Copy of `The History Channel - Encyclopedia`

The wordlist doesn't exist anymore, or, the website doesn't exist anymore. On this page you can find a copy of the original information. The information may have been taken offline because it is outdated.

The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Frith (or Fryth), John
(1503-1533) English Protestant martyr. He was imprisoned on account of his religious views, and after his release went to Marburg, Germany, where he collaborated with William Tyndale in...

Frith, Mary
(1584-1659) English highwaywoman, pickpocket, and receiver of stolen goods. Following an apprenticeship in crime with London's pickpocket gangs, dressed as a male, she pursued a notorious and successful career...

Frith, William Powell
(1819-1909) English painter. His canvases depict large contemporary scenes featuring numerous figures and incidental detail. Ramsgate Sands (1854; Royal Collection, London), bought by Queen Victoria, is a fine...

Fritsch, Werner von
(1880-1939) German general. He served with distinction in World War I and by 1934 was a general. Contemptuous of politics, he was nonetheless appointed commander-in-chief of the Army 1934, but his...

Fritz-X
German air-to-ground guided bomb of World War II; its greatest success was the sinking of the Italian battleship Roma with three of these bombs 9 September 1943. It was basically a standard...

Friuli
Historic region and former Lombard duchy at the head of the Adriatic Sea. Until 1919 it was divided between Italy (Udine and Portogruaro) and Austria (Gorizia, Gradisca, and Idrija); it became...

Froben, Johann
(c. 1460-1527) German printer. He founded a printing office in Basel, Germany, in 1491 and issued about 300 works, including the New Testament in Greek (1516), used by Martin Luther for his translation, and...

Frobenius, Leo
(1873-1938) German ethnologist. He founded the Institute of Culture Morphology at Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in 1925. From this unique foundation, devoted exclusively to Africa and Oceania, the German...

Frobisher, Martin
(c. 1535-1594) English navigator. He made his first voyage to Guinea, West Africa, in 1554. In 1576 he set out in search of the Northwest Passage, and visited Labrador and Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island. Second and...

Froeschwiller, Battle of
First major battle of the Franco-Prussian War 6 August 1870 around the village of Froeschwiller, about 50 km/31 mi southwest of Saarbrücken, in eastern France. The Prussian victory proved the...

frogman
Underwater warfare specialist; the name derives from their appearance when wearing wet-suits, flippers, and masks. Usually associated with sabotage and attacks on shipp ...

Frogmore
Royal residence in the Home Park, Windsor, England, about 2 km/1 mi southeast of the castle. The estate has long been the property of the Crown. The central block of the house dates from the early...

Frohman, Charles
(1860-1915) US theatrical agent and manager, who produced an endless series of plays in New York and London. He founded his own Empire Stock Theatre Company, developing such notable acting talents as John Drew,...

Frohman, Daniel
(1851-1940) US theatre manager, responsible for a number of New York theatres, including the Madison Square, the Lyceum, Daly's, and his own 1902 reconstruction of the Lyceum, where he had a stock company....

Froissart, Jean
(1338-1401) French historian and poet. He was secretary to Queen Philippa, wife of Edward III of England. He travelled in Scotland and Brittany, went with Edward the Black Pr ...

Froment, Nicolas
(c. 1430-c. 1484) French artist, active in Avignon. Two documented works by Froment survive, both important altarpieces:The Resurrection of Lazarus (1461, Uffizi, Florence) painted for René of Anjou and Mary in the...

Fromm, Friedrich
(1888-1945) German general. A staff officer during World War II, he was executed after becoming involved in the July Plot against Hitler 1944. An officer of the German General Staff, he was responsible for all...

Fronde
French revolts 1648-53 against the administration of the chief minister Mazarin during Louis XIV's minority. In 1648-49 the Paris parlement attempted to limit the royal power, its leaders were...

Frondizi, Arturo
(1908-1995) Argentine politician and lawyer; president 1959-62. As president he implemented a programme of economic reforms to stimulate the economy and succeeded in gaining aid from the International...

front-line states
The black nations of southern Africa in the `front line` of the struggle against the segregationist policies of South Africa: Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia, as well as Botswana and Zimbabwe. ...

frontier literature
Writing reflecting the US experience of frontier and pioneer life, long central to US literature. The category includes James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales; the frontier humour writing of...

Frontier thesis
Historical theory concerning the significance of the frontier experience in American historical development, formulated 1893 by US historian Frederick Jackson Turner. Prompted by the 1890 census...

Frontinus, Sextus Julius
(c.AD 40-103) Roman writer and soldier, praetor (magistrate) AD 70. He wrote Strategemata/Stratagems, a book on the art of war, and De aquis urbis Romae/On the Water Supply of Rome, which contains a history and...

frost fairs
Medieval fairs held on rivers that had frozen over. Before bridges with many arches speeded up the flow of water, many English rivers, especially the Th ...

Frost, `Johnnie` Dutton
(1912-1993) British military officer, commander of the 2nd Parachute Battalion. Frost carved his name in the annals of Anglo-American military history by reaching and holding the bridge at Arnhem until his...

Frost, David Paradine
(1939) English broadcaster who fronted the radical BBC satirical show, That Was The Week That Was (1962-64). He went on to present The Frost Report (1966), Frost Over England, and the Frost Programme...

Frost, Robert Lee
(1874-1963) US poet. His accessible, colloquial (written in local, informal dialect) blank verse, often flavoured with New England speech patterns, is written with an individual voice and penetrating vision....

Frost, Terry
(1915-2003) English painter. His first abstract paintings date from 1949 and typically consist of segments of colour, as in Green, Blue and White Movement (1951, Tate Gallery, London). St Ives, Cornwall, has...

Frothingham, Octavius Brooks
(1822-1895) US religious leader and author. A theological liberal, he founded the Boston Free Religious Association in 1867 and headed it for 11 years. He published a biography of the Unitarian clergyman...

frottage
Relief image obtained by placing a sheet of paper over a broken, textured, or ornamented surface, and rubbing it with a pencil, crayon, or charcoal. Brass rubbing uses the same technique. The term...

Frueauf, Rueland
(c. 1445-1507) Austrian painter. Active in his native Salzburg from about 1478, Frueauf worked at first largely for the Benedictine monks there. His style (that of the Flemish painters of the period) was...

Frugoni, Carlo Innocenzo
(1692-1768) Italian poet. Court poet at Parma, his lyrics and pastorals are remarkable for their facility and elegance. He also wrote and produced operas. ...

Frulovisi, Tito Livio
(lived 1430s) Italian humanist author from Ferrara. Educated in Venice by Guarino da Verona, his first writings were Latin comedies in the style of Plautus. He dedicated a Ciceronian dialogue, De Republica, to...

Frumentius, St
(c. 300-380) Early Christian apostle of Ethiopia, born at Tyre, Phoenicia (present-day Lebanon). He was captured by the Abyssinians (Ethiopians), whom he converted to Christianity, and was consecrated bishop...

Frundsberg, Georg von
(1473-1528) German soldier. He was the leader of the Landsknechte (a group of mercenary soldiers) during...

Frunze, Mikhail Vasilievich
(1885-1925) Russian revolutionary general. He defeated the Russian admiral Aleksander Kolchak in 1919 and the general Peter Nicolaievich Wrangel in 1920. In 1924 he became president of the Revolutionary...

Fry, (Edwin) Maxwell
(1899-1987) English architect and town-planner. He was a pioneer of the Modern Movement in Britain. Sun House, Hampstead, London (1935), with its horizontally banded windows and white stucco finish is typical...

Fry, Christopher Harris
(1907-2005) English dramatist. He was a leader of the revival of verse drama after World War II with A Phoenix Too Frequent (1946), The Lady's Not for Burning (1948), Venus Observed (1950), and A Sleep of...

Fry, Elizabeth
(1780-1845) English Quaker philanthropist. From 1813 she began to visit and teach the women in Newgate Prison in London who lived with their children in terrible conditions. She formed an association for the...

Fry, Roger (Eliot)
(1866-1934) English artist and art critic. An admirer of the French painter Paul Cézanne, he coined the term and championed post-Impressionism in Britain, expounding the theory of `significant form` and...

Fry, Stephen
(1957) English comedian, actor, and novelist. A frequent performer in partnership with fellow actor and comedian Hugh Laurie, on the UK television show Friday Night Live, and as a cast member in the...

Frye, William Pierce
(1831-1911) US politician. As a Republican lawyer from Maine, he helped simplify House rules as a congressman (1871-81), and avidly supported protectionist tariffs and expansionist foreign policy as a senator...

Fröding, Gustaf
(1860-1911) Swedish lyric poet. Inspired by the European Romantics, radical in politics, engaged in the revolt against Naturalism, he charted new possibilities for Swedish verse by uniting colloquial language...

FT Index
Abbreviation for Financial Times Index, a list of leading share prices. ...

Fuad I
(1868-1936) King of Egypt from 1923. Son of the Khedive Ismail, he succeeded his elder brother Hussein Kamel as sultan of Egypt in 1917. Egypt was declared independent in 1922 and the promulgation of the 1923...

Fuad II
(1952) King of Egypt 1952-53, between the abdication of his father Farouk and the establishment of the republic. He was a grandson of Fuad I. ...

Fuchida, Mitsuo
(1902-1976) Japanese naval pilot who led the attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941. He coordinated the various elements of the operation and personally led the first wave of the attack. He remained active in...

Fuchs, (Emil Julius) Klaus
(1911-1988) German spy who worked on atom-bomb research in the USA in World War II, and subsequently in the UK. He was imprisoned 1950-59 for passing information to the USSR and...

Fuchs, Vivian Ernest
(1908-1999) British explorer and geologist. Before World War II, he accompanied several Cambridge University expeditions to East Africa. From 1947 he worked in the Falkland Islands as director of the Scientific...

fuel-air explosive
Warhead containing a highly flammable petroleum and oxygen mixture; when released over a target, this mixes with the oxygen in the atmosphere and produces a vapour which, when ignited, causes a...

Fuentes d'Onoro, Battle of
In the indecisive battle 3-5 May 1811 between the British and French at Fuentes d'Onoro on the Spanish/Portuguese border 25 km/15 mi west of Ciudad Rodrigo. The Duke of Wellington, reputedly said...

Fuentes, Carlos
(1928) Mexican writer, lawyer, and diplomat. His first novel La región más transparente/Where the Air Is Clear (1958) encompasses the history of the country from the Aztecs to the present day. More than...

Fuertes, Louis Agassiz
(1874-1927) US artist and naturalist. A tireless field worker, he travelled all over the world collecting and sketching birds. His paintings appeared in such field guides as Coues' Key to North American Birds...

Fuga, Ferdinando
(1699-1781) Italian architect. Active in Rome and Naples, designed churches and palaces, and sensitively renovated medieval and Renaissance churches and palaces. In Rome he designed the Palazzo della Consultà...

Fugard, Athol (Harold Lannigan)
(1932) South African dramatist, director, and actor. He has written more than 20 plays, many of which deal with the effects of apartheid. Among his most explicitly political plays are a trilogy published...

fugitive slave laws
In US history, laws concerning the treatment of slaves who had escaped from their owners. They were in force 1787-1864. The most controversial of these, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (part of the...

Fujimori, Alberto (Kenya)
(1938) Peruvian politician, president 1990-2000. He pursued free-market economic policies that led to economic stability and growth, but a widening gap between rich and poor. In 1992 he sided with the...

Fujiwara
In Japanese history, the ruling clan 858-1185. During that period (the latter part of the Heian), the office of emperor became merely ceremonial, with power exercised by chancellors and regents,...

Fukuda, Takeo
(1905-1995) Japanese politician, prime minister 1976-78. First elected to the Diet (parliament) in 1952, he became a powerful faction leader in the conservative Liberal Democratic Party and continued to wield...

Fukuzawa, Yukichi
(1834-1901) Japanese writer and educationalist. One of the first Japanese to travel to Europe and the USA in the 1860s, he was influential in introducing Western civilization to Japan, producing a series of...

Fula
West African empire founded by people of predominantly Fulani extraction. The Fula conquered the Hausa states in the 19th century. ...

Fulani
Member of a West African people from the southern Sahara and Sahel. The Fulani language is divided into four dialects and belongs to the West Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo family; it has more...

Fulbright, (James) William
(1905-1995) US Democratic politician. A US senator 1945-75, he was responsible for the Fulbright Act 1946, which provided grants for thousands of Americans to study abroad and for overseas students to study...

Fulgentius, St
(468-533) African Father of the early Christian Church (see Father of the Church). He was made bishop of Ruspe, North Africa, in 507 or 508, evidently against his will. For his Disputation with Thrasimund,...

full employment
In economics, a state in which the only unemployment is frictional (referring to people who are temporarily out of work while moving jobs), and when everyone wishing to work is...

Fuller, (Marie Louise) Loie
(1862-1928) US dancer, choreographer, and stage lighting innovator, who was among the first to use luminous phosphorescent materials, to dance on glass lit from below, and to employ silhouette-and-shadow...

Fuller, (Richard) Buckminster
(1895-1983) US architect, engineer, and social philosopher. He embarked on an unorthodox career in an attempt to maximize energy resources through improved technology. In 1947 he invented the lightweight...

Fuller, (Sarah) Margaret
(1810-1850) US author and reformer. She was the editor of The Dial, an important transcendentalist magazine 1839-44 (see transcendentalism, and was noted for her public `conversations` calling for the...

Fuller, George
(1822-1884) US painter, who specialized in visionary landscapes and figure studies, such as Winifred Dysart (1881). Born in Deerfield, Massachusetts, he worked in Boston (1842-47)...

Fuller, Henry Blake
(1857-1929) US writer (under the pen-name Stanton Page). Influenced by the contrast between European and American cultures, he wrote both romantic novels, such as The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani (1890), and...

Fuller, John Frederick Charles
(1878-1966) British major general and military theorist who propounded the concept of armoured warfare, which, when interpreted by the Germans, became Blitzkrieg in 1940. ...

Fuller, Melville Weston
(1833-1910) US jurist and chief justice of the US Supreme Court 1888-1910. Fuller endorsed court options that limited state and federal strengths to regulate private business. He sided with...

Fuller, Roy (Broadbent)
(1912-1991) English poet and novelist. His early verse, including the collections Poems (1940) and The Middle of a War (1944), was concerned with social problems. With Counterparts (1954), his work became more...

Fuller, Thomas
(1608-1661) English writer. He was chaplain to the Royalist army during the Civil War and, at the Restoration, became the king's chaplain. He wrote a History of the Holy War (1639), Good Thoughts in Bad Times...

Fullilove v. Klutznick
US Supreme Court decision of 1980 dealing with the constitutionality of Congressional legislation allocating a certain percentage of public works contr ...

Fulper, William H
(1872-1928) US potter. In 1909 at the family pottery in Flemington, New Jersey, he introduced Vasekraft, a successful and award-winning line of art ware with exquisite glazes, notably the famille rose glaze. ...

Fulvia
(died 40 BC) Roman wife successively of the politicians Clodius, Curio,...

Funan
Chinese name of an ancient state in southern Indochina, probably with its main centres in modern lower Cambodia. Funan appears in...

Functionalism
In architecture and design, the principle of excluding everything that serves no practical purpose. Central to 20th-century modernism, the Functionalist ethic developed as a reaction against the...

fundamentalism
In religion, an emphasis on basic principles or articles of faith. Christian fundamentalism emerged in the USA just after World War I (as a reaction to theological modernism and the historical...

funerary practice
Ritual or act surrounding the disposal of a dead body, by burial, cremation, or other means (such as exposure). Solemn acts such as the preparation of...

Funj
Islamic dynasty that ruled the Sudan from 1505 to the 1820s, when the territory was taken over by the Turkish government of Egypt. During the 16th and 17th centuries the Funj extended their...

funk art
Style of art inspired by popular culture that used an unlikely mixture of materials and techniques, such as painting, sculpture, and found objects. Its name derived from the musical term...

Funk, Isaac K(auffman)
(1839-1912) US lexicographer and publisher, responsible for the publication of several religious periodicals and secular reference works. His publications include the Homiletic Review and Voice, an influential...

Funk, Walther
(1890-1960) German Nazi journalist and economist. He was appointed head of the Reich press bureau in 1933 and in the same year was made Reich minister of propaganda. He became m ...

Funston, Frederick
(1865-1917) US soldier. In 1896-97, he served as a volunteer with the Cubans revolting against Spain. As a volunteer in the US Army, he fought in the Philippine insurrection that followed the...

Furies
In Greek mythology, spirits of vengeance, principally of murder within the family but also of other breaches of natural order such as filial disobedience, inhospitality, and oath-breaking; they...

Furlo Pass
Tunnel in the Apennines, Italy, approximately 37 m/40 yd long. It is part of the Flaminian Way. An inscription at the northern end records that the tunnel was made on the orders of the emperor...

Furman v. Georgia
US Supreme Court decision of 1972 consolidating several challenges (Furman v. Georgia, Jackson v. Georgia, and Branch v. Texas) to the constitutionality of the...

Furman, Bess
(1894-1969) US journalist. As a Washington correspondent for the Associated Press in the 1930s, she covered first lady Eleanor Roosevelt and became one of the best-known woman journalists of the day. She...

Furness, Frank Heyling
(1839-1912) US architect. His eclectic yet highly original work has had considerable influence on the development of his country's architecture. His best-known building is the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine...

Furniss, Harry
(1854-1925) Irish caricaturist and pioneer of the animated cartoon film (1914). After drawing for the Illustrated London News (1876-84) and Punch (1884-94), he worked in the early film industry with Thomas...

furniture
Movable functional items such as tables, chairs, and beds needed to make a room or a home more comfortable and easier to live and work in. Furniture may be made from a wide variety of materials,...

Furphy, Joseph
(1843-1912) Australian writer and poet. His most successful novel, Such is Life 1903, is an anecdotal account of life in the Australian Riverina district in the 1880s. Two other works, Rigby's Romance 1921 and...

Furuseth, Andrew
(1854-1938) Norwegian-born US labour leader. As a seaman he helped to organize the Sailor's Union of the Pacific, becoming its secretary in 1887and dedicating the rest of his life to improving the working...

Fuseli, (John) Henry
(1741-1825) Swiss-born British Romantic artist. He painted macabre and dreamlike images, such as The Nightmare (1781; Institute of Arts, Detroit), which come close in feelings of horror and...

Fusion government
South African coalition government formed 1933 which saw the merger of J B M Hertzog's Nationalist...

Fust, Johann
(died 1466) German burgher who financed the printer Johannes Gutenberg. Fust is sometimes supposed to have been the origin of the Faust legend. ...

Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis
(1830-1889) French historian. He asserted that the early institutions of France were less indebted to Teutonic than to Roman origin. His best-known work is La Cité antique (1864); others include Histoire des...

future
Undertaking to buy a fixed amount of a commodity or financial asset at a fixed date in the future and at a fixed price. Individuals and organizations use futures to protect themselves, hedging,...