1) Haphazardly 
The SLAPD (Standalone LDAP Daemon) and SLURPD (Stand-alone LDAP update replication daemon) originally evolved within the long-running project that developed the LDAP protocol. Today, many LDAP Server Implementations are derived from the same code base of the original SLAPD and/or evolutions of it. == University of Michigan == Tim Howes of the Univ...