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Wild Packets - Networking terms Category: Agriculture and Industry > Networking terms Date & country: 24/02/2017, USA Words: 1152

Host
In terminal emulation, the remote computer that is being controlled by the terminal emulation software.

Host Node
SNA subarea node that contains an SSCP.

Host Number
Part of an IP address that designates which node on the subnetwork is being addressed. Also called a host address.

Hot Standby Router Protocol
See HSRP.

HPCC
High Performance Computing and Communications. U.S. government funded program advocating advances in computing, communications, and related fields. The HPCC is designed to ensure US. leadership in these fields through education, research and development, industry collaboration, and implementation of high-performance technology. The five components of the HPCC are ASTA, BRHR, HPCS, IITA, and NREN.

HPCS
High Performance Computing Systems. Component of the HPCC program designed to ensure US. technological leadership in high-performance computing through research and development of computing systems and related software. See also HPCC.

HPR
High Performance Routing. Second-generation routing algorithm for APPN. HPR provides a connectionless layer with nondisruptive routing of sessions around link failures, and a connection-oriented layer with end-to-end flow control, error control, and sequencing. Compare to ISR. See also APPN.

HSRP
Hot Standby Router Protocol. Provides high network availability and transparent network topology changes. HSRP creates a Hot Standby router group with a lead router that services all packets sent to the Hot Standby address. The lead router is monitored by other routers in the group, and if it fails, one of the standby routers inherits the lead position and the Hot Standby group address.

HSSI
High-Speed Serial Interface. Network standard for high-speed (up to 52 Mbps) serial connections over WAN links.

HTML
Hypertext markup language. Simple hypertext document formatting language that uses tags to indicate how a given part of a document should be interpreted by a viewing application, such as a WWW browser. See also hypertext and WWW browser.

Hub
1. Generally, a term used to describe a device that serves as the center of a star-topology network. 2. Hardware of software devices that contains multiple independent but connected modules of network and internetwork equipment. Hubs can be active (where they repeat signals sent through them) or passive (where they do not repeat, but merely split, signals sent through them). 3. In Ethernet and IEEE 802.3, an Ethernet multiport repeater, sometimes referred to as a concentrator.

Hybrid Network
Internetwork made up of more than one type of network technology, including LANs and WANs.

Hypertext
Electronically-stored text that allows direct access to other texts by way of encoded links. Hypertext documents can be created using HTML, and often integrate images, sound, and other media that are commonly viewed using a WWW browser. See also HTML and WWW browser.

IAB
Internet Architecture Board. Board of internetwork researchers who discuss issues pertinent to Internet architecture. Responsible for appointing a variety of Internet-related groups such as the IANA, IESG, and IRSG. The IAB is appointed by the trustees of the ISOC. See also IANA, IESG, IRSG, and ISOC.

IANA
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Organization operated under the auspices of the ISOC as a part of the IAB. IANA delegates authority for IP address-space allocation and domain-name assignment to the NIC and other organizations. IANA also maintains a database of assigned protocol identifiers used in the TCP/IP stack, including autonomous system numbers. See also IAB, ISOC, and NIC.

ICD
International Code Designator. One of two ATM address formats developed by the ATM forum for use by private networks. Adapted from the subnetwork model of addressing in which the ATM layer is responsible for mapping network layer addresses to ATM addresses. See also DCC.

ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol. Network layer Internet protocol that reports errors and provides other information relevant to IP packet processing. Documented in RFC 792.

Icon
A pictographic symbol used to represent a computer concept or operation.

IDI
Initial domain identifier. In OSI, the portion of the NSAP that specifies the domain.

IDN
International Data Number. See X.121.

IDP
Initial domain part. The part of a CLNS address that contains an authority and format identifier and a domain identifier.

IDPR
Interdomain Policy Routing. Interdomain routing protocol that dynamically exchanges policies between autonomous systems. IDPR encapsulates interautonomous system traffic and routes it according to the policies of each autonomous system along the path. IDPR is currently an IETF proposal. See also policy routing.

IDRP
IS-IS Interdomain Routing Protocol. OSI protocol that specifies how routers communicate with routers in different domains.

IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission. Industry group that writes and distributes standards for electrical products and components.

IEEE
The Institute or Electrical and Electronic Engineers, a non-profit organization that, among many other activities, endeavors to coordinate, synthesize and promote data networking standards.

IEEE 802.1
IEEE specification that describes an algorithm that prevents bridging loops by creating a spanning tree. The algorithm was invented by Digital Equipment Corporation. The Digital algorithm and the IEEE 802.1 algorithm are not exactly the same, nor are they compatible. See also spanning tree, spanning-tree algorithm, and Spanning-Tree Protocol.

IEEE 802.12
IEEE LAN standard that specifies the physical layer and the MAC sublayer of the data link layer. IEEE 802.12 uses the demand priority media-access scheme at 100 Mbps over a variety of physical media. See also 100VG-AnyLAN.

IEEE 802.2
The committee of the IEEE charged with the responsibility of coordinating standards at the Data Link Layer. The committee also oversees the work of many sub-committees that govern individual Data Link standards such as the 802.3 standard.

IEEE 802.3
IEEE LAN protocol that specifies an implementation of the physical layer and the MAC sublayer of the data link layer. IEEE 802.3 uses CSMA/CD access at a variety of speeds over a variety of physical media. Extensions to the IEEE 802.3 standard specify implementations for Fast Ethernet. Physical variations of the original IEEE 802.3 specifications include 10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseF, 10BaseT, and 10Broad36. Physical variations for fast ethernet include 100BaseT, 100BaseT4, and 100BaseX.

IEEE 802.4
IEEE LAN protocol that specifies an implementation of the physical layer and the MAC sublayer of the data link layer. IEEE 802.4 uses token-passing access over a bus topology and is based on the token bus LAN architecture. See also token bus.

IEEE 802.5
IEEE LAN protocol that specifies an implementation of the physical layer and MAC sublayer of the data link layer. IEEE 802.5 uses token passing access at 4 or 16 Mbps over STP cabling and is similar to IBM Token Ring. See also Token Ring.

IEEE 802.6
IEEE MAN specification based on DQDB technology. IEEE 802.6 supports data rates of 1.5 to 155 Mbps. See also DQDB.

IESG
Internet Engineering Steering Group. Organization, appointed by the IAB, that manages the operation of the IETF. See also IAB and IETF.

IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force. Task force consisting of over 80 working groups responsible for developing Internet standards. The IETF operates under the auspices of ISOC. See also ISOC.

IGMP
Internet Group Management Protocol. Used by IP hosts to report their multicast group memberships to an adjacent multicast router.

IGP
Interior Gateway Protocol. Internet protocol used to exchange routing information within an autonomous system. Examples of common Internet IGPs include IGRP, OSPF, and RIP. See also IGRP, OSPF, and RIP.

IGRP
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. IGP developed by Cisco to address the problems associated with routing in large, heterogeneous networks. Compare with Enhanced IGRP. See also IGP, OSPF, and RIP.

IIH
IS-IS Hello. Message sent by all IS-IS systems to maintain adjacencies. See also IS-IS.

IITA
Information Infrastructure Technology and Applications. Component of the HPCC program intended to ensure U.S. leadership in the development of advanced information technologies. See also HPCC.

ILMI
Interim Local Management Interface. Specification developed by the ATM Forum for incorporating network-management capabilities in the ATM UNI.

IMP
Interface message processor. Old name for ARPANET packet switches. An IMP is now referred to as a PSN (packet-switch node). See also PSN (packet-switch node).

Impedance
A measure of the opposition to the flow of an alternating signal by its media.

Implementation
The physical manifestation of a network standard or design.

Internet protocol
Any protocol that is part of the TCP/IP protocol stack. See TCP/IP.

In-band signaling
Transmission within a frequency range normally used for information transmission. Compare with out-of-band signaling.

Infrared
1. A portion of electromagnetic spectrum situated between visible light and microwaves. 2. A means of short distance wireless networking that depends on an unobstructed line of sight path.

INIT
Archaic. A Macintosh System Extension.

Initialization
The entry of a set of process parameters (performed by a human or automatically loaded from a file) that are necessary to begin a software process.

INOC
Internet Network Operations Center. BBN group that in the early days of the Internet monitored and controlled the Internet core gateways (routers). INOC no longer exists in this form.

Instance
In statistical analysis, the single occurrence of a phenomena or event.

Insulator
A material that is highly resistant to electrical and/or thermal conduction.

Insured Burst
The largest burst of data above the insured rate that will be temporarily allowed on a PVC and not tagged by the traffic policing function for dropping in the case of network congestion. The insured burst is specified in bytes or cells. Compare with maximum burst. See also insured rate.

Insured Rate
The long-term data throughput, in bits or cells per second, that an ATM network commits to support under normal network conditions. The insured rate is 100 percent allocated; the entire amount is deducted from the total trunk bandwidth along the path of the circuit. Compare with excess rate and maximum rate. See also insured burst.

Insured Traffic
Traffic within the insured rate specified for the PVC. This traffic should not be dropped by the network under normal network conditions. See also CLP and insured rate.

Integrated IS-IS
Routing protocol based on the OSI routing protocol IS-IS but with support for IP and other protocols. Integrated IS-IS implementations send only one set of routing updates, making it more efficient than two separate implementations. Formerly referred to as Dual IS-IS. Compare IS-IS.

Integrity
In networking, a desirable condition where the information received is exactly equal to the information sent.

Intelligence
The ability of a system to use general information to respond appropriately to specific events.

Interarea Routing
Term used to describe routing between two or more logical areas. Compare with intra-area routing.

Interface
1. Connection between two systems or devices. 2. In routing terminology, a network connection. 3. In telephony, a shared boundary defined by common physical interconnection characteristics, signal characteristics, and meanings of interchanged signals. 4. The boundary between adjacent layers of the OSI model.

Interference
Unwanted communication channel noise.

Interference
(EMI) example is the radiation from a fluorescent light, which emits abroad spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including radiationthat may be harmful to a signal not protected by either shielding oradequate twisting.

Internet
1. The worldwide system of linked networks that is capable of exchanging mail and data through a common addressing and naming system based on TCP/IP protocols. 2. Any group of linked networks capable of exchanging electronic mail and data using a common protocol.

Internet Address
An address that identifies a communication entity on an internet.

Internet Node
In AppleTalk, the combination of network and node address that

Internet Router
A router that uses the rules of one or more Network Layer protocols to forward packets between networks.

Internet Socket
In AppleTalk, the combination of network, node and socket

Internetwork
Collection of networks interconnected by routers and other devices that functions generally) as a single network. Sometimes called an internet, which is not to be confused with the Internet.

Internetworking
General term used to refer to the industry that has arisen around the problem of connecting networks together. The term can refer to products, procedures, and technologies.

Interoperability
Ability of computing equipment manufactured by different vendors to communicate with one another successfully over the network.

Intra-area Routing
Term used to describe routing within a logical area. Compare with interarea routing.

Inverse ARP
Inverse Address Resolution Protocol. Method of building dynamic routes in a network. Allows an access server to discover the network address of a device associated with a virtual circuit.

IP
Internet Protocol. The Network Layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack offering a connectionless internetwork service. IP provides features for addressing, type-of-service. IP provides features for addressing, type-of-service specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and security. Documented in RFC 791.

IP Address
32-bit address assigned to hosts using TCP/IP. An IP address belongs to one of five classes (A, B, C, D, or E) and is written as 4 octets separated with periods (dotted decimal format). Each address consists of a network number, an optional subnet work number, and a host number. The network and subnetwork numbers together are used for routing, while the host number is used to address an individual host within the network or subnetwork. A subnet mask is used to extract network and subnetwork information from the IP address. Also called an Internet address. See also IP and subnet mask.

IP Multicast
Routing technique that allows IP traffic to be propagated from one source to a number of destinations or from many sources to many destinations. Rather than sending one packet to each destination, one packet is sent to a multicast group identified by a single IP destination group address.

IPSO
IP Security Option. US. government specification that defines an optional field in the IP packet header that defines hierarchical packet security levels on a per interface basis.

IPX
Internetwork Packet Exchange. A protocol family that is proprietary to the Novell Netware system.

IPXWAN
Protocol that negotiates end-to-end options for new links. When a link comes up, the first IPX packets sent across are IPXWAN packets negotiating the options for the link. When the IPXWAN options have been successfully determined, normal IPX transmission begins. Defined by RFC 1362.

IRDP
ICMP Router Discover Protocol. Enables a host to determine the address of a router that it can use as a default gateway. Similar to ES-IS, but used with IP. See also ES-IS.

IRN
Intermediate routing node. In SNA, a subarea node with intermediate routing capability.

IRSG
Internet Research Steering Group. Group that is part of the IAB and oversees the activities of the IRTF. See also IAB and IRTF.

IRTF
Internet Research Task Force. Community of network experts that consider Internet-related research topics. The IRTF is governed by the IRSG and is considered a subsidiary of the IAB. See also IAB and IRSG.

IS
Intermediate system. Routing node in an OSI network.

ISA
Industry-Standard Architecture. 16-bit bus used for Intel-based personal computers. See also EISA.

Isarithmic Flow Control
Flow control technique in which permits travel through the network. Possession of these permits grants the right to transmit. Isarithmic flow control is not commonly implemented.

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network. Communication protocol, offered by telephone companies, that permits telephone networks to carry data, voice, and other source traffic. See also BISDN, BRI, N-ISDN, and PRI.

IS-IS
Intermediate System to Intermediate System. A dynamic routing protocol for IP.

ISO
International organization that is responsible for a wide range of standards, including those relevant to networking. ISO developed the OSI reference model, a popular networking reference model.

ISO 3309
HDLC procedures developed by ISO. ISO 3309:1979 specifies the HDLC frame structure for use in synchronous environments. ISO 3309:1984 specifies proposed modifications to allow the use of HDLC in asynchronous environments as well.

ISO 9000
Set of international quality-management standards defined by ISO. The standards, which are not specific to any country, industry, or product, allow companies to demonstrate that they have specific processes in place to maintain an efficient quality system.

ISOC
Internet Society. International nonprofit organization, founded in 1992, that coordinates the evolution and use of the Internet. In addition, ISOC delegates authority to other groups related to the Internet, such as the IAB. ISOC is headquartered in Reston, Virginia, U.S.A. See also IAB.

Isochronous Transmission
Asynchronous transmission over a synchronous data link. Isochronous signals require a constant bit rate for reliable transport. Compare with asynchronous transmission, plesiochronous transmission, and synchronous transmission.

ISODE
ISO development environment. Large set of libraries and utilities used to develop upper-layer OSI protocols and applications.

ISR
Intermediate Session Routing. Initial routing algorithm used in APPN. ISR provides node-to-node connection-oriented routing. Network outages cause sessions to fail because ISR cannot provide nondisruptive rerouting around a failure. ISR has been replaced by HPR. Compare with HPR. See also APPN.

ISSI
Inter-Switching System Interface. Standard interface between SMDS switches.

ITU-T
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector. International body that develops worldwide standards for telecommunications technologies. The ITU-T carries out the functions of the former CCITT. See also CCITT.

Jack
The female connector.

Jacket
The protective outer covering of a computer or network cable.

JANET
Joint Academic Network. X.25 WAN connecting university and research institutions in the United Kingdom.

Jitter
The difference between a real signal and its ideal due to distortion.

Jumper
Electrical switch consisting of a number of pins and a connector that can be attached to the pins in a variety of different ways. Different circuits are created by attaching the connector to different pins.