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EAA - Air travel index Category: Travel and Transportation > Air transport Date & country: 18/11/2013, USA Words: 213

horsepower
(HP) The motive energy required to raise 550# one foot in one second, friction disregarded. With any rotating engine HP can be determined by multiplying the torque and the revolutions per minute (RPM) and dividing by 5,252.

high blower
A blower-type SUPERCHARGER set at high rpm.

high-speed stall
Any stall made to occur at more than 1g, such as pulling out of a dive or while turning. Also see SECONDARY STALL or ACCELERATED STALL.

hall effect
Generation of an electric potential perpendicular to both an electric current flowing along a conducting material and an external magnetic field applied at right angles to the current upon application of the magnetic field.

helicopter
A wingless aircraft acquiring its lift from revolving blades driven by an engine about a near-vertical axis. A ROTORCRAFT acquiring its primary motion from engine-driven rotors that accelerate the air downward, providing a reactive lift force, or accelerate the air at an angle to the vertical, providing lift and thrust.

ground loop
Usually defined as a rapid rotation of a fixed-wing aircraft in the horizontal plane while on the ground. In powered aircraft, the ground loop phenomenon is predominantly associated with aircraft that have conventional landing gear and is typically blamed on the center of gravity being positioned behind the main wheels.

gyroplane
A rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-driven, except for initial starting, but are made to rotate by action of the air when the rotorcraft is moving and whose means of propulsion, usually a conventional propeller, is independent of the rotor system. Similar to AUTOGYRO.

glass cockpit
Said of an aircraft's control cabin which has all-electronic, digital and computer-based, instrumentation.

glider
An unpowered aircraft capable of maintaining altitude only briefly after release from tow, then gliding to earth. Compare SAILPLANE.

gross weight
The total weight of an aircraft when fully loaded, including fuel, cargo, and passengers; aka Takeoff Weight.

ground effect
Increased lift generated by the interaction between a lift system and the ground when an aircraft is within a wingspan distance above the ground. It affects a low-winged aircraft more than a mid- or high-winged aircraft because its wings are closer to the ground; aka GROUND CUSHION.

gap
The distance between two adjacent wings of a biplane or multiplane.

gas turbine
An internal-combustion engine consisting essentially of an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine wheel that is turned by the expanding products of combustion.

frise aileron
A type of aileron that has a beveled or contoured leading edge projecting beyond its inset hinges. When the trailing edge is lowered, it forms an extension of the wing surface; when raised, its nose protrudes below the wing surface, protruding into the airflow increasing drag.

fuselage
An aircraft's main body structure housing the flight crew, passengers, and cargo and to which the wings, tail and, in most single-engine airplanes, engine are attached. French: fusel

flying wires
Interplane bracing wires that help support wing loads when the plane is in flight. Direction of travel is upward and outward from the fuselage to the interplane struts. Also known as LIFT WIRES, the opposite of LANDING WIRES.

fowler flap
Trademark name of a flap attached to a wing's trailing edge with a system of tracks and rollers to slide backwards before hinging downwards, thereby increasing both camber and chord, creating a larger wing surface better tuned for lower speeds. Named for its inventor, USAF engineer Harland D Fowler.

flutter
A self-starting and potentially destructive vibration where aerodynamic forces on an object couple with a structure's natural mode of vibration to produce rapid periodic motion.

flare
A simple maneuver performed moments before landing in which the nose of an aircraft is pitched up to minimize the touchdown rate of speed.

flight envelope
An aircraft's performance limits, specifically the curves of speed plotted against other variables to indicate the limits of speed, altitude, and acceleration that a particular aircraft cannot safely exceed.

floatplane
A water-based aircraft with one or more mounted pontoons, as differentiated from a hulled SEAPLANE [Flying Boat], but often used generically.

flaperon
A control surface combining the functions of a FLAP and an AILERON.

fin
The fixed part of a vertical airfoil that controls the yaw of an aircraft; the movable part being the RUDDER. Sometime referred to as Vertical Stabilizer.

firewall
A fire-resistant bulkhead that isolates the engine from other parts of an airplane's structure.

fishtailing
A rudder-controlled side-to-side [yawing] motion to reduce air speed, generally prior to landing.

flap
A movable, usually hinged AIRFOIL set in the trailing edge of an aircraft wing, designed to increase LIFT and/or DRAG by changing the CAMBER of the wing or used to slow an aircraft during landing by increasing lift. Also see FOWLER FLAP, SLOTTED FLAP, and SPLIT FLAP.

ferry flight
A flight for the purpose of (1) returning an aircraft to base; (2) delivering an aircraft from one location to another; (3) moving an aircraft to and from a maintenance base. Ferry flights, under certain conditions, may be conducted under terms in a special flight permit.

far part 137
Agricultural Aircraft Operations

far part 141
Pilot School

far part 91
General Aviation (portions apply to all operators)

fbo
Fixed-Base Operator (or Fixed Base Operation). A commercial operator supplying fuel, maintenance, flight training, and other services at an airport.

feathering
In the event of engine failure, the process of adjusting a controllable-pitch propeller to a pitch position where the blade angle is about 90

far part 135
Air Taxi Operators and Commercial Operators

far part 133
Rotorcraft External Load Operations

far part 121
Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Air Carriers and Commercial Operators of Large Aircraft

far part 123
Travel Clubs

far part 125
US Civil Airplanes, seating 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity 6,000# or more

far part 127
Air Carriers using helicopters for scheduled interstate flights (within the 48 contiguous states)

far part 129
Foreign Air Carrier and Foreign Operators of US registered aircraft engaged in common carriage

far part 103
Ultralight Vehicles

far part 105
Parachute Jumping

far part 108
Airplane Operator Security

far part 119
Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators

etd
Estimated Time of Departure.

exhaust augmenter
A tube or pipe, sometimes one of several, through which the exhaust gases from an aircraft reciprocating engine are directed to provide additional thrust or to assist the removal of engine cooling air as it exits the rear of the engine compartment.

fairing
An added streamlining structure or auxiliary member, most often of light metal, whose only purpose is to reduce drag. Fairings are not load-bearing and, therefore, are not meant to carry any principal air loads placed on the airplane structure.

eta
Estimated Time of Arrival.

empennage
An aircraft's tail group, includes rudder and fin, and stabilizer and elevator. Old French: empenner, to feather an arrow, from Latin penna, feather.

elt
Emergency Locator Transmitter, a type of distress beacon used in aircraft

elevon
A hinged device on the rear portion of an aircraft wing combining the functions of an elevator and an aileron. Usually found on delta-wing aircraft, it can be moved in the same direction on either side of the aircraft to obtain longitudinal control, or differentially to obtain lateral control. Also see FLAPERON.

elevator
The movable part of a horizontal airfoil which controls the pitch of an aircraft, the fixed part being the STABILIZER.

elephant ear
(1) An air intake characterized by twin inlets, one on each side of the fuselage. (2) A type of balanced aileron in which the outer edges are noticeably larger than the control itself. See BALANCED CONTROL SURFACE and example Travel Air 4000.

ecu
(engine control unit) is an electronic unit that controls various aspects of an internal combustion engine

eaa
(The Experimental Aircraft Association) is an international organization of aviation enthusiasts based in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Since its inception, it has grown internationally with over 170,000 members.

dynafocal engine mount
An aircraft engine mount system in which straight lines projected through the mounting bolts intersect at the center of gravity (or the center of mass) of the engine and propeller assembly. Dynafocal is a registered trademark owned by Lord Corporation and is credited for a reduction of engine vibration over that of any other design.

drift pin
Typically used in metalworking, a drift pin, drift pin punch, or simply drift is the name for a tool used in the alignment of adjoining holes prior to bolting or riveting metal parts together. Generally made from tool steel, a drift pin can be of virtually any length or diameter but sized appropriately for the task at hand. Drift pins are usually mildly tapered and act like a wedge, coercing the two (or more) pieces into alignment prior to being replaced by the fastener.

dry weight
The weight of an engine exclusive of any fuel, oil, and coolant.

drag
The resisting force exerted on an aircraft in its line of flight opposite in direction to its motion. Compare THRUST.

drag wire
A wire designed to resist DRAG forces, usually running from a forward inboard point to an outboard aft point.

dope
Preservative and pigmented coloring for fabric aircraft covering and paints, generally nitrate lacquer but generically used to denote all early shellac and coal-tar mixtures on up to present-day acrylics.

dorsal fin
A lateral fin/rudder extension on the top of a fuselage. Opposite of VENTRAL FIN.

downwash
The air deflected perpendicular to the direction of movement of an airfoil.

downwind turn
Long a point of contest among pilots, there is in reality no such thing as far as the airplane is concerned. Proponents claim that airplanes lose air speed and gets pushed from behind (potentially causing a stall) when turning downwind, while opponents (and the laws of physics) argue that an airplane, like a boat in a river whose speed is only relative to the water and not the shore, is unaffected within the movement of an air mass and that it gains only ground speed.

ding
The maximum take-off gross weight of an aircraft divided by its wing area.

density altitude
The pressure altitude corrected for temperature deviations from the standard atmosphere. Density altitude bears the same relation to pressure altitude as true altitude does to indicated altitude.

departure stall
A stall in the takeoff configuration with power.

dihedral
The acute angle, usually upward, between the wing of an airplane and a horizontal cross-section line. Opposite of ANHEDRAL.

delta-wing
A triangularly-shaped aircraft wing having a low aspect ratio, a sharply-tapered leading edge, a straight trailing edge, and a pointed tip.

cowl flap
A controllable louver to regulating airflow through an engine's COWLING.

cowl, cowling
A removable FAIRING around an aircraft engine for the purposes of streamling or cooling.

deadstick
Descending flight with engine and propeller stopped.

decalage
The difference in angular settings [angles of attack] of the wings of a biplane or multiplane.

collector ring
A circular duct on a radial engine into which exhaust gases from its cylinders are safely discharged.

contact! magazine
An independant, non-profit experimental aviation magazine started by Mick Myal in 1991. It's published bimonthly by it's editor, Patrick Panzera. Read More

collective pitch
A cockpit control that changes the PITCH of a helicopter's rotor blades; used in climbing or descending.

coaming
A padded, protective rim around an open cockpit.

center of gravity (cg or cofg)
The longitudinal and lateral point in an aircraft where it is stable; the static balance point.

chord
The measurable distance between the leading and trailing edges of a WINGFORM.

casting flash
A thin irregular ridge of metal on the outer face of a casting, resulting from seepage of the molten metal into the joint between the separate components of the mold used in its manufacture. During the final cleaning and finishing of a cast object, the flash is usually knocked off and filed smooth.

carson's speed
The term Carson

camber
The convex or concave curvature of an airfoil.

calibrated airspeed (cas)
The indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for position and instrument error. CAS is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level. Compare INDICATED AIRSPEED (IAS) and TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS).

brayton cycle
A thermodynamic cycle consisting of two constant-pressure processes interspersed with two constant-entropy processes. Also known as complete-expansion Diesel cycle, or Joule cycle. It is named after George Brayton (1830

bumped cowling
An engine FAIRING, generally circular, with welts or compound shapes in its surface to accommodate cylinder heads.

cabane strut
One of several structural members, usually vertical and sometimes streamlined, that support or otherwise connect the wing center-section from the fuselage, typically found in high-wing or biplane open-cockpit configurations.

brake specific fuel consumption
As with brake horsepower (BHP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC, or SFC) refers to the specific fuel consumption when the power is measured by an external brake

boxer or boxer engine
Any horizontally opposed engine in which the corresponding pistons reach top dead center simultaneously, such as those found in most light general aviation aircraft. Examples include Lycoming, Continental, and Franklin engines, as well as Jabiru and Rotax. Examples of automobile engines that fall into the category and are commonly converted for aircraft use include the air-cooled Volkswagen engines, Porsche, Subaru, and Chevrolet

boundary-layer control
The design or control of slotted or perforated wings with suction methods to reduce undesirable aerodynamic effects caused by the boundary layer

bowden cable
A bowden cable is a type of flexible cable used to transmit mechanical force or energy by the movement of an inner cable (most commonly of steel or stainless steel) relative to a hollow outer cable housing. The housing is generally of composite construction, consisting of a helical steel wire, often lined with plastic, and with a plastic outer sheath.

bleed air
Hot air at high pressure, usually from the bypass section of a gas turbine (or jet) engine for de-icing, heating, and other uses.

blind rivet
A hollow rivet, made from any one of a variety of materials, having a shank that is expanded by drawing (or pulling) a mandrel with a head diameter greater than the hole diameter, through the shank toward the head of the rivet. Once sufficient tension is reached, the mandrel is automatically broken off (usually inside the rivet) by the pulling action of the tool designed for the installation of this type of rivet. Developed for use where access to both sides of the working piece is not an option, the blind rivet is designed to be installed from the working side, where the installer is

avgas
A high-octane aviation fuel used for aircraft. Avgas is a portmanteau for aviation gasoline, as distinguished from MOGAS (motor gasoline), which is the everyday gasoline used in cars.

axial
Motion along a real or imaginary straight line on which an object supposedly or actually rotates.

balanced control surface
A movable control surface, as an aileron or rudder, having an added physical extension or weights forward of the hinge-point to reduce forces on a joystick or yoke and to lessen the chance for aerodynamic FLUTTER. See ELEPHANT EARS.

bernoulli effect or law or theorem
Since the pressure of a fluid is proportional to its velocity, airflow over the upper surface of an airfoil causes suction [lift] because the airstream has been speeded up in relation to positive pressure of the airflow on the lower surface.

auto-rotation
Automatic rotation of rotary blades from a HELICOPTER in an unpowered glide or the forward movement of an AUTOGYRO.

autogyro, autogiro
An aircraft, often wingless, with unpowered rotary airfoil blades that auto-rotate and serve as wings as they move through the air when mounted on a powered aircraft (or, in some cases, a glider). The latter spelling is a trademark of the Autogiro Corporation.

arm
In aircraft weight and balance, as well as load distribution, it is the distance from the CENTER OF GRAVITY (CG or CofG) to some point. For computations, arms measured forward from the c/g are positive (+n) and those measured aft of the c/g are negative (-n).

aspect ratio
The ratio of the span to the chord of an airfoil

anti-servo tab
A small portion of a flight-control surface that deploys in such a way that it works to resist the motion of the entire flight-control surface from the direction that the pilot or other forces apply to it. An anti-servo tab, unlike a traditional trim tab, is a dynamic device that increases resistance as the control surface is deployed further. Its function has a stabilizing effect.