active in Turkey from 1974. Initially it aimed to secure an independent Kurdish state, Kurdistan, but has since modified its demands, indicating a preparedness to accept autonomy within a federal system. Responsible for many civilian deaths and bombings of private as well as government buildings, the PKK has been the...

workgroup
In computing, small group of computer users who need to share data and computer facilities

Woods, Tiger
US golfer. In 1994 he became the youngest player, at the age of 18, to win the US Amateur Championship, the first of an unprecedented three successive titles. He turned professional in 1996, immediately becoming one of the wealthiest people in US sport as a result of endorsement deals worth US$64 million. In his first six months as a profession...

Wokingham
(authority) Unitary authority in southeast England, created in 1998 from part of the former county of Berkshire. Area 179 sq km/69 sq mi Towns and cities Wokingham (administrative headquarters), Twyford Features River Thames forms northern border of authority; Royal Electrical and Mech...

women's suffrage
Women's right to vote in elections. After a prolonged struggle women were finally given the right to vote on equal terms with men in 1920 in the USA and in 1928 in Britain. Women's suffrage was granted at different times in different countries; for example Norway granted women the vote in...

Wolf, Christa
German writer. She established her reputation, and earned the approval of the East German government, with her second novel, Der geteilte Himmel/Divided Heaven (1963), in which the heroine decides to forsake her romantic interest and the freedoms of the West to stay in East Germany. Though she was supportive of Marxist ideals...

World War I soldiers
Click images to enlargeOver 65 million soldiers from over 30 countries fought during World War I, the greatest mobilization the world had ever seen. Initially millions volunteered to fight a war that most believed would be over quickly and victoriously for their nation. By the end of the war Germany had mobilized an estim...

women, medieval
In the Middle Ages, women played an essential part in the medieval economy and society. However, the post-Conquest period (11th–15th centuries) saw a reduction in the status of women in certain respects, as women were generally discriminated against in attitudes and opportunities. Whereas Saxon women had had a great deal of freedom and sta...

World War I alliances
The two opposing groups that fought in World War I were the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) and the Allies, an alliance that grew from the three members of the Triple Entente (Britain and the British Empire, France, and Russia) to incorporate 27 Allied and Associated powers, including Italy and, towards the end o...

woodworking joint
Fixing used to fit together pieces of timber. The simplest is a butt joint. Other woodworking joints involve one piece of timber fitting into a hole inside another piece of timber. Woodworking joints include dowelled joints, housing joints, mortise and tenon joints, dovetail joints, and tongue and groove joints. Not only do the materials slot toget...

worksheet
In computing, a single page in a spreadsheet containing one set of rows and columns of cells. Worksheets can be combined to create a workbook, a file in which work is carried out and stored. This allows the user to organize various kinds of related information in a single file. Data can be entered and edited on several worksheets simultaneously and...

workplane
In computing, terminology used in CAD (computer-aided design). Workplanes simplify the definition of the way a solid can be shaped. Modern CAD systems are designed to work with virtual solid shapes manipulated in the same way as the real solid would be. Every CAD object has at least three workplanes; those for length, width, and height. Add...

woodblock
Wooden percussion instrument. There are two types: the Chinese block and the temple block. The Chinese block is a rectangular block of hardwood that has been hollowed out with one or two slots cut in it. It is struck with a beater to produce a hollow sound of indefinite pitch. The temple block is a hollowed-out block of hardwood with a wide...

work hardening
Effect of repeatedly hammering or rolling a metal. Work hardening causes stresses to appear, and the metal will eventually crack. The technique of annealing is employed to prevent this from happening

wpm
Abbreviation for words per minute

Wright
US inventors; brothers who pioneered piloted, powered flight. Inspired by Otto Lilienthal's gliding, they perfected their piloted glider in 1902. In 1903 they built a powered machine, a 12-hp 341-kg/750-lb plane, and became the first to make a successful powered flight, near K...

wrasse
Any bony fish of the family Labridae, found in temperate and tropical seas. They are slender and often brightly coloured, with a single long dorsal fin. They have elaborate courtship rituals, and some species can change their colouring and sex. Species vary in size from 5 cm/2 in to 2 m/6.5 ft

wren
Any of the family Troglodytidae of small birds of the order Passeriformes, with slender, slightly curved bills, and uptilted tails

wrack
Any of the large brown seaweeds characteristic of rocky shores. The bladder wrack F. vesiculosus has narrow, branched fronds up to 1 m/3.3 ft long, with oval air bladders, usually in pairs on either side of the midrib or central vein. (Genus Fucus.)

wrought iron
Fairly pure iron containing some beads of slag, widely used for construction work bef ore the days of cheap steel. It is strong, tough, and easy to machine. It is made in a puddling furnace, invented by Henry Colt in England in 1784. Pig iron is remelted and heated strongly in air with iron ore, burning out the carbon in the metal, leaving relativel...

Wren, Christopher
Click images to enlargeEnglish architect. His ingenious use of a refined and sober baroque style can be seen in his best-known work, St Paul's Cathedral, London (1675–1711), and in the many churches he built in London including St Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside (1670–77), and St Bride's, Fleet Street...

writ
In law, a document issued by a court requiring performance of certain actions

Wright, Joseph
(artist) English painter. He was known as Wright of Derby, from his birthplace. He painted portraits, landscapes, and groups performing scientific experiments. His work is often dramatically lit – by fire, candlelight, or even volcanic explosion. Several of his subjects are highly origina...

written communication
Form of communication using a set of symbols. Written English has its own techniques and conventions. The content, structure, and style of a piece of writing are guided by its purpose. Where a piece of writing is narration and is intended to entertain it will often take the form of a story, make use ...

Wroclaw
Industrial river port in Poland, on the River Oder; population (2002) 640,400. Industries include shipbuilding, engineering, textiles, and electronics. It was the capital of the German province of Lower Silesia until 1945

wrestling
Sport popular in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, and included in the Olympics from 704 BC. The two main modern international styles are Greco-Roman, concentrating on above-waist holds, and freestyle, which allows the legs to be used to hold or trip; in both the aim is to throw the opponent to the ground. Many countries have their own f...

write protection
Device on computer disks and tapes that provides data security by allowing data to be read but not deleted, altered, or overwritten

Wrexham
(authority) Unitary authority in northeast Wales, created in 1996 from part of the former county of Clywd. Area 500 sq km/193 sq mi Towns Wrexham (administrative headquarters), Holt, Ruabon Physical western side is mountainous, in...

Wright, Billy
(William Ambrose) English footballer. A versatile player, equally strong in midfield or central defence, he won 105 caps for England 1946–59 including a record 90 as captain. He made 541 appearances for Wolverhampton Wanderers 1945–59, and led the club to the FA Cup in 1949 and the l...

Wright, Richard
(Nathaniel) US writer and poet. He was regarded as an inspiration by black American writers such as James Baldwin. His Uncle Tom's Children (1938), a collection of four stories, was highly acclaimed. In 1937 he moved to New York, New York, where he was an editor on the c...

written conventions
Accepted usages and stylistic features in written English. These aid efficient and effective communication, including various forms of abbreviation and contraction, ways of making reference to other writers, and conventions of page layout. Written conventions are often adapted for word processing (open punctuation) and e-mail or mobile phones

wt
Abbreviation for weight

WTO
Abbreviation for the World Trade Organization

Wuhan
River port and capital of Hubei province, central China, at the confluence of the Han and Chang Jiang rivers; population (2000) 6,787,500. It was formed in 1950 as one of China's greatest industrial areas by the amalgamation of Hankou, Hanyang, and Wuchang, and by the late 20th century, with the advantage of large nearby reserves of coal an...

Wundt, Wilhelm Max
German physiologist who regarded psychology as the study of internal experience or consciousness. His main psychological method was introspection; he also studied sensation, perception of space and time, and reaction times

wudu
Muslim practice of ablution (ceremonial washing) before salat (prayer), as a mark of respect for God and in preparation for worship. After niyyah (turning to God in mind), the hands, mouth, nostrils, face, arms, head, neck, ears, and feet are washed. At certain times, such as after childbirth or menstruation, a full bath (ghsul) is taken

WWF
Abbreviation for World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund)

Wycherley, William
English Restoration dramatist. His first comedy, Love in a Wood, won him court favour in 1671, and later bawdy works include The Country Wife (1675) and The Plain Dealer (1676)

Wyatt, Thomas
English courtier and poet. His poetry, like that of the Earl of Surrey, often experimented with verse forms associated with Italian poet Petrarch and so may be credited with introducing the sonnet into English literature. His poetry was originally written to be passed from hand to hand among the courters – and so probably tells us more about c...

Wyndham, John
English science fiction writer. He wrote The Day of the Triffids (1951), describing the invasion of Earth by a strange plant mutation; The Chrysalids (1955); and The Midwich Cuckoos (1957). A recurrent theme in his work is people's response to disaster, whether caused by nature, a...

Wye
River in Wales and England; length 208 km/130 mi. It rises on Plynlimon in northeast Ceredigion, flows southeast and east through Powys and Hereford and Worcester, and follows the Gwent–Gloucestershire border before joining the River Severn 4 km/2.5 mi south of Chepstow. It has salmon fisheries and is noted for its scenery

WYSIWYG
In computing, a program that attempts to display on the screen a faithful representation of the final printed output. For example, a WYSIWYG word processor would show actual page layout – line widths, page breaks, and the sizes and styles of font

Wyeth, Andrew Newell
US painter. Among the most popular of contemporary US artists, he is one of the leading exponents of New Realism and considered one of the greatest American Scene painters. His portraits and landscapes, usually in tempera, are naturalistic, minutely detailed, and often convey a strong sense of the isolation of the countryside. Although realisticall...

Wyoming
Click images to enlargeState in western USA, one of the Mountain States, bordered to the east by Nebraska and South Dakota, to the north by Montana, to the west by Montana, Idaho, and Utah, and to the south by Utah and Colorado; area 251,488 sq km/97,100 sq mi; population (2000) 493,800; capital Cheyenne. ...

Wycliffe, John
English religious reformer. Allying himself with the party of John of Gaunt, which was opposed to ecclesiastical influence at court, he attacked abuses in the medieval church, maintaining that the Bible rather than the church was the supreme authority. He criticized such fundamental doctrines as priestly absolution, confession, and indulgences, and...

Xavier, St Francis
Spanish Jesuit missionary. He went to the Portuguese colonies in the East Indies, arriving at Goa in 1542. He was in Japan 1549–51, establishing a Christian mission that lasted for 100 years. He returned to Goa in 1552, and sailed for China, but died of fever there. He was canonized in 1622

xanthophyll
Yellow pigment in plants that, like chlorophyll, is responsible for the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis

xenon
Colourless, odourless, gaseous, non-metallic element, atomic number 54, relative atomic mass 131.30. It is grouped with the noble gases (rare gases) and was long believed not to enter into reactions, but is now known to form some compounds, mostly with fluorine. It is a heavy gas present in very small quantities in the air (about one part in 20...

xerophyte
Plant adapted to live in dry conditions. Common adaptations to reduce the rate of transpiration include a reduction of leaf size, sometimes to spines or scales; a dense covering of hairs over the leaf to trap a layer of moist air (as in edelweiss); water storage cells; sunken stomata; and permanently rolled leaves or leaves that rol...

Xenophon
Greek soldier and writer who was a disciple of Socrates (described in Xenophon's Symposium). He joined the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger against his brother Artaxerxes II in 401 BC, and after the Battle of Cunaxa the same year took command. His book Anabasis describes how he led 10,000 Greek mercenaries ...

xerography
Dry, electrostatic method of producing images, without the use of negatives or sensitized paper, invented in the USA by Chester Carlson in 1938 and applied in the Xerox photocopier. An image of the document to be copied is projected on to an electrostatically charged photo-conductive plate. The charge remains only in the areas corresponding to ...

Xerxes I
Achaemenid king of Persia 486–465 BC, the son and successor of Darius (I) the Great. He suppressed Babylonian revolts in 484 and 482, then in 480, at the head of a great army supported by a fleet, he crossed the Hellespont (Dardanelles) on bridges of boats and marched through Thrace into Greece. He occupied Athens, but the Persian fleet was de...

XGA
In computing, colour display system that provides either 256 colours on screen and a resolution of 1,024 × 768 pixels or 25,536 colours with a resolution of 640 × 480. This gives a much sharper image than, for example, VGA, which can display only 16 colours at 480 lines of 640 pixels

Xhosa
Member of a Bantu people of South Africa, living mainly in the Eastern Cape province. Traditionally, the Xhosa were farmers and cattle herders, cattle having great social and religious importance to them. Their social structure is based on a monarchy. Their Bantu language belongs to the Niger-Congo family

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Autonomous region of northwest China, bounded to the north by Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Russia; to the east by Mongolia and Gansu; to the south by Qinghai and Tibet; and to the west by Jammu and Kashmir, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan; area 1,646,800 sq km/635,800 sq mi (the largest political unit of China); population (2000 ...

Xining
Industrial city and capital of Qinghai province, northwest China, on the Xining River; population (2000) 854,500. Products include machinery, vehicles, textiles, metals, and processed foods. For centuries Xining was a major trading centre on the caravan route to Tibet, and it is now the starting point for the modern rail and road routes into th...

Xi'an
Industrial city and capital of Shaanxi province, China, on the Wei He River; population (2000) 3,870,500. It produces chemicals, including fertilizers and plastics, machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, aircraft, and textiles. History The city was the capital of China under the Zhou dyn...

Xi Jiang
River in China, which rises in Yunnan province and flows into the South China Sea; length 1,900 km/1,200 mi. Guangzhou lies on the northern arm of its delta and the island of Hong Kong at its mouth. It is the longest river in south China

Xizang
Chinese name for Tibet, an autonomous region of southwest China from 1965

Xia dynasty
China's first legendary ruling family, c. 2200–c. 1500 BC, reputedly founded by the model emperor Yu the Great. He is believed to have controlled floods by constructing dykes. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Xia dynasty really did exist, as a Bronze Age civilization where writing was being de...

Xiongnu
Nomadic confederacy, possibly of Turkish origin, that fought against the Chinese states in the 3rd century BC. Their power began in Mongolia in about 200 BC, but they were forced back to the Gobi Desert in 119 BC by China's Han-dynasty emperor Wudi (Wu-ti (reigned 141–87 BC) and Qin Shi Huangdi built the Great Wall of China against...

XML
In computing, a simplified subset of SGML for defining languages for specific purposes or specific industries for use on the World Wide Web. XML is more powerful than HTML, because the formatting tags are user-defined, but less cumbersome than SGML. XML has been developed through the W3 Consortium, who published XML 1.0 in December 1997. XML pr...

xylem
Transport tissue found in vascular plants, whose main function is to conduct water and dissolved mineral nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant. The water is ultimately lost by transpiration from the leaves (see leaf). Xylem is composed of a number of different types of cell, and may in...

xylophone
Musical percussion instrument of African and Indonesian origin. It consists of a series of hardwood bars of varying lengths, each with its own distinct pitch, arranged in a similar way to a piano. Beneath each bar is a metal tube resonator that helps to enrich and sustain the sound. It is usually played with hard beaters to produce a hard, bright, ...

Yamuna
River in India, 1,385 km/860 mi in length, rising in the Himalayas, in Uttarakhand, and joining the River Ganges near Allahabad, where it forms a sacred bathing place. Agra and Delhi are also on its course. Its waters are used for irrigation in the upper Gangetic plain

yak
Click images to enlargeSpecies of cattle Bos grunniens, family Bovidae, which lives in wild herds at high altitudes in Tibet. It stands about 2 m/6 ft at the shoulder and has long shaggy hair on the underparts. It has large, upward-curving horns and humped shoulders. It is in danger of becoming ...

yapok
Nocturnal opossum Chironectes minimus found in tropical South and Central America. It is about 33 cm/1.1 ft long, with a 40 cm/1.3 ft tail. It has webbed hind feet and thick fur, and is the only aquatic marsupial. The female has a watertight pouch

yard
Unit of length, equivalent to 3 feet (0.9144 m). In the USA, it is sometimes used to denote a cubic yard (0.7646 cubic meters), as of topsoil

Yankee
Colloquial (often disparaging) term for an American. Outside the USA the term is applied to any American. During the American Civil War, the term was applied by Southerners to any Northerner or member of the Union Army and is still used today to refer to Northerners. A `real yankee` is a person from the New England states, especially some...

Yamoussoukro
Capital since 1983 of Côte d'Ivoire; population (1998) 155,800, (2007 calc) 205,700. The city is in Bouaké department and lies northwest of Abidjan. The economy is based on tourism, fishing, agricultural trade and production, and petroleum distribution to the surrounding region. Other industries include forestry and perfume manufa...

yam
Any of a group of climbing plants cultivated in tropical regions; the starchy tubers (underground stems) are eaten as a vegetable. The Mexican yam (D. composita) contains a chemical that is used in the contraceptive pill. (Genus Dioscorea, family Dioscoreaceae.)

Yakutia
Former name of Sakha, an autonomous republic in the Russian Federation

yaws
Contagious tropical disease common in the West Indies, West Africa, and some Pacific islands, characterized by red, raspberrylike eruptions on the face, toes, and other parts of the body, sometimes followed by lesions of the bones; these may progress to cause gross disfigurement. It is caused by a spirochete (Treponema pertenue
yardang
Ridge formed by wind erosion from a dried-up riverbed or similar feature, as in Chad, China, Peru, and North America. On the planet Mars yardangs occur on a massive scale

Yalta Conference
Strategic conference held 4–11 February 1945 in Yalta (a Soviet holiday resort in the Crimea) by the main Allied leaders in World War II. At this, the second of three key meetings between the `Big Three` – Winston Churchill (UK), Franklin D Roosevelt (USA), and Joseph Stalin (USSR...

yachting
Pleasure cruising or racing a small and light vessel, whether sailing or power-driven. At the 2000 Olympic Games there were nine sail-driven categories: Laser, 470, Tornado, 49er, Soling, Mistral, Star, Finn, and Europe. The Laser, Mistral, Finn, and Europe are solo events; the Soling...

yarrow
Perennial herb belonging to the daisy family, with feathery, scented leaves and flat-topped clusters of white or pink flowers. It is native to Europe and Asia. (Achillea millefolium, family Compositae.)

Yaoundé
Capital of Cameroon, 210 km/130 mi east of the port of Douala; population (2001 est) 1,248,200. The city is the commercial centre of an area of cultivation of bananas, coffee, and cacao, and of gold and titanium mining. Industries include tourism, oil refining, food production, and soap and textile manufacture. It is linked by the Transcame...

Yang Shangkun
Chinese communist politician. He held a senior position in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CCP) 1956–66 but was demoted during the Cultural Revolution. He was rehabilitated in 1978, elected to the Politburo in 1982, and served as state president 1988–93. As president, Yang played a key role, along with Deng Xiaoping...

Yanamamo
A semi-nomadic Native South American people, numbering approximately 22,000 (9,500 in northern Brazil and the rest in Venezuela), where most continue to follow their traditional way of life. The Yanamamo language belongs to the Macro-Chibcha family. In November 1991 Brazil granted the Yanamami possession of their original land, 58,395 km...

Yahya Khan, Agha Muhammad
Pakistani president 1969–71. His mishandling of the Bangladesh separatist issue led to civil war and he was forced to resign. Yahya Khan fought with the British army in the Middle East during World War II, escaping German capture in Italy. Later, as Pakistan's chief of army general staff, he supported General Ayub Khan's 1958 coup and ...

Yangon
Capital and chief port of Myanmar (Burma) on the Yangon River, 32 km/20 mi from the Indian Ocean; population (2001 est) 3,938,900. Yangon is a centre of communications by road, rail, and air, as well as by river transport, and is one of the greatest rice markets in the world. Over three-quarters of Myanmar's international trade goes...

Yao
A people living in southern China, North Vietnam, northern Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar (Burma), and numbering about 4 million (1984). The Yao language may belong to either the Sino-Tibetan or the Thai language family. The Yao incorporate elements of ancestor worship in their animist religion. The Yao are generally hill-dwelling farmers prac...

Yamato
(Japan) Ancient name of Japan and particularly the province of western Honshu where Japanese civilization began and where the early capitals were located; also the clan from which all emperors of Japan are descended, claiming the sun-goddess as ancestor. The Yamato period is often take...

Yahweh
Alternative spelling of Jehovah or Jahweh – `The Lord` or `God` of Israel. This spelling derives from the Greek transliteration of the name of God

Yahoo!
In computing, search engine for the World Wide Web, based on a catalogue of indexed resources. Yahoo!, for some time the only search engine on the Web, was created at Stanford University by post-graduate students David Filo and Jerry Yang. The name – from Swift's Gulliver's Travels but found by searching a di...

Yaren
Largest settlement, chief port, and de facto capital of the republic of Nauru; population (2001 est) 4,500. Nauru has no official capital because its population is dispersed over the island, but Yaren, on the southwestern coast, is the site of the country's parliament and government ministries. The economy is based on the export of guano, a...

yad
In Judaism, an ornate silver pointer used to follow the text in the Torah scrolls during a reading in synagogue. The Torah is handwritten on parchment, and human touch would eventually erase the letters and damage the scroll. The yad is usually finely decorated, with a minature hand and pointing finger at one end. When not in use, it hangs over the...

Yad Vashem
Memorial in Jerusalem, Israel to those who died in the Holocaust, or Shoah, under the German Nazi regime 1933–45, and to those who saved lives, whether they were Jews or Gentiles (non-Jews). Founded in 1953, its central feature is a museum that gives a chronological history of the Holocaust. The main building is a bare room with a candle b...

yarn
Thread produced by drawing and twisting together fibres or filaments. There are two main categories of yarn: single, continuous filament yarn and spun yarn. Continuous filament yarn is made when two or more filaments are drawn and twisted together (which stretches the filament slightly). Synthetic fibre is initially produced as single filaments...