1) Chemical process 
The Penex Process is a continuous catalytic process used in the refining of crude oil. It isomerizes light straight run naphtha (C5/C6) into higher-octane, branched C5/C6 molecules. It was first used commercially in 1958. The Penex process uses fixed-bed catalysts containing chlorides. A single pass of feedstock with an octane rating of 50-60 thro...