
1) Atmospheric radiation
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https://www.crosswordclues.com/clue/solar-constant

The solar constant, a measure of flux density, is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation (the solar irradiance) per unit area that would be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays, at a distance of one astronomical unit (AU) (roughly the mean distance from the Sun to the Earth). The solar constant includes all types of solar ...
Found on
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_constant

The electromagnetic radiation from the Sun that falls on a unit area of surface normal to the line from the Sun, per unit time, outside the atmosphere, at one astronomical unit.
Found on
http://www.braeunig.us/space/glossary.htm

the total radiation energy received from the Sun per unit of time per unit of area on a theoretical surface perpendicular to the Sun`s rays and at ... [2 related articles]
Found on
http://www.britannica.com/eb/a-z/s/121

The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth on a surface perpendicular to the Sun's rays; it equals 1,353 watts per square meter (492 BTU per square foot) at Earth's upper atmosphere and about 1,000 watts per square meter at sea level at the equator at solar noon.
Found on
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/AE_solar_constant.html

The rate at which solar energy, at all wavelengths, is received per unit area at the top level of Earth's atmosphere. The solar constant actually varies by about 0.3% over the 11-year solar cycle but averages about 1,368 W/m
2. Each planet has its own planetary solar constant, ...
Found on
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/solar_constant.html

The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth's upper atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the sun's rays; equal to 1353 Watts per square meter or 492 Btu per square foot.
Found on
http://www.electromn.com/glossary/s.htm

radiance produced by the extraterrestrial solar radiation on a surface perpendicular to the Sun's rays at mean Sun-Earth distance NOTE - ?
e,o = (1367 ± 7) W • m
- 2.
Found on
http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=845-09-78

The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth's upper atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the sun's rays; equal to 1353 Watts per square meter or 492 Btu per square foot.
Found on
http://www.encyclo.co.uk/local/21690

A term used to describe the average quantity of solar insolation received by a horizontal surface at the edge of the Earth's atmosphere. This value is approximately 1370 Watts per square meter.
Found on
http://www.physicalgeography.net/physgeoglos/s.html

[
n] - the rate at which radiant solar energy is received at the outer layer of the earth`s atmosphere
Found on
http://www.webdictionary.co.uk/definition.php?query=solar%20constant

solar constant The total radiant energy received vertically from the sun, per unit area per unit of time, at a position just outside the earth's atmosphere when the earth is at its average distance from the sun.
Found on
http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/1978/2

The rate at which solar energy is received just outside the Earth's atmosphere on a surface that is normal to the incident radiation and at the mean distance of the Earth from the sun. The current value is 0.140 watt/cm2.
Found on
https://www.encyclo.co.uk/local/20128
noun the rate at which radiant solar energy is received at the outer layer of the earth`s atmosphere
Found on
https://www.encyclo.co.uk/local/20974

The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth's upper atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the sun's rays; equal to 1353 Watts per square meter or 492 Btu per square foot.
Found on
https://www.encyclo.co.uk/local/22819
No exact match found.