1) Kernel 
The KERNAL is Commodore`s name for the ROM-resident operating system core in its 8-bit home computers; from the original PET of 1977, followed by the extended but strongly related versions used in its successors; the VIC-20, Commodore 64, Plus/4, C16, and C128. The Commodore 8-bit machines` KERNAL consisted of the low-level, close-to-the-hardwar.....