1) Arks 2) Asyla 3) Havens 4) Lairs 5) Oases 6) Retreats 1) Safe places 
Prey may be completely free from predation within a spatial or temporal refuge. Spatial refuges can take a variety of forms between two extremes (i) where a constant proportion of the prey are protected and (ii) where a constant number are protected. Temporal refuges occur where prey and predators do not completely overlap in time thereby tending to protect a constant proportion of the prey....