Copy of `AGNIC - Wildlife terms`
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AGNIC - Wildlife terms
Category: Animals and Nature > Wildlife Management
Date & country: 27/09/2013, USA Words: 917
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superinfectionthe acquisition of a second infection while a previous infection is still present.
superoxide dismutasean enzyme that destroys free radicals.
supplementa nutrient, usually in pill form, taken in addition to the normal diet.
support groupa group of peers with a common condition that meet for mutual emotional support or education.
surrogate markersee endpoint.
susceptiblevulnerable to or potentially able to contract a disease. Also refers to a microorganism that is vulnerable or sensitive to the effects of a drug.
sustained respondera person who maintains a long-term response to treatment. In HCV, a sustained responder has a long-term response (e.g., normal ALT levels, undetectable HCV RNA) that persists after treatment is stopped.
svrsee sustained virological response:
svr12no virus detected at 12 weeks after completion of treatment.
svr24no virus detected at 24 weeks after completion of treatment.
sxsee symptoms.
symmetrelsee amantadine.
symptom (sx)any perceptible change in the anatomy or function of the body that indicates the presence of a disease or condition.
symptomaticshowing outward signs or symptoms of a disease.
syndromea set of symptoms or disease manifestations that occur together.
synergistic effectThe interaction of two or more drugs such that their combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects when each drug is administered alone.
synthesisproduction.
systemicaffecting the whole body.
tacesee transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.
taurinean amino acid synthesized by the liver that is necessary for many bodily functions.
telbivudine (brand name tyzeka)A nucleoside analogue medicine used to treat chronic hepatitis B produced by Idenix. Telbivudine is not recommended as first line of HBV treatment because of the high rate of drug resistance.
teratogenicitycausing birth defects or malformation of the fetus.
terminateda study that has been stopped or discontinued before completion.
testosteronethe primary male sex hormone or a synthetic analog. Testosterone stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics and the production of sperm.
thioctic acidsee alpha lipoic acid.
thisylinan active component of milk thistle.
thrombocytopeniaan abnormally low number of platelets, which may result in abnormal bleeding and easy bruising.
thrombocytopenic purpuraa condition caused by a lack of platelets. Small blood vessels under the skin bleed, resulting in purplish discolorations.
thrombopoietin (tpo)a cytokine that stimulates the production of platelets.
thrombosisdevelopment of blood clots within blood vessels or the heart.
thymic factora hormone produced by the thymus gland or a synthetic substance that has a similar effect. Thymic factors help promote immune system activity, and are under study as a treatment for HCV. Factors include thymosin, thymopentin, and thymopoietin.
thymopentinsee thymic factor.
thymopoietinsee thymic factor.
thymosin-alpha (zadaxin)a thymic factor under study as a treatment for chronic HCV.
thymus glanda gland in the chest that plays an important role in immune system function; the gland is active in children, but less so in adults.
thyroid glandan organ at base of the neck that produces thyroxin and other hormones involved in regulating metabolism.
thyroiditisinflammation of the thyroid gland.
tidtaken three times daily.
tinnitusringing or buzzing in the ears.
tmasee transcripton mediated amplification.
tocopheralsee vitamin E.
tolerabilitythe degree to which a drug or other agent produces adverse side effects.
topicala medication applied to the skin surface.
toxicity (adjective toxic)the quality of being poisonous or harmful; often used to refer to drug side effects.
toxina harmful or poisonous agent.
trace elementa substance needed in very small amounts for the proper functioning of the body.
traditional chinese medicine (tcm)an ancient Asian system of healing that focuses on achieving internal balance. TCM practitioners use methods such as acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal formulas, and exercises such as t'ai chi and qigong to restore the flow of qi (vital energy) within the body.
transaminasesee aminotransferase.
transcription (verb transcribe)the process of copying genetic material.
transfusionthe transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another (or back to the donor, in the case of autologous transfusion).
transientshort-lived; not permanent.
transjugular liver biopsya type of liver biopsy in which a sample is taken through the jugular vein in the neck.
transmissionspread of a pathogenic organism from one person to another.
transplantsurgical transfer of an organ from one person to another.
treatment responsea favorable outcome from therapy. Several different measures are used to describe HCV treatment response, including biochemical response, histological response, end-of-treatment response, and sustained virological response.
treatment-experienceda person who has had prior treatment for a particular condition.
treatment-naivea person who has never been treated.
trialsee clinical trial.
triglyceridean organic compound made up of a fatty acid plus glycerol.
trough levelthe lowest level of a drug reached between doses. Contrast with peak level.
tshthyroid stimulating hormone.
tumoran abnormal growth of cells. Tumors may be malignant (cancerous) or benign (harmless).
twinrixbrand name of a combination hepatitis A/hepatitis B vaccine.
txtreatment, transplant.
type 1 diabetessee diabetes mellitus.
type 2 diabetessee diabetes mellitus.
ultrasonography (ultrasound)a method of visualizing the internal parts of the body, or a fetus within the uterus, using sound waves.
unblindedsee blinding.
uncontrolled triala clinical trial in which all participants receive the experimental treatment and none receive a standard treatment or placebo for comparison.
undetectable (unquantifiable)a term used to describe a viral load (amount of viral RNA) that is below the level of detection of the test being used.
univariate analysisa statistical analysis that takes into account a single factor or variable.
universal precautionstechniques used by health-care providers (e.g., use of gloves and face masks, proper disposal of used syringes) to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
ursodiol (brand name actigall)a bile acid derived from bears that is being studied as a treatment for HCV.
vaccinea preparation administered to stimulate an immune response to protect a person from illness. A vaccine typically includes a small amount of a killed or inactivated microorganism, or genetically engineered pieces. A therapeutic (treatment) vaccine is given after infection and is intended to reduce or stop disease progression. A preventive (prophylactic) vaccine is intended to prevent initial infection.
variceal hemorrhagebleeding from stretched and weakened blood vessels, especially in the esophagus or stomach.
varices (adjective variceal)an abnormally dilated or swollen vein, artery, or lymph vessel resulting from portal hypertension.
vasculitisblood vessel inflammation.
veinAny of the membranous tubes that form a branching system and carry blood to the heart from other organs.
victrelis (brand name boceprevir)an HCV protease inhibitor that is taken in combination with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin to treat people with HCV genotype 1.
viral curesee sustained virological response.
viral hepatitisa type of hepatitis caused by a virus. The most common types are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.
viral loadthe amount of virus in the blood or other tissues, usually expressed in terms of copies of viral genetic material (RNA or DNA). The presence of genetic material indicates that a virus is actively replicating.
viral load testan assay that measures viral load; the bDNA, PCR, and TMA tests are most often used to determine HCV viral load.
viral responsesee virological response.
viramidinea prodrug of ribavirin under study to treat chronic HCV.
viremia (adjective viremic)the presence of a virus in the blood.
viriona complete virus particle.
virological failurefailure of a treatment to suppress a virus.
virological responsereduction in viral replication in response to treatment. In HCV, a complete virological response means that a person's HCV RNA becomes undetectable with treatment.
virologythe study of viruses and diseases caused by viruses.
virulence (adjective virulent)aggressiveness, ability to cause disease.
virusa microscopic infectious organism that is unable to grow or replicate outside of a host cell. Viruses integrate their genetic material (DNA or RNA) into a host cell and take over the cell's biological mechanisms to reproduce new virus particles.
vitaminan organic substance that acts as a coenzyme or regulator of metabolic processes; vitamins are crucial for many vital bodily functions.
vitamin aa fat-soluble vitamin synthesized from beta carotene within the body that has antioxidant properties and is important for proper immune system functioning. Excess vitamin A can be toxic to the liver.
vitamin ba complex of several important vitamins including B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin).
vitamin b12 (cobalamin)a vitamin needed for red blood cell production and DNA synthesis and repair. Vitamin B12 deficiency may result in anemia, neurological dysfunction, and changes in mental status.
vitamin c (ascorbic acid)an antioxidant vitamin that protects cells from oxidative damage. Vitamin C deficiency may result in poor healing, easy bruising and anemia.
vitamin da fat-soluble vitamin that is important for mineral metabolism and which may play a role in immune function. Excess vitamin D can be toxic to the liver.
vitamin e (tocopherol)an antioxidant vitamin that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage.
vitamin ka substance important for blood clotting.