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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


Stefan–Boltzmann law
In physics, a law that relates the energy, E, radiated away from a perfect emitter (a black body), to the temperature, T, of that body. It has the form E = σT4, where E is the energy radiated per unit area per second,
steel
Click images to enlargeAlloy or mixture of iron and up to 1.7% carbon, sometimes with other elements, such as manganese, phosphorus, sulphur, and silicon. The USA, Russia, Ukraine, and Japan are the main steel producers. Steel has innumerable uses, including ship and car manufacture, skyscraper frames, and machinery o...

standard temperature and pressure
In chemistry, a standard set of conditions for experimental measurements, to enable comparisons to be made between sets of results. Standard temperature is 0°C/32°F (273 K) and standard pressure 1 atmosphere (101,325 Pa)

stain
Coloured compound that will bind to other substances. Stains are used extensively in microbiology to colour micro-organisms, in histochemistry to detect the presence and whereabouts in plant and animal tissue of substances such as fats, cellulose, and proteins, and in biochemistry to reveal the location of biomolecules, as in gel electrophoresi...

sterilization
(cleanliness) Killing or removal of living organisms such as bacteria and fungi. A sterile environment is necessary in medicine, food processing, and some scientific experiments. Methods include heat treatment (such as boiling), the use of chemicals (such as disinfectants), irradiation with ga...

Stewart, James
(Maitland) US film actor. He was noted for his awkward, almost bemused screen presence, his hesitant, drawling delivery, and, in many of his film roles, his embodiment of traditional American values and ideals. His films included Mr Smith Goes to Washington (1939), ...

static electricity
Electric charge that is stationary, usually acquired by a body by means of electrostatic induction or friction. Rubbing different materials can produce static electricity, as seen in the sparks produced on combing one's hair or removing a nylon shirt. The frictional force causes electrons to move out of their orbits. The electrons are then tran...

strong nuclear force
One of the four fundamental forces of nature, the other three being the gravitational force or gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the weak nuclear force. The strong nuclear force was first described by the Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa in 1935. It is the strongest of all the forces, acts only over very small distances within the nucleus of ...

stopping distance
The minimum distance in which a vehicle can be brought to rest in an emergency from the moment that the driver notices danger ahead. Stopping distances of vehicles can be estimated by using the formula: stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance The thinking distance is the time taken for the driver to react by applying th...

St Lawrence
River in eastern North America. With the Great Lakes and linking canals such as the Welland Ship Canal, it forms the St Lawrence Seaway, an inland route for small ocean-going ships from the Gulf of St Lawrence, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, to Thunder Bay at the head of Lake Superior; larger vessels stop at Montréal. The river is 1,200...

St Paul
Capital and river port of Minnesota, in Ramsey County, on the Mississippi River, on the opposite bank of the river to Minneapolis, with which it forms the Twin Cities area; population (2000 est) 287,200. The city is primarily a transport and trading centre. Industries include printing, oil-refining, brewing, food-processing, meat-pa...

statement
In UK education, the results of an assessment of the special educational needs of a child with physical or mental disabilities. Under the Education Act 1981, less able children are entitled to such an assessment by various professionals, to establish what their needs are and how they might be met. Approximately 2.5% children were in receipt of ...

student finance
Payment for higher education, whether by grants, loans, parents, or the student working part-time. Since 1998 full-time students starting higher education in England and Wales have had to contribute towards their tuition fees, although the amount payable is means-tested on income, and around 50% of students do not have to pay any tu...

strategy, military
The planning of warfare. Grand strategy requires both political and military input and designs the overall war effort at national level. Planning for a campaign at army-group level or above is strategy proper. Operational strategy involves military planning at corps, divisional, and brigade level. Tactics is the art of warfare at unit level and...

stealth technology
Click images to enlargeMethods used to make an aircraft as nearly invisible as possible, primarily to radar detection but also to detection by visual means and by heat sensors. This is achieved by a combination of aircraft-design elements: smoothing off all radar-reflecting sharp edges; covering the aircra...

standard model
In physics, modern theory of elementary particles and their interactions. According to the standard model, elementary particles are classified as leptons (light particles, such as electrons), hadrons (particles, such as neutrons and protons, that are formed from quarks), and gauge bosons. Leptons and hadrons interact by exchanging gauge bosons, eac...

stag
In finance, investor subscribing to a new share issue who plans to sell their allotment as soon as the shares are listed in order to make a quick profit

St Peter's Cathedral
Click images to enlargeRoman Catholic cathedral church of the Vatican City State, Rome, built 1506–1626. It is the creation of the vision of Pope Julius II and the greatest architects of the Italian Renaissance, including Donato Bramante and Michelangelo. The cathedral has an internal length of 180 m/600 ft and a...

string quartet
Chamber music written for two violins, viola, and cello. The term also refers to the group that performs such a composition. It is has always been the most popular of all the types of chamber works and is considered to be the most pure and abstract genre. Important composers for the string quartet include Haydn (more than 80 string quartets), Mozar...

star fruit
Fruit of the carambola tree

Sting
English pop singer, songwriter, bass player, and actor. As a member of the trio the Police (1977–83), he had UK No. 1 hits with `Message in a Bottle` (1979), `Walking on the Moon` (1979), and `Every Breath You Take` (1983). In his solo career he has often drawn on jazz, as on the albums The Dream of Blue ...

stepper motor
Electric motor that can be precisely controlled by signals from a computer. The motor turns through a precise angle each time it receives a signal pulse from the computer. By varying the rate at which signal pulses are produced, the motor can be run at different speeds or be turned through an exact angle and then stopped. Switching circuits can be ...

storm surge
Abnormally high tide brought about by a combination of a deep atmospheric depression (very low pressure) over a shallow sea area, high spring tides, and winds blowing from the appropriate direction. It can be intensified by snowmelt and/or river flooding. A storm surge can cause severe flooding of lowland coastal regions and river estuaries. Ba...

stack
(earth science) Click images to enlargeIsolated pillar of rock that has become separated from a headland by coastal erosion. It is usually formed by the collapse of an arch. Further erosion will reduce it to a stump, which is exposed only at low tide

stump
Low outcrop of rock formed by the erosion of a coastal stack. Unlike a stack, which is exposed at all times, a stump is exposed only at low tide. Eventually it is worn away completely

Stefan–Boltzmann constant
In physics, a constant relating the energy emitted by a black body (a hypothetical body that absorbs or emits all the energy falling on it) to its temperature. Its value is 5.6697 × 10-8 W m-2 K-4

sternum
Large flat bone, 15–20 cm/5.9–7.8 in long in the adult, at the front of the chest, joined to the ribs. It gives protection to the heart and lungs. During open-heart surgery the sternum must be split to give access to the thorax

stimulus
Change in the environment of an organism that the organism can detect and respond to. These changes may be noise, light, heat, or pressure. The changes are detected by specialized cells called receptors. The skin contains many receptors for heat, touch, pressure, and pain. Sometimes the receptors are found in an organ which is so specialized for th...

straight line
Line that does not bend or curve. The graph of a linear relationship is a straight line and is often presented in the form y = mx + c, where m is the slope, or gradient, of the line and c is the y-intercept (the point at whi...

star
Luminous globe of gas, mainly hydrogen and helium, which produces its own heat and light by nuclear reactions. Although stars shine for a very long time – many billions of years – they change in appearance at different stages in their lives (they are said to have a `life cycle`). ...

states' rights
Interpretation of the US Constitution that emphasizes the powers retained by individual states and minimizes those given to the federal government, as stated in the Tenth Amendment. The dividing line between state and national sovereignty was left deliberately vague by the framers of the Constitution at the Constitutional Convention held in Philade...

Statute of Westminster
In the history of the British Empire, legislation enacted in 1931 which gave the dominions of the British Empire complete autonomy in their conduct of external affairs. It made them self-governing states whose only allegiance was to the British crown

Standard English
Form of English that in its grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and spelling system is the accepted form in speaking and writing. It is the form of English recognized as most appropriate for formal situations and is used widely in public and professional life. It does not identify the speaker or writer with a particular geographical area or social groupin...

stage direction
In the script of a play, the dramatist's instructions to the actors concerning the movements, manner of speech, and emotions of actors on stage. Stage directions are placed in brackets and/or italics at the beginning of scenes and before a character speaks

stupa
Click images to enlargeDomed structure built to house a Theravadan Buddhist or Jain relic. The stupa originated in India around 1000 BC from burial monuments and is usually a hemisphere crowned by a spire. In the Far East, the stupa developed into the pagoda; in Tibet it became the chorten, meaning `funeral pyre&...

still life
In painting and other visual arts, a depiction of inanimate objects, such as flowers, fruit, or tableware. Still-life painting was popular among the ancient Greeks and Romans (who also made still-life mosaics), but thereafter it was sidelined in European art for centuries, as art was overwhelmingly devoted to religious subjects during the M...

stoneware
Very hard, opaque, water-resistant pottery made of non-porous (non-absorbent) clay with feldspar and a high silica content. It is fired at high temperatures (1,200–1,280°C/2,192–2,336°F) to the point of vitrification, producing a glasslike, non-porous material that is between porcelain and earthenware in char...

Starck, Philippe Patrick
French product, furniture, and interior designer. He brought French design to international attention in the 1980s with his innovative and elegant designs, notably those for a room in the Elysée Palace in 1982 and for the Café Costes in Paris in 1984. The wooden and metal chair he designed for the Café became a huge international suc...

staccato
In music, a term used to describe playing notes in a short, detached manner, rather than legato (smoothly, or `joined`). Each note is sounded for only part of its written value and this is indicated by a dot placed above or below the note. Staccato gives an upbeat feel to a passage, for example the opening of the scherzo to Beethoven'...

stave
In music, the five parallel, horizontal lines, with spaces in between, on which music is written. The pitch range of the stave is indicated by a clef

Stalingrad, Siege of
In World War II, German siege of Soviet city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) August 1942–January 1943. The siege of Stalingrad was a horrific campaign, with both sides sustaining heavy casualties – the Germans lost some 400,000 troops while there were over 750,000 Soviet military casualties a...

strike
(geological) Compass direction of a horizontal line on a planar structural surface, such as a fault plane, bedding plane, or the trend of a structural feature, such as the axis of a fold. Strike is 90° from dip

State Hermitage Museum
One of the world's largest and finest museums of art, in St Petersburg, Russia. Founded by Russian empress Catherine the Great in 1764 and housed in some of St Petersburg's grandest buildings, the Hermitage collection now numbers over 3 million items, presenting the development of world culture and art from the Stone Age to the present day....

stipple
To engrave, paint, or draw by means of dots instead of using lines or solid areas of colour or tone. Stipple engraving was first developed in Germany in the 17th century, and introduced to England by William Wynne Ryland (1732–1783), who became engraver to George III after training in Paris

style sheet
In computing, pre-set group of formats used in word processing, presentation graphics, and page layout programs. Style sheets impose margins, fonts, point sizes, alignments, and other criteria to give text a uniform appearance. In a page layout program, designers might use different style sheets for headings, picture captions, and main text

Stockton-on-Tees
(authority) Unitary authority in northeast England created in 1996 from part of the former county of Cleveland. Area 200 sq km/77 sq mi Towns and cities Stockton-on-Tees (administrative headquarters), Billingham, Yarm, Lon...

Stirling
(authority) Unitary authority in central Scotland, created in 1996 from Stirling district, Central region. Area 2,196 sq km/848 sq mi Towns Dunblane, Stirling (administrative headquarters), Aberfoyle Physical mountainous to the no...

Straw, Jack
British Labour lawyer and politician, justice secretary and Lord Chancellor from June 2007. Situated on the right wing of the Labour party, Straw was home secretary during the Labour government's first term 1997–2001 and introduced crime reduction programmes, while also facing a rising level of political asylum applications. As foreign sec...

Stewart, Alec James
English cricketer. A right-handed batsman and wicketkeeper who played county cricket for Surrey, he made his Test debut in 1990. He was appointed England captain in succession to Mike Atherton in 1998 but was sacked in 1999 following England's poor performance in the 1999 cricket World Cup. By his retirement in 2003 he had scored the second...

stakeholder economy
An idea floated by English journalist and writer on politics and economics Will Hutton, which put forward the prospect of greater worker involvement in companies on something of the German model. In his best-selling book The State We're In (1996), Hutton ranged far wider than industrial democracy and called for a major re...

Stormont
Suburb 8 km/5 mi east of Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is the site of the new Northern Ireland Assembly, elected as a result of the Good Friday agreement in 1998 and functioning from 1999 when some powers were transferred back to Northern Ireland from Westminster. It was previously the seat of the government of Northern Ireland 1921–72. Th...

stem cell
Embryonic cell that can develop into different tissues. Stem cells are used in medical research but their use is ethically controversial as the donor embryo is destroyed. Stem cells differ from other types of cells in that they are unspecialized cells that can reproduce themselves for long periods of time using cell division, but are capable of cha...

steam power
The development of the steam engine and its contribution to the Industrial Revolution and communications are discussed in Industrial Revolution, steam power; railways; and ship

stencil
In art, a thin plate of metal or other material out of which patterns have been cut for painting through the spaces on to a surface. A regular design can then be applied to the surface to be decorated. Stencils are commonly used on walls, fabric, and paper items

stretcher
In art, a wooden frame over which artists' canvas is stretched and tacked for painting. It is usually made from pine wood

style
(art) In art, a particular artist's recognizable approach to a work of art, and their characteristic manner of expression. The term is also used to describe collectively artworks that share features in common, even if done by different artists, such as cubist or Impressionist style

stomach acid
Gastric juices secreted by specialized cells lining pits in the wall of the stomach. Gastric juice contains an enzyme called pepsin that digests protein. It also contains hydrochloric acid and water. The hydrochloric acid is very strong and is needed to help kill bacteria that may cause illness and provides acid conditions in which pepsin works qui...

strong verb
In grammar, conjugation of a verb where the past tense is formed by changing the vowel, as in sing/sang

Strait of Dover
Stretch of water separating England from France, see Dover, Strait of

stewardship
In Christianity, the belief that God gave humans the responsibility of caring for his creation. Christianity holds that the earth and the natural world belong to God, and that humans are part of that creation. In the Old Testament, Genesis tells how the first humans, Adam and Eve, were given stewardship of the earth (Genesis 1:28 and 2:15)....

stem
(grammar) In grammar, the part of a verb or noun that remains unchanged by tense and agreement

storm
Extreme weather condition characterized by strong winds, rain, hail, thunder, and lightning

structure
Arrangement designed to protect and support the items within it, by withstanding the action of forces that might cause damage. There are two main types of structure: shell structures and frame structures. Shell structures are made from sheet material, while frame structures are made from pieces called members. Horizontal members are known as be...

stem and leaf diagram
In statistics, a means of representing data using numbers with just two significant figures. The stem is formed by the first digit and the leaf the second. The stem digits are laid out vertically in order, and the leaf digits arranged next to them horizontally. Leaf digits with the same stem number share a row and the leaves are arranged in ascendi...

Sutton Hoo
Archaeological site in Suffolk, England, where in 1939 a Saxon ship burial was excavated. It may be the funeral monument of Raedwald, King of the East Angles, who died about 624 or 625. The jewellery, armour, and weapons discovered were placed in the British Museum, London

Suva
Capital and chief port of Fiji Islands, on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu; population (1996) 168,000, (2007 calc) 206,600. It is a commercial and light industrial centre; industries include coconut-oil processing, boatbuilding, and the manufacture of soap, biscuits, and cigarettes. Suva has road and air links to the inte...

suttee
Hindu custom whereby a widow committed suicide by joining her husband's funeral pyre, often under public and family pressure. Banned in the 17th century by the Mogul emperors, the custom continued even after it was made illegal under British rule in 1829. There continue to be sporadic revivals

Sutherland, Graham Vivian
English painter, graphic artist, and designer. He was active mainly in France from the 1940s. A leading figure of the neo-Romantic movement (1935–55), which revived the spirit of 19th-century Romanticism in a more modern idiom, he executed portraits, landscapes, and religious subjects, often using a semi-abstract style. In the late...

Sussex
Former county of England, on the south coast, now divided into East Sussex and West Sussex. According to tradition, the Saxon Ella landed here in 477, defeated the inhabitants, and founded the kingdom of the South Saxons, which was absorbed by Wessex in 825

surrogacy
Practice whereby a woman is sought, and usually paid, to bear a child for an infertile couple or a single parent

Surya
In Hindu mythology, the sun god, son of the sky god Indra. His daughter, also named Surya, is a female personification of the Sun

surfing
(sport) Sport of riding on the crest of large waves while standing on a narrow, keeled surfboard, usually of light synthetic material such as fibreglass, about 1.8 m/6 ft long (or about 2.4–7 m/8–9 ft known as the Ma...

Surat
City and former seaport in Gujarat, west India, 25 km/15 mi from the mouth of the Tapti River; population (2001) 2,433,800. The chief industry is textiles. The main port of the Mogul empire in the 16th and 17th centuries, the first East India Company trading post in India was established here 1612. The town declined as a port until the cott...

Supreme Court
Highest US judicial tribunal, composed since 1869 of a chief justice and eight associate justices. Appointments are made for life by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and justices can be removed only by impeachment. Supreme Court decisions set precedents that lower courts are expected to follow. The US Supreme Court hears ap...

suprematism
Russian abstract art movement launched in St Petersburg in 1915 by Kasimir Malevich, who was virtually its only member. It was the most radical abstract art movement up to this date; suprematist paintings used only a few colours and a few basic geometric shapes, such as the square, the circle, the cross, and the triangle. Malevich, who was a de...

supersonic speed
Speed greater than that at which sound travels, measured in Mach numbers. In dry air at 0°C/32°F, sound travels at about 1,170 kph/727 mph, but its speed decreases with altitude until, at 12,000 m/39,000 ft, it is only 1,060 kph/658 mph. When an aircraft passes the sound barrier, shock waves are built up that give rise to ...

Sun Zhong Shan
Chinese revolutionary leader. He founded the Hsin Chung Hui (`New China Party`) in 1894, one of the political groups that merged to form the Kuomintang (Guomindang, nationalist party) in 1912 after the overthrow of the Manchu Empire. He was elected provisional president o...

Sunni
Member of the larger of the two main sects of Islam, with about 680 million adherents. Sunni Muslims believe that the caliph Abu Bakr, adviser to the prophet Muhammad, was his true successor. They believe that guidance on belief and life should come from the Koran (or Quran or Qur'an), the Sunna, the Hadith, and the Shari'a, not from a huma...

Sunderland
City and port in Tyne and Wear, northeast England, at the mouth of the River Wear; population (2001) 177,700. A former coalmining and shipbuilding centre, Sunderland now has electronics, engineering, and brewing industries, and manufactures glass, pottery, chemicals, paper, furniture, and cars. It also has some tourism. Sunderland was granted c...

Sunday
First day of the week; in Christianity, Sunday is a holy day, set aside for worship in commemoration of Jesus' resurrection. In predominantly Christian societies banks, offices, and many shops are generally closed. It replaced the Jewish Sabbath, or day of rest, observed on Saturday. Church services are held by all the Christian denominatio...

summons
In law, a court order officially delivered, requiring someone to appear in court on a certain date

Sunda Islands
Islands west of Maluku (Moluccas), in the Malay Archipelago, the greater number belonging to Indonesia. They are so named because they lie largely on the Indonesian extension of the Sunda continental shelf. The Greater Sundas include Borneo, Java (including the small island of Madura), Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Belitung. The Lesser Sundas (Indonesian ...

Sumatra
Second-largest island of Indonesia, one of the Sunda Islands; area 473,600 sq km/182,800 sq mi, length 1,760 km/1,094 mi, width 400 km/250 mi; population (2000 est) 39,460,100. About a third of the area, mainly in the southeast, is permanently waterlogged. The highest part is ...

summer time
Practice introduced in the UK in 1916 whereby legal time from spring to autumn is an hour in advance of Greenwich Mean Time. Continental Europe `puts the clock back` a month earlier than the UK in autumn. British summer time was permanently in force February 1940–October 1945 and February 1968–October 1971. Double summer time (2...

Sulu Archipelago
Group of about 870 islands off southwest Mindanao in the Philippines, between the Sulawesi and Sulu seas; area 2,700 sq km/1,042 sq mi; population (2000) 619,700. The capital is Jolo, on the island (the largest) of the same name. Until 1940 the islands were an autonomous sultanate

Sullivan, Arthur Seymour
English composer. He wrote operettas in collaboration with William Gilbert, including HMS Pinafore (1878), The Pirates of Penzance (1879), and The Mikado (1885). Their partnership broke down in 1896. Sullivan also composed serious instrumental, choral, and operatic works – for example, t...

Sulawesi
Island in eastern Indonesia, one of the Sunda Islands; area (with dependent islands) 190,000 sq km/73,000 sq mi. It includes the provinces of Sulawesi Selatan, population (2000 est) 8,059,627, capital Ujung Pandang; Sulawesi Tengah, population (2000 est) 2,218,435, capital Palu; Sulawesi Tenggara, population (2000 est), capital Kend...

suicide
The act of intentionally killing oneself; also someone who does this. The frequency of attempted suicide is 20 times higher than actual suicide. Three times more women than men attempt suicide, and three times more men succeed. Men tend to use more violent methods like gunshot wounds to the head; women are more likely to take an overdose. O...

Sufism
Mystical movement of Islam that originated in the 8th century. Sufis emphasize the development of spiritual knowledge of God, and believe that deep intuition is the only real guide to knowledge. They follow the Shari'a (law of Islam), but are also trained through meditation and other spiritual practices to concentrate on a direct experience of ...

Suez Canal
Click images to enlargeArtificial waterway from Port Said to Suez, linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas; 160 km/100 mi long and with a minimum width of 60 m/197 ft. The canal was built at sea level, with no locks, and can accommodate vessels of up to 150,000 tons. It separates Africa from Asia and provides t...

Suez
Port at the Red Sea terminus of the Suez Canal, 120 km/75 mi east of Cairo, Egypt; population (1996) 417,600, (2007 calc) 506,300. Industries include oil refining and the manufacture of fertilizers. Port Ibrahim, 3 km/1.8 mi south of Suez, lies at the entrance to the canal. It was reconstructed in 1979 after the Arab-Israeli Wars

Sudeten
Mountainous region in northeast Bohemia, Czech Republic, extending eastwards along the border with Poland. Sudeten was annexed by Germany under the Munich Agreement 1938; it was returned to Czechoslovakia in 1945. Germany and the Czech Republic sought to bury decades of mutual antagonism in January 1997 by signing a joint declaration aimed at d...

Suceava
Capital of Suceava county, northern Romania; population (2002) 105,900. Industries include textiles and lumber. It was a former centre of pilgrimage and capital of Moldavia 1388–1564

subpoena
In law, an order requiring someone who might not otherwise come forward of his or her own volition to give evidence before a court or judicial official at a specific time and place. A witness who fails to comply with a subpoena is in contempt of court

suffragette
Click images to enlargeWoman fighting for the right to vote. In the UK, the repeated defeat in Parliament of women's suffrage bills, introduced by supporters of the women's movement between 1886 and 1911, led to the launch of a militant campaign in 1906 by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters, founders of the Wome...

sundew
Any of a group of insectivorous plants found growing in bogs; sticky hairs on the leaves catch and digest insects that land on them. (Genus Drosera, family Droseraceae.)

sunflower
Click images to enlargeTall, thick-stemmed plant with a large, single, yellow-petalled flower, belonging to the daisy family. The common or giant sunflower (H. annuus), probably native to Mexico, can grow up to 4.5 m/15 ft high. It is commercially cultivated in central Europe, the USA, Russi...

surrealism
Movement in art, literature, and film that developed out of Dada around 1922. Led by André Breton, who produced the Surrealist Manifesto (1924), the surrealists were inspired by the thoughts and visions of the subconscious mind. They explored varied styles and techniques, and the movement became the dominant force in Western...

surgery
Click images to enlargeBranch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease, abnormality, or injury by operation. Traditionally it has been performed by means of cutting instruments, but today a number of technologies are used to treat or remove lesions, including ultrasonic waves and laser surgery. Surgery is carri...

Suffolk
Click images to enlargeCounty of eastern England. Area 3,800 sq km/1,467 sq mi Towns Ipswich (administrative headquarters), Aldeburgh, Beccles, Bury St Edmunds, Felixstowe, Lowestoft, Sudbury, Southwold Physical undulating lowlands in the south and west; flat coastline; rivers Waveney (the boundary with Norfol...