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The History Channel - Encyclopedia
Category: History and Culture > History
Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK
Words: 25833
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FoxMember of an American Indian people who lived near Saginaw Bay, Michigan, until pushed into Wisconsin in the mid-17th century. They speak an Algonquian dialect, and are closely allied to the
Sac....
Fox Quesada, Vicente(1942) Mexican populist politician from the centre-right Partido Acción Nacional (PAN; in English the National Action Party), who, in becoming president in December 2000, broke the 71-year hold on...
fox-huntingThe pursuit of a fox across country on horseback, aided by a pack of foxhounds specially trained to track the fox's scent. The aim is to catch and kill the fox. In drag-hunting, hounds pursue a...
Fox, Charles James(1749-1806) English Whig politician, son of the 1st Baron Holland. He entered Parliament in 1769 as a supporter of the court, but went over to the opposition in 1774. As secretary of state in 1782, leader of...
Fox, Cyril(1882-1967) British archaeologist. He was interested in the relationship between prehistoric settlement and ecology. His book Archaeology of the Cambridge Region 1923 provided a model...
Fox, Gustavus Vasa(1821-1883) US naval officer. He became an assistant navy secretary and was an early promoter of the advantages of ironclad ships in warfare. He gave indispensable assistance to Secretary Gideon Welles during...
Fox, John(1863-1919) US novelist. His novels were largely romanticized pictures based on life in the Cumberland mountains. They include The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come 1903,...
Fox, Liam(1961) British Conservative politician, shadow defence secretary from 2005. He became MP for Woodspring, Bristol, in 1992. During the 1992-97 Conservative government...
Fox, Margaret(1833-1893) Canadian-born US spiritual medium. With her sister Katherine, she became famous for her psychic ability. The girls gave public demonstrations of their powers, spark ...
Fox, Matthew(1940) US priest and theologian. He directed the Institute in Culture and Creation Spirituality in Oakland, California (1983). Convinced that original blessing was greater than original sin, he promoted...
Foxe, John(1516-1587) English Protestant propagandist. He became a canon of Salisbury in 1563. His Book of Martyrs (1563) (originally titled Actes and Monuments) luridly described persecutions under Queen Mary,...
Foxe, Richard(c. 1448-1528) English cleric, bishop of Winchester from 1501. He joined the future Henry VII while he was in exile in France; when Henry claimed the English throne, Foxe became a close adviser to the king and was...
Foy, Maximilien Sebastien(1775-1825) French military officer and orator. Foy fought in the Peninsular phase of the Napoleonic Wars and in the 1815 campaign, distinguishing himself at Waterloo. After the wars he became a member of the...
Fragonard, Jean-Honoré(1732-1806) French painter. He was the leading exponent of the rococo style (along with his teacher François Boucher). His light-hearted subjects, often erotic, include Les heureux Hazards de...
Frame, Janet Paterson(1924-2004) New Zealand novelist. After being wrongly diagnosed as schizophrenic, she reflected her experiences 1945-54 in the novel Faces in the Water 1961 and the autobiographical An Angel at My Table 1984...
FramlinghamTown in Suffolk, England, 35 km/22 mi northeast of Ipswich; population (2001) 4,500. Framlingham was built around a spacious marketplace, and has a flintwork church. The church in Framlingham...
Frampton, George James(1860-1928) English sculptor. Among his works are Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, London, and the Edith
Cavell memorial near Trafalgar Square, London. He was one of the leading figures in English `New...
francCurrency of France until 2002, when the franc was replaced by the euro. The franc was called the franc from 1360 when it was a gold coin inscribed Francorum Rex, `King of the Franks`. The franc...
franc-tireurCivilian who, contrary to the rules of war, takes up arms in a private capacity against the enemy. The name comes from the Franco-Prussian War 1870-71 when French patriots in German-occupied...
FranceCountry in western Europe, bounded to the northeast by Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany, east by Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, south by the Mediterranean Sea, south ...
France, Anatole(1844-1924) French writer. His works are marked by wit, urbanity, and style. His earliest novel was Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard/The Crime of Sylvester Bonnard (1881); later books include the satiric L'Ile des...
Francesca, Piero dellaItalian painter; see
Piero della Francesca. ...
Francesco di Giorgio Martini(1439-1502) Sienese painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and bronze-caster. He worked mainly in his hometown, though also in Naples and elsewhere in Italy, and had a studio for a time with his...
franchiseIn politics, the eligibility, right, or privilege to vote at public elections, especially for the members of a legislative body, or parliament. In the UK adult citizens are eligible to vote from the...
Francia, Francesco (Raibolini)(1450-1517) Italian painter. He was much influenced by Perugino and Raphael Sanzio as well as by Lorenzo Costa, with whom he worked; hiseclectic style can be seen in paintings like Virgin...
Francia, José Gaspar Rodríguez de(1766-1840) Paraguayan dictator 1814-40, known as El Supremo. A lawyer, he emerged as a strongman after independence was achieved in 1811, and was designated dictator by congress in 1814. Hostile to the...
Francis FerdinandArchduke of Austria, also known as
Franz Ferdinand. ...
Francis I(1708-1765) Holy Roman Emperor from 1745, who married
Maria Theresa of Austria 1736. ...
Francis I(1494-1547) King of France from 1515. He succeeded his cousin Louis XII, and from 1519 European politics turned on the rivalry between him and the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, which led to war in 1521-29,...
Francis IEmperor of Austria from 1804, also known as
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. ...
Francis II(1768-1835) Holy Roman Emperor 1792-1806. He became Francis I, Emperor of Austria in 1804, and abandoned the title of Holy Roman Emperor in 1806. During his reign Austria was five times involved in war with...
Francis II(1544-1560) King of France from 1559 when he succeeded his father, Henri II. He married Mary Queen of Scots in 1558. He was completely under the influence of his mother,
Catherine de' Medici. ...
Francis JosephEmperor of Austria-Hungary, also known as
Franz Joseph. ...
Francis of Paola, St(1416-1507) Italian religious founder. Francis lived as a hermit near Paola, and the disciples who gathered around him formed a community known as the Minim friars. Pope Sixtus IV confirmed the Minims as an...
Francis of Sales, St(1567-1622) French bishop and theologian. He became bishop of Geneva in 1602, and in 1610 founded the order of the Visitation, an order of nuns. He is the patron saint of journalists and other writers. His...
Francis, Clare Mary(1946) English yachtswoman and writer. The first woman to make a singlehanded crossing of the Atlantic (1973), she was the first woman home in the Observer Singlehanded Transatlantic Race, and holds the...
Francis, Dick(1920) English writer and jockey. Author of over 30 novels, he won the Golden Dagger Award of the American Crime Writers' Association in 1980, and has also written an autobiography of the rider Lester...
Francis, Philip(1740-1818) British politician. As a civil servant in India Francis became a bitter opponent of Warren Hastings, with whom he duelled in 1780. Defeated, Francis returned to England where he assisted Edmund...
Franciscan orderCatholic order of friars, Friars Minor or Grey Friars, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. Subdivisions were the strict Observants; the Conventuals, who were allowed to own property corporately;...
Francke, Master(lived early 15th century) German painter, active in Hamburg. His style was personal and full of narrative vigour. His Altar of the Seafarers to England, painted for the Johanniskirche, Hamburg (now in the Hamburg...
Francken (or Franck)Flemish family of painters, active in Antwerp. All members of the family painted biblical scenes. The best known are Frans Francken the Elder (1542-1616), pupil of Frans
Floris and an Italianate...
Franco-German ententeResumption of friendly relations between France and Germany, designed to erase the enmities of successive wars. It was initiated by the French president de Gaulle's visit to West Germany 1962,...
Franco-Prussian War1870-71. The Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck put forward a German candidate for the vacant Spanish throne with the deliberate, and successful, intention of provoking the French emperor...
Franco, Itamar Augusto Cautiero(1931) Brazilian politician, vice-president 1990-92, president 1992-94, governor of Minas Gerais state 1999-2003. As president he was initially criticized by friends and opponents for a lack of...
Franco, Veronica(1546-1591) Venetian prostitute and poet. She was a member of the literary circle around Domenico Venier, who assisted her with her Terze Rime (1575). After being denounced by the Inquisition in 1580, she...
FrançoisFrench form of
Francis, two kings of France. ...
FranconiaDuchy of medieval Germany, conquered and settled in the 7th century by the
Franks. By the end of the 13th century it had been divided among numerous principalities. ...
Franey, Pierre(1921-1996) French-born US chef and author. A chef at New York's Le Pavillon Restaurant, he collaborated with Craig
Claiborne on cookbooks and food articles. He independently wrote two cookbooks based on his...
Franjiyeh, Suleiman(1910-1992) Lebanese Maronite Christian politician, president 1970-76. He emerged as a fierce rival of the conservative Maronite political clans of Chamoun and Gemayel and from 1960 sat in the Lebanese...
FrankMember of a group of Germanic peoples prominent in Europe in the 3rd to 9th centuries. Believed to have originated in Pomerania on the Baltic Sea, they had settled on the Rhine by the 3rd century,...
Frank, Anne(lies Marie)(1929-1945) German diarist. She fled to the Netherlands with her family in 1933 to escape Nazi anti-Semitism (the
Frank, Hans
(1900-1946) German bureaucrat and governor of Poland in World War II. Originally a lawyer and a member of the Nazi Party from its early years, he became Reichs Commissioner for Justice in 1933. After the German...
Frank, Jerome
(1889-1957) US judge and legal philosopher. He joined the Securities and Exchange Commission and went on to serve on a US Circuit Court of Appeals. His book, Courts on Trial (1949), stressed the uncertainties...
Frank, John Paul
(1917) US lawyer and author. He taught at several law schools. In addition to his heavy load of corporate cases, he was active in fighting for the rights of the legal profession. His eleven books include...
Frank, Karl Hermann
(1898-1946) Czech Nazi politician. Originally a leader of the Sudeten German Nazi Party, he became secretary of state for Bohemia and Moravia after their annexation by Germany in 1939. Among ot ...
Frank, Waldo (David)
(1899-1967) US writer. A Yale graduate, he was a left-wing activist whose large literary output included politically inspired fiction and Marxist social analysis. He wrote and lectured widely on Latin...
Frankau, Gilbert
(1884-1952) English novelist. He made his reputation with Peter Jackson, Cigar Merchant 1919 and followed this with many other successful novels, including Seeds of Enchantment 1921, Martin Make Believe 1930,...
Frankau, Pamela
(1908-1967) English novelist. Her many novels, which became increasingly serious, include The Willow Cabin 1949, a love story about a female actor and an older man, and A Wreath for the Enemy 1954, about an...
Frankenstein
Gothic horror story by Mary Shelley, published in England in 1818. It is considered to be the origin of modern science fiction, and there have been many film versions. Frankenstein, a scientist,...
Frankenstein lawPopular name for the 1980 ruling by the US Supreme Court (Diamond v. Chakrabarty) that new forms of life created in the laboratory may be patented. ...
Frankenthaler, Helen(1928) US abstract expressionist painter. She invented the colour-staining technique whereby the unprimed, absorbent canvas is stained or soaked with thinned-out paint, creating deep, soft veils of...
Frankfurt ParliamentAssembly of liberal politicians and intellectuals that met for a few months in 1848 in the aftermath of the
revolutions of 1848 and the overthrow of monarchies in most of the German states. They...
Frankfurter, Felix(1882-1965) Austrian-born US jurist and Supreme Court justice. As a supporter of liberal causes, Frankfurter was one of the founders of the American Civil Liberties Union in 1920. Appointed to the US Supreme...
Frankl, Paul T(1887-1958) Austrian-born US furniture designer. An important promoter of modern design through his writing and lecturing, his book, New Dimensions (1928), was important for disseminating the art deco style....
Franklin, Benjamin(1706-1790) US scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, writer, printer, and publisher. He proved that lightning is a form of electricity, distinguished between positive and negative electricity, and invented...
Franklin, C(larence) L(eVaughn)(1915-1984) US clergyman and civil rights activist. The father of Aretha Franklin, he founded the New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit, where his powerful sermons reached a wide audience. Along with Martin...
Franklin, Jane(1792-1875) English traveller and expedition benefactor. She accompanied her husband, the naval explorer John
Franklin, on his tours through Syria, Turkey and Egypt, and financed a series of search expeditions...
Franklin, John(1786-1847) English naval explorer who took part in expeditions to Australia, the Arctic, and northern Canada, and in 1845 commanded an expedition to look for the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the...
Franklin, Rosalind Elsie(1920-1958) English biophysicist whose research on
X-ray diffraction of DNA crystals helped Francis
Crick and James D
Watson to deduce the chemical structure of DNA. ...
frankpledgeMedieval legal term for a local unit based on the manor or groups of households which all freemen were required to join. The frankpledge was expected to keep its members of good behaviour and...
Franz Joseph (or Francis Joseph)(1830-1916) Emperor of Austria-Hungary from 1848, when his uncle Ferdinand I abdicated. After the suppression of the 1848 revolution, Franz Joseph tried to establish an absolute monarchy but had to grant...
Fraser, (John) Malcolm(1930) Australian Liberal politician, prime minister 1975-83; nicknamed `the Prefect` because of a supposed disregard of subordinates. Born in Melbourne, the grandson of an influential politician and...
Fraser, Antonia (Pakenham)(1932) English author. She has published authoritative biographies, including Mary Queen of Scots (1969) and The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1992), and wider historical works such as The Weaker Vessel:...
Fraser, James Earle(1876-1953) US sculptor. He lived in the Dakota territory, Minneapolis, and Chicago, where he sculpted The End of the Trail (1894), a popular image of the American Indian. He created many public monuments and...
Fraser, Peter(1884-1950) New Zealand Labour politician, prime minister 1940-49. A member of the New Zealand parliament from 1918, Fraser was minister of health and education 1935-40 and when Michael
Savage died in...
Fraser, Simon(1776-1862) Canadian explorer and surveyor for the Hudson Bay Company who crossed the Rockies and travelled most of the way down the river that bears his name 1805-07. ...
fraudIn law, an act of deception resulting in injury to another. To establish fraud it has to be demonstrated that (1) a false representation (for example, a factually untrue statement) has been made,...
Fraunce, Abraham(c. 1558-c. 1633) English poet. His works include The Lamentations of Amintas for the Death of Phillis (1585) and a series of translations reprinted in 1591 as The...
Frazer, James (George)(1854-1941) Scottish anthropologist. Frazer's book The Golden Bough (12 volumes, 1890-1915), a pioneer study of the origins of religion and sociology on a comparative basis, exerted considerable influence on...
Frazier, Charles(1950) US writer. His US Civil War novel Cold Mountain (1997; filmed 2003) won the National Book Award and was on the New York Times best-seller list for more than a year. The novel follows the journey...
Frazier, Lynn Joseph(1874-1947) US governor and senator. He became the Republican governor of North Dakota (1917-21) and went to the US Senate (1923-41), where he sponsored the Frazier-Lemke Amendment (1934), which postponed...
Freake PainterAnonymous American artist. The name is derived from two portraits of a young and affluent Boston family:John Freake and his wife Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary, both painted about 1664 and both in...
Frederic, Harold(1856-1898) US writer. Most of his journalistic career was spent as the New York Times London correspondent (1884-98) and his news accounts of Russian Jews and William II were reprinted in book form. He wrote...
Frederick(1676-1751) King of Sweden from 1720. Third son of the Landgrave Karl of Hesse-Cassel, Frederick entered the Swedish service in 1715. He became king when his wife, Ulrica Eleonora, the sister of Charles XII,...
Frederick (I) Barbarossa(c. 1123-1190) Holy Roman Emperor from 1152. Originally duke of Swabia, he was elected emperor in 1152, and was engaged in a struggle with Pope Alexander III 1159-77, which ended in his submission; the Lombard...
Frederick (I) the Pugnacious(1369-1428) Elector and Duke of Saxony. Frederick was a distinguished soldier and the Emperor Sigismund awarded him the Electorate of Saxony in 1423 as a reward for his successes against the Hussites. Frederick...
Frederick (II) the Great(1712-1786) King of Prussia from 1740, when he succeeded his father Frederick William I. In that year he started the War of the
Austrian Succession by his attack on Austria. In the peace of 1745 he secured...
Frederick I(1657-1713) King of Prussia from 1701. He became elector of Brandenburg 1688. ...
Frederick II(1194-1250) Holy Roman Emperor from 1212, called `the Wonder of the World`. He was the son of Holy Roman Emperor
Henry VI. He led a crusade in 1228-29 that recovered Jerusalem by treaty without fighting....
Frederick III(1831-1888) King of Prussia and emperor of Germany in 1888. The son of Wilhelm I, he married the eldest daughter (Victoria) of Queen Victoria of the UK in 1858 and, as a liberal, frequently opposed Chancellor...
Frederick III(1463-1525) Elector of Saxony from 1486, when he succeeded his father Ernest. He exercised an enormous influence on German politics of the 16th century. He founded the University of Wittenberg in 1502, making...
Frederick III(1415-1493) Holy Roman Emperor. In 1463 he united Upper and Lower Austria under his rule, taking the title of Frederick V, Archduke of Austria. Frederick was an incapable ruler, and towards the end of his reign...
Frederick IX(1899-1972) King of Denmark from 1947. He was succeeded by his daughter who became Queen
Margrethe II. ...
Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales(1707-1751) British heir apparent. Frederick was the eldest son of George II and Queen Caroline. In 1736 he married Augusta, daughter of Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, and had several children, the eldest of...
Frederick V(1596-1632) Elector palatine of the Rhine 1610-23 and king of Bohemia 1619-20 (for one winter, hence the name), having been chosen by the Protestant Bohemians as ruler after the deposition of Catholic...
Frederick VI(1768-1839) King of Denmark and Norway from 1808, son of Christian VII. He became regent in 1784 because of the insanity of his father. His rule was marked by many internal reforms, including the abolition of...
Frederick VIII(1843-1912) King of Denmark 1906-12. The son of Christian IX, Frederick succeeded his father in 1906. He married Princess Louise of Sweden in 1869, and his eldest son, Christian, later Christian X, was born...
Frederick William(1882-1951) Last crown prince of Germany, eldest son of Wilhelm II. During World War I he commanded a group of armies on the western front. In 1918, he retired into private life. ...
Frederick William(1620-1688) Elector of Brandenburg from 1640, `the Great Elector`. By successful wars against Sweden and Poland, he prepared the way for Prussian power in the 18th century. ...
Frederick William I(1688-1740) King of Prussia from 1713, who developed Prussia's military might and commerce. ...
