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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Malamud, Bernard
(1914-1986) US novelist and short-story writer. He first attracted attention with The Natural (1952), a mythic story about a baseball hero. It established Malamud's central concern of moral redemption and...

Malan, Daniel François
(1874-1959) South African right-wing politician, prime minister 1948-54. He founded the Purified National Party in 1934. His policy of ...

Malatesta
(lived 13th - 16th century) Italian family who ruled Rimini with intermissions between the 13th and the 16th century. After Rimini was defeated by Cesena, Giovanni Malatesta was appointed podestà of the town in 1237,...

Malatesta, Enrico
(1853-1932) Italian anarchist and revolutionary. He was a friend and pupil of Bakunin and in 1872 joined the International Socialists. Malatesta founded the journals Volunta and La Revolte. The London Anarchist...

Malawi
Country in southeast Africa, bounded north and northeast by Tanzania; east, south, and west by Mozambique; and west by Zambia. Government The 1994 constitution provides for a president, who is head...

Malay
Member of any of a large group of peoples comprising the majority population of the Malay Peninsula and archipelago, and also found in southern Thailand and coastal Sumatra and Borneo. Their...

Malayan Emergency
Civil conflict in British-ruled Malaya, officially lasting from 1948 to 1960. The Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) launched an insurrection, calling for immediate Malayan independence. Britain...

Malayan history to 1963
Malaya, now the largest component of the Federation of Malaysia occupied the Malay Peninsula, which extends south-southwest from the narrow Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, which was not part of...

Malaysia
Country in southeast Asia, comprising the Malay Peninsula, bounded north by Thailand, and surrounded east and south by the South China Sea and west by the Strait of Malacca;...

Malbone, Edward Greene
(1777-1807) US miniature painter. He began his independent career in Providence at 17. He accompanied Washington Allston to London to study, returning to the USA 1801. He worked in Boston,...

Malcolm (I) MacDonald
(died 954) King of Scotland from 943. He made a treaty with Edmund of England (945), and renewed it with his successor, Edred, but in 950 he allowed his followers to attack Northumbria. ...

Malcolm (II) Mackenneth
(c. 954-1034) King of Scotland from 1005. He was the son of Kenneth II, and gained the throne by defeating and killing Kenneth III. In 1016 he won a great victory over Eadulf Cudel at Carham on the Tweed, which...

Malcolm I
(943-954) King of Scotland, who succeeded his father Donald II. ...

Malcolm III
(c. 1031-1093) King of Scotland from 1058, the son of Duncan I. He fled to England in 1040 when the throne was usurped by Macbeth, but recovered southern Scotland and killed Macbeth in battle in 1057. In 1070 he...

Malcolm IV the Maiden
(c. 1141-1165) King of Scotland from 1153. The son of Henry, Earl of Huntingdon and Northumberland (died 1152), eldest son of David I, he succeeded his grandfather at the age of 11. In 1156 he surrendered...

Malcolm X
(1926-1965) US black nationalist leader. After converting to Islam, he joined the Nation of Islam sect, became a persuasive speaker about white exploitation of black people, and gained a large popular...

Malcolm, Norman (Adrian)
(1911-1990) US philosopher. Earning a Harvard University doctorate, he joined the Princeton University faculty in 1940. After serving in the US Navy (1942-45), he spent most of his remaining American career...

Maldives
Group of 1,196 islands in the north Indian Ocean, about 640 km/400 mi southwest of Sri Lanka; only 203 of them are inhabited. Government The 1968 constitution provides for a president, elected by...

Maldon
English market town in Essex, at the mouth of the River Chelmer. It was the scene of a battle commemorated in a 325-line fragment of an Anglo-Saxon poem The Battle of Maldon, describing the...

Malebranche, Nicolas
(1638-1715) French philosopher. His De la Recherche de la vérité/Search after Truth (1674-78) was inspired by RenéDescartes; he maintained that exact ideas of external objects are...

Malenkov, Georgi Maximilianovich
(1902-1988) Soviet prime minister 1953-55, Stalin's designated successor but abruptly ousted as Communist Party secretary within two weeks of Stalin's death by Khrushchev, and forced out as prime minister in...

Malet, Lucas
(1852-1931) English novelist. Her most celebrated work was History of Sir Richard Calmady 1901. Others include The Wages of Sin 1890, Adrian Savage 1911, The Survivors 1923, and The Dogs of Want 1924. She was...

Malevich, Kasimir Severinovich
(1878-1935) Russian abstract painter. In 1912 he visited Paris where he was influenced by cubism, and in 1913 launched his own abstract style, suprematism. He reached his most abstract in White on White (c....

Malherbe, François de
(1555-1628) French poet and grammarian. He became court poet in about 1605 under Henry IV, received a pension from his widow Marie de' Medici, and was patronized by Louis XIII. He advocated reform of language...

Mali
Landlocked country in northwest Africa, bounded to the northeast by Algeria, east by Niger, southeast by Burkina Faso, south by Côte d'Ivoire, southwest by Senegal and Guinea,...

Mali Empire
Muslim state in northwestern Africa during the 7th-15th centuries. Thriving on its trade in gold, it reached its peak in the 14th century under Mansa Musa (reigned 1312-37), when it occupied an...

Malik, Yakob Alexandrovich
(1906-1980) Soviet diplomat. He was permanent representative at the United Nations 1948-53 and 1968-76, and it was his walkout from the Security Council in January 1950 that allowed the authorization of UN...

Malinke
Member of any of a large group of peoples spread throughout West Africa, speaking Mande languages. The ancient Mali Empire was formed by their ancestors under Sundiata around 1235. Mali became...

Malinovsky, Rodion Yakovlevich
(1898-1967) Russian soldier and politician. In World War II he fought at Stalingrad, commanded in the Ukraine, and led the Soviet advance through the Balkans to capture Budapest in 1945 before going east to...

Malinowski, Bronislaw Kasper
(1884-1942) Polish-born British anthropologist. Malinowski was one of the principal founders of the theory of functionalism in the social sciences. During expeditions to the Trobriand Islands, Papua New...

Mallarmé, Stéphane
(1842-1898) French poet. A leader of the Symbolist school, he became known as a poet's poet for his condensed, hermetic verse and unorthodox syntax, reaching for the ideal world of the intellect. His belief...

Mallet (or Malloch), David
(c. 1705-1765) Scottish poet and miscellaneous writer. He is chiefly remembered for his ballad of `William and Margaret` 1723. He became secretary to the Prince of Wales and at his request wrote, with James...

Malloch, David
Original name of Scottish poet David Mallet ...

Mallon, Mary
US typhoid carrier; see Typhoid Mary. ...

Mallon, Seamus
(1936) Northern Irish Social and Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) politician. Mallon was deputy leader of the SDLP from 1979 and deputy first minister (December 1999 to February 2000) in the Northern Ireland...

Mallory, Stephen Russell
(1812-1873) Trinidad-born US politician. A Democrat serving Florida, he was in the US Senate (1851-61), before becoming the secretary of the Confederate navy in 1861. He worked feverishly to convert the USS...

Mallowan, Max (Edgar Lucien)
(1904-1978) British archaeologist. Before World War II he worked under Leonard Woolley at Ur, excavated at Nineveh, and directed operations at Arpachiya in Iraq, and at Tell Brak and Tell Chagar Bazar in Syria....

Malmaison
Chateau near Paris formerly belonging to the empress Josephine, who died there. ...

Malmesbury
Ancient hill-top market town in Wiltshire, southwest England, on the River Avon, 30 km/19 mi northwest of Bath; population (2001) 4,630. Tourism is a key source of income; there is also a...

Malone, Dumas
(1892-1986) US historian. He was editor (1929-31) and editor-in-chief (1931-36) of the Dictionary of American Biography, and editor-in-chief...

Malone, Edmund
(1741-1812) English critic and editor. He devoted himself to the study of Shakespeare. In 1778 he published an Attempt to Ascertain the Order in which the Plays of Shakespeare were Written, and from 1783 worked...

Maloof, Sam
(1916) US furniture maker. After working in architectural drafting, graphic arts, and industrial design, he became an independent woodworker in the 1940s. A master of joinery, sculptural organic forms, and...

Malouel (or Maelwael), Jean
(died 1415) Netherlandish painter. He worked in Paris for Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI of France, and then in Dijon, where he was appointed in 1397 court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the...

Malouf, David George Joseph
(1934) Australian novelist, poet, and short-story writer. He draws on his Lebanese and English background for ethnic themes in his work. His poetry collections include Neighbours in a Thicket (1974),...

Maloyaroslavets, Battle of
During Napoleon Bonaparte's retreat from Moscow, an inconclusive battle of great ferocity between French and Russian forces on 24 October 1812 at Maloyaroslavets, about 95 km/60 mi southwest of...

Malplaquet, Battle of
During the War of the Spanish Succession, victory of the British, Dutch, and Austrian forces over the French forces on 11 September 1709 at Malplaquet, in Nord département, France. No other battle...

malpractice
In law, negligence by a professional person, usually a doctor, that may lead to an action for damages by the client. ...

Malraux, André (Georges)
(1901-1976) French writer, art critic, and politician. An active antifascist, he gained international renown for his novel La Condition humaine/Man's Estate (1933), set during the nationalist/communist...

malt tax
In Britain, a tax first imposed in 1697 on the use of malt in brewing. It supplemented the existing beer duty when a hop duty was imposed between 1711 and 1862. The malt tax was abolished in 1880...

Malta
Island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Sicily, east of Tunisia, and north of Libya. Government The 1974 constitution provides for a 65-member house of representatives, elected by universal...

Malta, Knights of
Another name for members of the military-religious order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. ...

Malthus theory
Projection of population growth made by Thomas Malthus. He based his theory on the population explosion that was already becoming evident in the 18th century, and argued that the number of people...

Malthus, Thomas Robert
(1766-1834) English economist and social scientist. His fame rested on what was in effect a long pamphlet, An Essay on the Principle of Population, As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society (1798), in...

Mamaloni, Solomon Sunaone
(1943-2000) Solomon Islands centre-left politician, chief minister 1974-76 and prime minister 1981-84, 1989-93, and 1994-97. He was first elected to...

Mameluke
Member of a powerful political class that dominated Egypt from the 13th century until their massacre in 1811 by Mehmet Ali. The Mamelukes were originally descended from freed Turkish slaves. They...

Mamet, David (Alan)
(1947) US dramatist, writer, and director. His plays use vivid, freewheeling language and urban settings. American Buffalo (1976; filmed 1996), about a gang of hopeless robbers, was his first major...

Mametz
French village and wood occupying a commanding position in the département of the Somme, 8 km/5 mi from Albert. In World War I,...

Mammon
Evil personification of wealth and greed; originally a Syrian god of riches, cited in the New Testament as opposed to the Christian god. ...

Mamoulian, Rouben
(1897-1987) Armenian stage and film director. He lived in the USA from 1923. After several years on Broadway he turned to films, making the first sound version of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1932) and Queen...

Man Ray
US photographer, painter, and sculptor. ...

management
Process or technique of managing a business. Systems vary according to the type of organization, company, and objectives. Since the early 1970s, there has been a growing demand for learned...

management accounting
The use of financial accounts in the process of decision making within a business organization. Examples would include finding out which business activities were least profitable and then making a...

management buyout
Purchase of control of a company by its management, generally with debt funding, making it a leveraged buyout. ...

Manching
Large Celtic oppidum (fortified settlement) of the Vindelici tribe, 8 km/5 mi southeast of Ingolstadt, Bavaria. This Iron Age settlement has a defensive wall 7 km/4 mi long, probably built about 100...

Manchu
Last ruling dynasty in China, from 1644 until its overthrow in 1912; its last emperor was the infant P'u-i. Originally a nomadic people from Manchuria, they established power through a series of...

Manchukuo
Former Japanese puppet state in Manchuria and Jehol 1932-45, ruled by the former Chinese emperor Henry P'u-i. ...

Manchuria
European name for the northeastern region of China, comprising the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. It was united with China by the Manchu dynasty in 1644, but as the Chinese Empire...

Mandaean
Member of the only surviving Gnostic sect of Christianity (see Gnosticism). The Mandaeans live near the Euphrates, southern Iraq, and their sacred book is the Ginza. The sect claims descent from...

mandala
Symmetrical sacred design in Hindu and Buddhist art, representing the universe, and the relationship of humans with the cosmos. It is used in some forms of meditation. It may be painted or made of...

mandate
In history, a territory whose administration was entrusted to Allied states by the League of Nations under the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Mandated territories were former German and...

Mandel, Marvin
(1920) US politician. A Democratic lawyer, he served in the Maryland House of Representatives (1952-69), becoming Speaker in 1963. Replacing Spiro Agnew as governor (1969-77), he was an efficient...

Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla
(1918) South African politician and lawyer, and the country's first post-apartheid president 1994-99. He was president of the African National Congress (ANC) 1991-97. Imprisoned from 1964, as...

Mandelson, Peter (Benjamin)
(1953) British Labour politician, European Union (EU) commissioner for trade from 2004. He entered the House of Commons in 1992, representing Hartlepool. As minister without portfolio 1997-98, and...

Mandelstam, Osip Emilevich
(1891-1938) Russian poet. He was a leader of the Acmeist movement. The son of a Jewish merchant, he was sent to a concentration camp by the communist authorities in the 1930s, and died there. His posthumously...

Mander, Karel van
(1584-1606) Dutch art historian and painter. His biographical work on artists, Het schilderboeck/The Book of Painters (1604), is a valuable source of information on Dutch and Flemish art. It was modelled on...

Mandeville, John
(died c. 1372) Supposed author of a 14th-century travel manual for pilgrims to the Holy Land. Originally written in French, it was probably the work of Jean d'Outremeuse of Liège. As well as references to real...

mandir
Hindu temple. A mandir may vary from a simple village hut to a grand building. The murti (image of the god) to whom the mandir is dedicated is usually in a special alcove. Hindu temples are highly...

Manes
In ancient Rome, the spirits of the dead, worshipped as divine and sometimes identified with the gods of the underworld (Dis and Proserpine), hence the inscription DMS (dis manibus sacrum) on many...

Manessier, Alfred
(1911-1993) French painter. Influenced by cubism and fauvism, he turned to abstract painting, producing works of exceptional richness in colour. He also designed stained-glass windows in which the abstract...

Manet, Edouard
(1832-1883) French painter. One of the foremost French artists of the 19th century, he is often regarded as the father of modern painting. Rebelling against the academic tradition, he developed a clear and...

Manetho
Egyptian historian. Manetho was high priest of Heliopolis. His history of Egypt was the first to divide ancient Egypt into 30 dynasties; his Greek names for the pharaohs were also widely adopted,...

Manfred
(1231-1266) German ruler. He was king of Sicily from 1258. Because he had had Saracen help, he was excommunicated by the pope. He subsequently invaded papal territory and conquered Tuscany. Pope Urban IV later...

Manfredi, Bartolommeo
(1580-1620) Italian painter. He worked in Rome at the beginning of the 17th century, and is mainly known as an imitator of Caravaggio in secular subjects, transmitting the style of that master to foreign...

Mangas Coloradas
(c. 1791-1863) US Mimbreño Apache war chief. Repeated offences against his family and his people caused a turnabout of this one-time friend to the whites. He and his son-in-law, Cochise, were largely...

Mangbetu
Member of a Bantu-speaking people living in northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire). With a highly organized empire, they conquered many surrounding peoples during the 19th...

Mangin, Charles Marie Emmanuel
(1866-1925) French general. At the outbreak of World War I he returned from Morocco to command a division in the first Battle of the Marne, then recaptured the forts of Douamont and Vaux-Fossoy in the action...

Manhattan Project
Code name for the development of the atom bomb in the USA in World War II, to which the physicists Enrico Fermi and J Robert Oppenheimer contributed. ...

Manheim, Ralph
(c. 1907-1992) US translator. Regarded as the dean of US professional translators, he produced more than 100 English translations of works by Freud, Jung, Heidegger, Brecht, Grass, Hesse, Proust,...

mani puliti
Series of Italian anti-corruption investigations and subsequent trials, begun 1992; also known as the Tangentopoli (`kickback city`) scandal. In the course of the investigations, many leading...

Manichaeism
Religion founded by the Persian prophet Mani (Latinized as Manichaeus, c. 216-276). Despite persecution, Manichaeism spread and flourished until about the 10th century. Based on the concept of...

manifest destiny
In US history, the belief that Americans had a providential mission to extend both their territory and their democratic processes westwards across the continent. The phrase `manifest destiny`...

manifesto
In politics, the published prospectus of a party, setting out the policies that the party will pursue if elected to govern. When elected to power a party will often claim that the contents of its...

Manilius, Gaius
(lived 1st century BC) Roman magistrate. As tribune of the plebs 66 BC, he proposed the Lex Manilia which conferred on Pompey supreme command in the third war against Mithridates VI, King of Pontus. The Lex Manilia is the...

Manilius, Marcus
(lived c. 1st century BC) Roman poet. His `Astronomica`, incomplete and probably never published, is a work of great learning and considerable literary merit, written in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. ...

Manin, Daniel
(1804-1857) Italian lawyer and patriot. He was imprisoned in 1847 for his political opinions. During the Revolution the following year he was rescued from prison, elected president of the Venetian republic, and...

manitou
Presiding or protecting spirit in the religious beliefs of several American Indian peoples of the Algonquian linguistic group. Each person has a manitou, which is almost always connected with an...

Manley, Mary de la Riviere
(1663-1724) English writer. She published several scurrilous works but is best remembered for the Secret Memoirs and Manners of Several Persons of Quality of both Sexes from the New Atlantis (usually known as...

Manley, Michael (Norman)
(1924-1997) Jamaican trade unionist, centre-left politician, leader of the socialist People's National Party from 1969, and prime minister (1972-80 and 1989-92). A charismatic orator, he was the son of...

Manley, Norman Washington
(1893-1969) Jamaican centre-left politician, chief minister 1955-59 and prime minister 1959-62. With his cousin Alexander Bustamante, he dominated Jamaican politics until his death. Manley formed the...

Manlius
(died 384 BC) Roman consul 392 BC. When Rome was captured by the Gauls under Brennus 390 BC,...