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Testing1212 - terms for sound engineers Category: Electronics and Engineering > Audio Date & country: 05/11/2007, UK Words: 1151

Sampling
The technique of recording a sound digitally (translating the analogue audio waveform into a series of electrical ons and offs that can be manipulated by a computer) for subsequent processing, editing and playback.

Sampling Frequency
Same as Sample Rate (the number samples taken per second).

Sampling Synchronization
Signal Synchronization pulses that are generated by a digital audio tape recorder, are recorded onto the tape and then used as a clock signal to time the sampling of the sampling circuits.

Saturation
The point at which the tape is fully magnetized and will accept no more magnetization.

Save
To put onto a permanent storage device (such as a floppy disc) the digital data in the RAM.

Sawtooth Waveform
A waveform that jumps from a zero value to a peak value and then gradually diminishes to a zero value for each cycle.

Schematic Diagram (Schematic)
A diagram that shows the signal paths and electronic components of a device.

Scratch
1) A descriptive term meaning 'temporary'.
2) A scratch vocal is a vocal done during a basic recording session to help the musicians play their parts. At a later date the final vocal track is overdubbed.
3) The action of a musician or disc jockey quickly moving a record back and forth with a phono cartridge reproducing the stylus motion to create a rhythm pattern of sound.

Scrub
The action or function of shuttling (moving the sound track) usually of digital audio, either forward or backward when a control is moved off a center point either left or right.

Sealed Case
The enclosure of a microphone diaphragm so that the back cannot receive sound pressure changes.

Second
Short for Second Engineer (Assistant Recording Engineer) and used to describe the action done by a second engineer.

Select
1) A switch which controls where an input receives its signal from.
2) The action of choosing where an input receives its signal from.

Semi-Pro
A class of recording equipment where professional or near-professional performance can be obtained but the equipment is not built to withstand the amount of continuous use that professional equipment would be expected to receive and sometimes is missing features needed in a professional installation.

Semiconductor
1) A material which conducts more than an insulator but less than a conductor.
2) Any device, such as a transistor, which is mainly made from semiconductor material.

Send
A control and buss to feed signals from the console channels to some outboard device such as a reverberation effects unit.

Send Level
A control determining the signal level sent to a send buss (see preceding entry).

Sensitivity
1) Volume of sound delivered for a given electrical input.
2) In microphones, the output level produced by a standard amount of sound pressure level.

Separation
A term used to describe the pick up of a desired signal compared to the pick up of an undesired signal.

Sequence
1) A playing of musical events (such as pitches, sounding of samples, and rests) automatically by some device, in a step by step order.
2) The action of programming a computer to play musical events, automatically, in a stepped order.

Sequencer
A computer which can be programmed to play a stepped order of musical events (playing of pitches, sounding of samples, and rests).

Serial Data
Digital data where all of the bits are transmitted one after another over a single wire/connection.

Serial Interface
A plug and cable for a computer that sends/receives data one bit after another.

Serial Port
A jack that sends out or receives digital data one bit after another, through a single pin.

Series Connection
Connecting devices (especially circuit elements) so that the electrical signal flows from one thing to the next, to the next, so forth.

Servo-Controlled
In motors, using a control circuit where the actual speed of a motor is sensed and compared to a reference (like a pulse timing signal).

Set Up
1) To place microphones, instruments and the controls on recorders/consoles, etc. for recording.
2) The way in which the microphones, instruments and the controls on recorders/consoles, etc. are positioned for recording.

Shelf
A frequency response of an equalization circuit where the boost or cut of frequencies forms a shelf on a frequency response graph. A High-Frequency Shelf control will affect signal levels at the set frequency and all frequencies higher than it; a Low-Frequency Shelf control will affect signal levels at the set frequency and all frequencies lower than it.

Shelf Filter
A name for the circuit in an equalizer used to obtain the shelf.

Shield
1) The outer conductive wrapping around an inner wire or inner wires in a cable.
2)To protect the inner wire or inner wires in a cable from pick up of energy given off by such things as florescent lights.

Shielded Cable
Cable that has a shield around an inner conductor or inner conductors.

Shock Mount
An elastic mount for the microphone that reduces movement of the microphone when the stand moves (because of floor vibrations from footsteps, etc.).

Short (Short Circuit)
A direct connection between two points in a circuit that (usually) should not be connected.

Short Delay
Delay times under 20 milliseconds.

Shortest Digital Path
The routing of the digital audio signal so that there is a minimum amount of D/A conversion, A/D conversion or Sample Rate conversion.

Shortest Path
A technique in recording that routes the signal through the least amount of active (amplified) devices during recording.

Shotgun Microphone
A microphone with a long line filter (a tube that acoustically cancels sound arriving from the side) to make the microphone pick up much better in one direction than in any other direction.

Shuttle
1) A technique of stopping the fast winding (either fast-forward or rewind) of tape in older tape machines where the engineer put the tape machine in the opposite fast mode and pressed stop after the machine just started to reverse direction.
2) Moving the reels by hand so that the tape moves past the desired point first in one direction, then in another direction, back and forth.
3) A control, which moves the sound track either forward or backward when the control is moved off a centre point either, left or right.

Sibilance
Energy from a voice centred around 7 kHz caused by pronouncing 's', 'sh' or 'ch' sounds.

Sidechain
The control circuit of a dynamics processing device.

Signal
1) In audio, an alternating current (or voltage) matching the waveform of, or being originally obtained from a sound pressure wave.
2) Also in audio, an alternating current (or voltage) between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.
3) A digital audio bit stream.

Signal Flow
The path that a signal moves through an audio system such as a console.

Signal Generator
Same as Audio Oscillator (a device which puts out test tones at various frequencies for testing purposes).

Signal Path
The way in which current does or may travel in a circuit or through a device.

Signal Processing
Changing the sound of the instrument or other sound source with equalizers, limiters, compressors and other devices thereby 'processing' them to be recorded onto a master.

Signal-to-Error Ratio
The level difference between the signal and the noise and distortion caused by converting analog audio signals into digital audio and then back into analog.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The amount of dB lower the noise is as compared to the signal.

Sine Wave
The waveform that would be obtained from a vibrating source that was vibrating at just one frequency (making a pure tone).

Single-D
A term that is short for Single Port Distance, and describing a microphone where there is one distance between the port and the diaphragm.

Slap Echo
One distinct repeat added to one or more instrument sounds in the mix which creates a very live sound similar to what you would hear in an arena.

Slate
1) The voice recorded onto the beginning of a master tape to identify the tune and take, or the action of making it.
2) The circuit or control which allows you to slate masters.

Slave
The transport, which adjusts speed to be in time with the master transport when two machines are synced together.

Slide
A control that has a knob which moves in a straight line and which outputs part of an input voltage according to the position of the knob.

Slider
Usually found on an EQ of a soundboard. These turn things up or down by a 'sliding' movement rather than the rotary movement employed by knobs.

Smart FSK
An FSK (Frequency Shift Key) sync signal where the beginning of each measure has an identification message giving the measure number.

SMPTE
1) Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, a professional society.
2) A term loosely used to mean SMPTE Time Code.

SMPTE Time Code
A standardized timing and sync signal specified by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers.

Snake
In large systems, this long bundle of cords connects the things on the stage (amps, mics...) to the things at the sound booth (mixer, effects, EQs etc).

Snare
1) Short for Snare Drum, the medium size drum directly in front of a sitting drummer which has metal strands drawn across the bottom head which rattle when the drum is hit.
2) The metal (or animal gut) strands stretched across the bottom head of the snare drum.

Sock Cymbal
An alternate name for High-Hat (a double cymbal on a stand which can be played with a foot pedal or by the top cymbal being hit with a stick).

Soft Key
Short for Software Key; another name for a function key, (a key which has a different function depending on the programming of a computer and as shown on a menu screen) especially when it is a button on a device that has an internal computer.

Soft Knee
Generic name for dbx Corporation's registered trade name of 'Over-Easy.' (named for the gradual change of compression ratio around the threshold making it difficult to detect when compression is taking place).

Soft Knob
Short for Software Knob; a knob used in computer-controlled devices which has a different function depending on the programming of the computer.

Soft Sound Source
A low-volume instrument such as an acoustic guitar.

Software
Digital data and commands that tell a computer what functions to do, often stored on a floppy disc called a program disc.

Solder
A soft mixture of metals used to make a bond between two metal surfaces by melting. In audio work the mixture is usually tin and lead which is used in permanently connecting wires to terminals.

Soldering
The action of making connections with solder (a soft mixture of metals used to make a bond between two metal surfaces by melting).

Solid State
In electronics, using transistors and semiconductor devices rather than tubes.

Solo
1) A circuit in a console that allows just one channel (or several selected channels) to be heard or to reach the output.
2) In music, the instrument or segment where an instrument is the featured instrument for a short period, often playing a melody.

Solo Switch
A switch that activates the solo function (allowing just selected channels to be heard or to reach the output).

Song Pointer
Short for MIDI Clock With Song Pointer (time data in the MIDI signal that advances one step each 1/24 of a beat - used to sync two sequencers together and which also has a number signal for each measure indicating the number of measures into the tune).

Song Position Pointer
The full name for Song Pointer.

Sound
1) Moving pressure variations in air caused by something vibrating between 20 times a second and 20,000 times a second or similar variations in other substances like water.
2) Loosely, any audio signal regardless of its energy form.

Sound Absorption
Same as Acoustical Absorption (the action or quality of a surface or substance to absorb sound rather than reflect it).

Sound Blanket
A thick blanket that can be put on floors or hung to help prevent sound reflections.

Sound Check
A thorough test of the sound system before a performance. This will include checking each speaker cabinet individually, and each playback device. In the case of a live concert, this is the session when each instrument is played in turn for the sound engineer to check and fine-tune the sound.

Sound Effects
Sounds like door closings, wind, etc. added to film or video shots; sounds other than dialogue, narration or music.

Sound File (Soundfile)
A digital audio recording that can be stored in a computer or on a digital storage medium (such as a hard disc).

Sound Level
A shortening of the term Sound Pressure Level (a measure of the sound pressure created by a sound).

Sound Level Meter
A device that measures the sound pressure levels.

Sound Module
The signal-generator portion of a synthesizer or a sample playback unit that sends out an audio signal according to incoming MIDI messages and does not have keys to play it.

Sound Patch
Full name of the term Patch

Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
A measure of the sound pressure present; dB above the Threshold of Hearing (.0002 Microbars).

Sound Pressure Wave
Alternate compressions (compacting together) and rarefactions (spreading apart) of air particles moving away from something that is vibrating between 20 and 20,000 times a second or a similar occurrence in another substance (such as water).

Sound Quality
A microphone characteristic of how well the diaphragm movement matches the pressure changes of a sound pressure wave reaching it, especially sudden changes.

Sound Reinforcement
Amplifying a voice just enough so that it can be heard, without the audience being aware that it is being amplified (ideally!)

Sound Source
Something that vibrates between 20 times a second and 20,000 times a second and therefore makes a sound pressure wave.

Sound Tools
A trademark of DigiDesign for a digital audio editing system.

Sound Track
The audio recording, especially the audio recording on film or video tape.

Sound Wave
Short for Sound Pressure Wave (a wave of pressure changes moving away from something that is vibrating between 20 times a second and 20,000 times a second).

Source
Input mode on a tape machine where the meters and the output of the machine's electronics will be the signal arriving at the input connector.

Space Echo
An effect of repeating echoes of a sound.

Spaced Cardioid
A far-distant micing technique of placing cardioid microphones a distance apart (usually about 6 inches) pointing away from each other by 90 degrees.

Spaced Omni
Placing two microphones with omni directional patterns 4 to 8 feet apart where one microphone picks up the left side and one microphone picks up the right side.

Spaced Pair
Any two microphones spaced to get a stereo pickup especially using the Spaced Omni or Spaced Cardioid techniques.

SPDIF
Shortened from the first letters of Sony/Phillips Digital Interface, a standard for sending and receiving digital audio signals using the common RCA connector.

Speaker
1) A device that changes electrical signals to sound which can be heard; a transducer changing the electrical audio signal into a sound pressure wave.
2) The part of the system that physically produces the sound.

Speaker Cabinet
The box that holds the speakers.

Speaker Out
A high power signal leaves the power amp through this jack on it's way to the speaker.

Speaker Out Direct
Feeding the signal from the speaker output of an instrument amplifier to the recording console without using a microphone.

Speakon Connector
A type of shielded, locking multipin speaker connector which can safely carry the high currents from an amplifier needed to drive large speaker systems. Available in 4- or 8-way types, and ideal for bi-amplified systems. The cable version of the connector is male, and the panel mount connector is female.