1) Historical region of Iran 
Chaghaniyan (چغانیان Chaghāniyān) or al-Saghaniyan in the Arabic sources, was a historical region located on the right bank of the Oxus River, to the south of Samarkand. In the late 7th and 8th centuries it was ruled by a local magnate, called in Persian sources the Chaghān-khudā. These rulers were most likely of Iranian stock. Eventual...