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AGNIC - Wildlife terms
Category: Animals and Nature > Wildlife Management
Date & country: 27/09/2013, USA
Words: 917


superinfection
the acquisition of a second infection while a previous infection is still present.

superoxide dismutase
an enzyme that destroys free radicals.

supplement
a nutrient, usually in pill form, taken in addition to the normal diet.

support group
a group of peers with a common condition that meet for mutual emotional support or education.

surrogate marker
see endpoint.

susceptible
vulnerable to or potentially able to contract a disease. Also refers to a microorganism that is vulnerable or sensitive to the effects of a drug.

sustained responder
a person who maintains a long-term response to treatment. In HCV, a sustained responder has a long-term response (e.g., normal ALT levels, undetectable HCV RNA) that persists after treatment is stopped.

svr
see sustained virological response:

svr12
no virus detected at 12 weeks after completion of treatment.

svr24
no virus detected at 24 weeks after completion of treatment.

sx
see symptoms.

symmetrel
see amantadine.

symptom (sx)
any perceptible change in the anatomy or function of the body that indicates the presence of a disease or condition.

symptomatic
showing outward signs or symptoms of a disease.

syndrome
a set of symptoms or disease manifestations that occur together.

synergistic effect
The interaction of two or more drugs such that their combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects when each drug is administered alone.

synthesis
production.

systemic
affecting the whole body.

tace
see transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

taurine
an amino acid synthesized by the liver that is necessary for many bodily functions.

telbivudine (brand name tyzeka)
A nucleoside analogue medicine used to treat chronic hepatitis B produced by Idenix. Telbivudine is not recommended as first line of HBV treatment because of the high rate of drug resistance.

teratogenicity
causing birth defects or malformation of the fetus.

terminated
a study that has been stopped or discontinued before completion.

testosterone
the primary male sex hormone or a synthetic analog. Testosterone stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics and the production of sperm.

thioctic acid
see alpha lipoic acid.

thisylin
an active component of milk thistle.

thrombocytopenia
an abnormally low number of platelets, which may result in abnormal bleeding and easy bruising.

thrombocytopenic purpura
a condition caused by a lack of platelets. Small blood vessels under the skin bleed, resulting in purplish discolorations.

thrombopoietin (tpo)
a cytokine that stimulates the production of platelets.

thrombosis
development of blood clots within blood vessels or the heart.

thymic factor
a hormone produced by the thymus gland or a synthetic substance that has a similar effect. Thymic factors help promote immune system activity, and are under study as a treatment for HCV. Factors include thymosin, thymopentin, and thymopoietin.

thymopentin
see thymic factor.

thymopoietin
see thymic factor.

thymosin-alpha (zadaxin)
a thymic factor under study as a treatment for chronic HCV.

thymus gland
a gland in the chest that plays an important role in immune system function; the gland is active in children, but less so in adults.

thyroid gland
an organ at base of the neck that produces thyroxin and other hormones involved in regulating metabolism.

thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland.

tid
taken three times daily.

tinnitus
ringing or buzzing in the ears.

tma
see transcripton mediated amplification.

tocopheral
see vitamin E.

tolerability
the degree to which a drug or other agent produces adverse side effects.

topical
a medication applied to the skin surface.

toxicity (adjective toxic)
the quality of being poisonous or harmful; often used to refer to drug side effects.

toxin
a harmful or poisonous agent.

trace element
a substance needed in very small amounts for the proper functioning of the body.

traditional chinese medicine (tcm)
an ancient Asian system of healing that focuses on achieving internal balance. TCM practitioners use methods such as acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal formulas, and exercises such as t'ai chi and qigong to restore the flow of qi (vital energy) within the body.

transaminase
see aminotransferase.

transcription (verb transcribe)
the process of copying genetic material.

transfusion
the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another (or back to the donor, in the case of autologous transfusion).

transient
short-lived; not permanent.

transjugular liver biopsy
a type of liver biopsy in which a sample is taken through the jugular vein in the neck.

transmission
spread of a pathogenic organism from one person to another.

transplant
surgical transfer of an organ from one person to another.

treatment response
a favorable outcome from therapy. Several different measures are used to describe HCV treatment response, including biochemical response, histological response, end-of-treatment response, and sustained virological response.

treatment-experienced
a person who has had prior treatment for a particular condition.

treatment-naive
a person who has never been treated.

trial
see clinical trial.

triglyceride
an organic compound made up of a fatty acid plus glycerol.

trough level
the lowest level of a drug reached between doses. Contrast with peak level.

tsh
thyroid stimulating hormone.

tumor
an abnormal growth of cells. Tumors may be malignant (cancerous) or benign (harmless).

twinrix
brand name of a combination hepatitis A/hepatitis B vaccine.

tx
treatment, transplant.

type 1 diabetes
see diabetes mellitus.

type 2 diabetes
see diabetes mellitus.

ultrasonography (ultrasound)
a method of visualizing the internal parts of the body, or a fetus within the uterus, using sound waves.

unblinded
see blinding.

uncontrolled trial
a clinical trial in which all participants receive the experimental treatment and none receive a standard treatment or placebo for comparison.

undetectable (unquantifiable)
a term used to describe a viral load (amount of viral RNA) that is below the level of detection of the test being used.

univariate analysis
a statistical analysis that takes into account a single factor or variable.

universal precautions
techniques used by health-care providers (e.g., use of gloves and face masks, proper disposal of used syringes) to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

ursodiol (brand name actigall)
a bile acid derived from bears that is being studied as a treatment for HCV.

vaccine
a preparation administered to stimulate an immune response to protect a person from illness. A vaccine typically includes a small amount of a killed or inactivated microorganism, or genetically engineered pieces. A therapeutic (treatment) vaccine is given after infection and is intended to reduce or stop disease progression. A preventive (prophylactic) vaccine is intended to prevent initial infection.

variceal hemorrhage
bleeding from stretched and weakened blood vessels, especially in the esophagus or stomach.

varices (adjective variceal)
an abnormally dilated or swollen vein, artery, or lymph vessel resulting from portal hypertension.

vasculitis
blood vessel inflammation.

vein
Any of the membranous tubes that form a branching system and carry blood to the heart from other organs.

victrelis (brand name boceprevir)
an HCV protease inhibitor that is taken in combination with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin to treat people with HCV genotype 1.

viral cure
see sustained virological response.

viral hepatitis
a type of hepatitis caused by a virus. The most common types are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.

viral load
the amount of virus in the blood or other tissues, usually expressed in terms of copies of viral genetic material (RNA or DNA). The presence of genetic material indicates that a virus is actively replicating.

viral load test
an assay that measures viral load; the bDNA, PCR, and TMA tests are most often used to determine HCV viral load.

viral response
see virological response.

viramidine
a prodrug of ribavirin under study to treat chronic HCV.

viremia (adjective viremic)
the presence of a virus in the blood.

virion
a complete virus particle.

virological failure
failure of a treatment to suppress a virus.

virological response
reduction in viral replication in response to treatment. In HCV, a complete virological response means that a person's HCV RNA becomes undetectable with treatment.

virology
the study of viruses and diseases caused by viruses.

virulence (adjective virulent)
aggressiveness, ability to cause disease.

virus
a microscopic infectious organism that is unable to grow or replicate outside of a host cell. Viruses integrate their genetic material (DNA or RNA) into a host cell and take over the cell's biological mechanisms to reproduce new virus particles.

vitamin
an organic substance that acts as a coenzyme or regulator of metabolic processes; vitamins are crucial for many vital bodily functions.

vitamin a
a fat-soluble vitamin synthesized from beta carotene within the body that has antioxidant properties and is important for proper immune system functioning. Excess vitamin A can be toxic to the liver.

vitamin b
a complex of several important vitamins including B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin).

vitamin b12 (cobalamin)
a vitamin needed for red blood cell production and DNA synthesis and repair. Vitamin B12 deficiency may result in anemia, neurological dysfunction, and changes in mental status.

vitamin c (ascorbic acid)
an antioxidant vitamin that protects cells from oxidative damage. Vitamin C deficiency may result in poor healing, easy bruising and anemia.

vitamin d
a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for mineral metabolism and which may play a role in immune function. Excess vitamin D can be toxic to the liver.

vitamin e (tocopherol)
an antioxidant vitamin that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage.

vitamin k
a substance important for blood clotting.