1) Historical region 
Transoxiana (also spelled Transoxania), known in Arabic and Persian sources as Mawarannahr (ماوراء النهر), is the ancient name used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan. Geographically, it is the region between the Amu Darya (Ώξ...