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The History Channel - Encyclopedia
Category: History and Culture > History
Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK
Words: 25833
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Lords of the ArticlesScottish parliamentary committee which supervised all legislation to be presented to the full Parliament, which could not debate what the Lords proposed, only reject or amend. Though of 15th century...
Lords of the CongregationAssociation of Scottish noblemen formed 1557 to further Protestantism by ousting the French-backed Catholic regent, Mary of Guise. When Mary attempted to suppress Protestant preachers 1559, they...
Lords, House ofUpper chamber of the UK
Parliament. Following the House of Lords Act 1999, the number of hereditary peers (those with an inherited title) sitting in the upper chamber was reduced from 750 to a...
LoreleiIn Germanic folklore, a river
nymph of the Rhine who lures sailors onto the rock where she sits combing her hair. She features in several poems, including `Die Lorelei` by the German Romantic...
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio(lived 14th century) Italian painter. His allegorical frescoes Good and Bad Government (1337-39; Town Hall, Siena) include a detailed panoramic landscape and a view...
Lorenzo Monaco(1370-1422) Italian painter. He produced illuminated manuscripts, altarpieces, and frescoes. Among his paintings are Coronation of the Virgin, (1413) and Adoration of the Magi,...
Lorimer, George Horace(1868-1937) US editor. In 1898, he was appointed by Cyrus H K Curtis as literary editor of Curtis's newly acquired Saturday Evening Post. He was soon promoted to editor-in-chief. Aided by a solid instinct...
Lorimer, Robert Stodart(1864-1929) Scottish architect. The most prolific architect representative of the Scottish Arts and Crafts Movement, Lorimer drew particularly from Scottish vernacular buildings of the 16th and 17th centuries...
Loring, William W(ing)(1818-1886) US soldier. He interrupted a Florida state legislative career for military service in the Seminole, Mexican, and Mormon Wars. For most of the Civil War he was a Confederate corps commander. Later he...
LorisPseudonym used by Austrian poet and dramatist Hugo von
Hofmannsthal. ...
Lorrain, ClaudeFrench painter; see
Claude Lorrain. ...
Lorraine, Cross ofHeraldic cross with double crossbars, emblem of the medieval French nationalist Joan of Arc. It was adopted by the
Free French forces in World War II. ...
LosarTibetan Buddhist festival celebrating the New Year. It is held at the new moon in February. Houses are spring-cleaned to sweep away any negative aspects from the previous year; evil spirits are...
lossIn business, the opposite of profit, when
revenues are less than
costs. ...
Loss, Louis(1914-1997) US legal scholar. He published the one-volume Securities Regulation (1941), thereby coining the term as well as laying the intellectual foundations of the legal discipline. He then coauthored,...
Lost Generation, theDisillusioned US literary generation of the 1920s, members of which went to live in Paris. The phrase is attributed to the writer Gertrude Stein in Ernest Hemingway's early novel of 1920s Paris,...
lost-wax techniqueMethod of making sculptures; see
cire perdue. ...
LotIn the Old Testament, Abraham's nephew, who escaped the destruction of Sodom. Lot's wife disobeyed the condition of not looking back at Sodom and was punished by being turned into a pillar of salt. ...
Lothair(825-869) King of Lotharingia from 855, when he inherited the region from his father, the Holy Roman Emperor Lothair I. ...
Lothair I(795-855) Holy Roman Emperor from 817 in association with his father Louis I. On Louis's death in 840, the empire was divided between Lothair and his brothers; Lothair took nor ...
Lothair II(c. 1070-1137) Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 and German king from 1125. His election as emperor, opposed by the
Hohenstaufen family of princes, was the start of the feud between the
Guelph and Ghibelline factions,...
LotharingiaMedieval region west of the Rhine, between the Jura mountains and the North Sea; the northern portion of the lands assigned to Lothair I when the Carolingian empire was divided. It was called after...
Lothrop, Harriet Mulford(1844-1924) US writer. Among her many works, is the Five Little Peppers and How They Grew (1881) series for children. Lothrop was born Harriet Mulford Stone in New Haven, Connecticut. She attended private...
Lothrop, S(amuel) K(irkland)(1892-1965) US anthropologist and archaeologist. From 1915 he conducted extensive fieldwork, notably in Tierra del Fuego, Guatemala, and Mexico. His books include Coclé (1937, 1941), Chichén Itzá (1951), and...
Loti, Pierre(1850-1923) French novelist. He depicted the lives of Breton sailors in such novels as Pêcheur d'Islande/The Iceland Fisherman 1886. His extensive experience of the East as a naval officer was transmuted into...
lotteryGame of chance in which tickets sold may win a prize. State-sponsored lotteries are an effective means of raising revenue, often used for charitable and other public needs. Types of lottery In the...
lotusPopular symbol in Hinduism and Buddhism. The flower of the lotus (a type of water lily) conveys the idea of beauty, and symbolizes the means to achieve non-attachment, as it lives in the earth but...
Lotus S?traScripture of Mahayana Buddhism. The original is in Sanskrit (Saddharmapundar?ka S?tra) and is thought to date from some time after 100 BC. ...
Lotus-EatersIn Homer's Odyssey, a mythical people living on the fruit of the lotus, which induced travellers to forget their journey home. In historical times...
Lotze, Rudolf Hermann(1817-1881) German philosopher and physiologist. His great work was Mikrokosmos (1856-64), which expounds his views on nature and man, and shows him to be essentially...
Loubet, Emile François(1838-1929) French politician. He was President of the French Republic 1899-1906, succeeding Faure. During his presidency the Dreyfus case was finally settled. The separation of Church and State was also...
Loudon, John Claudius(1783-1843) Scottish landscape gardener, writer, and architect. He followed and developed Humphrey Repton's ideas and theories, giving them fresh currency 1840 by reprinting all Repton's works in one volume....
Loudon, Samuel(c. 1727-1813) US printer and publisher. He arrived in New York City, probably from Ireland, c. 1753 and began to publish The New York Packet and the American Advertiser in 1776. Although he was a stout patriot,...
Louis (I) the Great(1326-1382) King of Hungary from 1342. He also became, from 1370, king of Poland. During his reign Hungary reached the peak of its political influence. Louis led three campaigns against Naples 1347-52,...
Louis (VI) the Fat(1081-1137) King of France from 1108. He led his army against feudal brigands, the English (under Henry I), and the Holy Roman Empire, temporarily consolidating his re ...
Louis (X) the Stubborn(1289-1316) King of France who succeeded his father Philip IV in 1314. His reign saw widespread discontent among the nobles, which he countered by granting charters guaranteeing seignorial rights, although some...
Louis III(c. 863-882) King of northern France from 879, while his brother Carloman (866-884) ruled southern France. He was the son of Louis II. Louis countered a revolt of the nobility at the beginning of his reign,...
Louis IV(c. 921-954) King of France from 936. His reign was marked by the rebellion of nobles who refused to recognize his authority. As a result of his liberality they were able to build powerful feudal lordships. He...
Louis IV(1287-1347) Holy Roman Emperor from 1314. He was excommunicated about 1324 by Pope John XXII, and was later opposed by Clement VI. His anti-papal policies were supported by Marsilius of Padua and William of...
Louis IX, St(1214-1270) King of France from 1226, leader of the Seventh and Eighth
crusades. He was defeated in the former by the Muslims, spending four years in captivity. He died in Tunis. He was canonized in 1297. ...
Louis Philippe(1773-1850) King of France 1830-48. Son of Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of Orléans 1747-93; both were known as Philippe Egalité from their support of the 1792 Revolution. Louis Philippe fled into exile...
Louis V(c. 966-987) King of France from 986, last of the
Carolingian dynasty (descendants of Charlemagne). ...
Louis VII(c. 1120-1180) King of France from 1137, who led the Second
Crusade. He annulled his marriage to Eleanor of Aquita ...
Louis VIII(1187-1226) King of France from 1223, who was invited to become king of England in place of
John by the English barons, and unsuccessfully invaded England 1215-17. ...
Louis XI(1423-1483) King of France from 1461. He broke the power of the nobility (headed by
Charles the Bold) by intrigue and military power. ...
Louis XII(1462-1515) King of France from 1498. He was Duke of Orléans until he succeeded his cousin Charles VIII to the throne. His reign was devoted to Italian wars. ...
Louis XIII(1601-1643) King of France from 1610 (in succession to his father Henry IV), he assumed royal power in 1617. He was under the political control of Cardinal
Richelieu 1624-42. ...
Louis XIV(1638-1715) King of France from 1643, when he succeeded his father Louis XIII; his mother was Anne of Austria. Until 1661 France was ruled by the chief minister, Jules Mazarin, but later Louis took absolute...
Louis XV(1710-1774) King of France from 1715, with the Duke of Orléans as regent until 1723. He was the great-grandson of Louis XIV. Indolent and frivolous, Louis left government in the hands of his ministers, the...
Louis XVI(1754-1793) King of France from 1774, grandson of Louis XV, and son of Louis the Dauphin. He was dominated by his queen,
Marie Antoinette, and French finances fell into such confusion that in 1789 the
Louis XVII
(1785-1795) Nominal king of France, the son of Louis XVI. During the French Revolution he was imprisoned with his parents in 1792 and probably died in prison. ...
Louis XVIII
(1755-1824) King of France 1814-24, the younger brother of Louis XVI. He assumed the title of king in 1795, having fled into exile in 1791 during the French Revolution, but became king only on the fall of...
Louis-Napoleon
Name by which Napoleon III was known. ...
Louis, Morris(1912-1962) US abstract painter. He painted totally abstract works, aiming at purely colouristic effects by soaking unprimed, and therefore highly absorbent, canvas with thinned-out acrylic paint. Works in...
Louis, Prince of Battenberg(1854-1921) German-born British admiral who took British nationality in 1917 and translated his name to Mountbatten. He married Princess Victoria, granddaughter of Queen Victoria, and was the father of Louis,...
Louisiana PurchasePurchase by the USA from France in 1803 of an area covering 2,144,000 sq km/828,000 sq mi, including the present-day states of Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Nebraska, North...
Louisy, Allan Fitzgerald Laurent(1916) St Lucian centre-left politician, prime minister 1979-81. He led the St Lucian Labour Party (SLP) to victory in the post-independence general election of 1979, ending 15 years in opposition to...
LourdesTown in the département of Hautes-Pyrénées in the Midi-Pyrénées region of southwest France, on the Gave de Pau River; population (1999 est) 15,600. Its Christi ...
Louvet de Couvrai, Jean-Baptiste(1760-1797) French revolutionary. He was a member of the Convention Nationale, the assembly 1792-95 that decreed the abolition of the monarchy. In his novel Les Amours du...
LouvreFrench art gallery, former palace of the French kings, in Paris. It was converted to an art gallery in 1793 to house the royal collections. Two of its best-known exhibits are the sculpture Venus...
Louw, Nicholaas Petrus van Wyk(1906-1970) South African writer and scholar. His drama and poetry, written in Afrikaans, won him several literary awards. His works include the verse drama Germanicus 1956. He also wrote criticism. ...
Lovat, Simon Fraser(c. 1667-1747) Scottish
Jacobite. Throughout a political career lasting 50 years he constantly intrigued with both Jacobites and Whigs, and was beheaded for supporting the 1745 rebellion. Baron 1733. ...
loveAffectionate or passionate devotion. The Greeks recognized four aspects of love: liking of something (storage),
friendship or fondness of a person (philos), erotic love (eros),...
Love, Alfred Henry(1830-1913) US radical pacifist and merchant. A pioneering pacifist of highest principles, he was a wool merchant who resisted the Civil War by refusing to sell his goods for army use. When he was drafted in...
Lovecraft, H(oward) P(hillips)(1890-1937) US writer of horror fiction. His stories of hostile, supernatural forces have lent names and material to many other writers in the genre. Much of his work on this theme was collected in The Outsider...
LoveduMember of a Bantu-speaking people living in Transvaal Province, South Africa. The Lovedu are agriculturalists and cattle breeders. ...
Lovejoy, Arthur Oncken(1873-1963) US philosopher who advocated identifying the implicit ideas of a period in history, and then subjecting them to logical analysis. One of his techniques was what he called philosophical semantics -...
Lovejoy, Elijah (Parish)(1802-1837) US abolitionist. Ordained a Presbyterian minister in 1833, he went to St Louis, Missouri, to preach and edit the Presbyterian St Louis Observer, enlisting the paper in the fight against slavery,...
Lovejoy, Esther Pohl(1869-1967) US physician and health administrator. From 1905-09, the last two years as director, she was on the Portland Board of Health, and she set sanitation standards that gained her and Portland a...
Lovejoy, Owen(1811-1864) US abolitionist and statesman. Preparing for the Presbyterian ministry under the guidance of his brother, Elijah Lovejoy, he was there the night that Elijah was killed by an anti-abolitionist mob...
Lovelace, Richard(1618-1657) English poet. Imprisoned in 1642 for petitioning for the restoration of royal rule, he wrote `To Althea, from Prison`, and during a second term in jail in 1648 arranged the publication of his...
Lovett, Robert(1895-1986) US secretary of defence. Lovett served in many governmental positions under the administration of President Harry Truman, including under secretary of state (1947-49), before becoming secretary of...
Lovett, William(1800-1877) In Britain, moderate Chartist who drafted the Peoples' Charter of 1838. Originally a cabinet maker, along with a number of other skilled craftsmen he helped found the
Loving v. Virginia
US Supreme Court decision of 1967 dealing with the constitutionality of state antimiscegenation laws. The case was brought by a Virginia couple convicted of violating a state law against interracial...
Low, David (Alexander Cecil)
(1891-1963) New Zealand-born British political cartoonist. He worked for various newspapers but is chiefly associated with the London Evening Standard; during the period 1927-50 he was Britain's leading...
Low, Isaac
(1735-1791) US Loyalist. A successful New York City merchant, he was a moderate in the First Continental Congress (1774-75). He cooperated with the British occupation forces (1776-83) and his property was...
Low, Seth
(1850-1916) US politician and college president. A successful merchant, he developed public schools and transportation and a permanent civil service as mayor of Brooklyn (1881-86) and New York City...
Lowden, Frank Orren
(1861-1943) US lawyer and politician. A Republican, he served Illinois in the US House of Representatives (1906-11), where he worked to reform in the State Department. As governor of Illinois (1917-21), he...
Lowe-Porter, H(elen) T(racy)
(1876-1963) US translator. She became internationally recognized for translating into English all of Thomas Mann's works from Buddenbrooks (1924) onward, usually in close collaboration with Mann himself....
Lowe, Hudson
(1769-1844) Irish-born English general. He entered the army in 1787. After the outbreak of war with France in 1793, he saw active service in Corsica, Gibraltar, Minorca, and Egypt. In 1815 he was appointed...
Lowell, Abbott Lawrence
(1857-1943) US historian. In 1896 his Government and Parties in Continental Europe attracted wide notice. In 1900 he was apppointed professor of the science...
Lowell, Francis Cabot
(1775-1817) US industrialist who imported the new technology of English textile mills to America. With the cutoff of international trade during the Anglo-American War of 1812, Lowell established the Boston...
Lowell, J(ames) R(ussell)
(1819-1891) US poet. His works range from the didactic The Vision of Sir Launfal 1848 to such satirical poems as The Biglow Papers 1848. As a critic, he developed a deep awareness of the US literary tradition....
Lowell, Josephine
(1843-1905) US charitable worker. Influenced by her family's progressive leanings, she raised funds for freedmen's welfare after the Civil War, in which she was widowed, and reported on social conditions for...
Lowell, Robert Traill Spence, Jr
(1917-1977) US poet. His brutal yet tender verse stressed the importance of individualism, especially during times of war. His works include Lord Weary's Castle (1946; Pulitzer Prize), Life Studies (1959), and...
Lowery, Joseph E
(1924) US Methodist clergyman and civil rights activist. He succeeded the Rev Ralph Abernathy as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1977 and received national and international...
Lowie, Robert (Harry)
(1883-1957) Austrian-born US cultural anthropologist. His research interests involved North American Indian societies, particularly the Crow. His most influential general works were...
Lowndes, William
(1782-1822) US politician. A plantation owner and gifted orator, he was elected to Congress as a Republican representative of South Carolina (1811-22). With his friend John C Calhoun, he pressed for war...
Lowrie, Walter(1784-1868) Scottish-born US politician and Protestant administrator. A Democrat, he entered local politics, holding several small offices before winning election to the US Senate. There he spoke out against...
Lowry, (Clarence) Malcolm (Boden)(1909-1957) English novelist. Mexico is the setting for his inventive masterpiece Under the Volcano 1947, on the last day in the life of an alcoholic British consul. After a rebellious youth and a voyage to...
Lowry, L(aurence) S(tephen)(1887-1976) English painter. His works depict life in the industrial towns of the north of England. In the 1920s he developed a naive style characterized by matchstick figures, often in animated groups, and...
Lowry, TheArts centre dedicated to English painter L S
Lowry in Salford, near Manchester, England. The £106 million/$170 million steel and glass building,...
Lowth, Robert(1710-1787) English theologian and scholar. He published his Life of William Wykeham 1758 and A Short Introduction to English Grammar 1762. Lowth was one of the first to treat the Bible poetry as literature,...
loyalismMovement in Northern Ireland that defends the principle of unionism and totally rejects any change in the status or government of Northern Ireland that might threaten its links with the UK....
LoyalistMember of approximately 30% of the US population who remained loyal to Britain in the
American Revolution. Many Loyalists went to eastern Ontario, Canada, after 1783. Known as Tories, most were...
LoyolaFounder of the Jesuits. See
Ignatius Loyola. ...
Loyola, St, Ignatius(1491-1556) Spanish noble who founded the
Jesuit order in 1534, also called the Society of Jesus. His deep interest in the religious life began in 1521, when reading the life of Jesus while recuperating from a...
LoziMember of a large group of Bantu people living in Barotseland, in northwestern Zambia. An agricultural people, they also fish, hunt, and practise animal husbandry. Their hereditary monarch had a...
LtdAbbreviation for Limited; see
private limited company. ...
LTOMAbbreviation for London Traded Options Market, part of the London Stock Exchange. ...
