Copy of `Forests and Chases - Forestry terms`

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Forests and Chases - Forestry terms Category: Animals and Nature > Forests in England and Wales Date & country: 27/09/2013, UK Words: 664

twaite
area of arable on grubbed up woodland (Ja, 304)

tynsell
common right to take wood, especially for fuel (see also

tynsell wood
small firewood suitable for use in ovens (Ja, 304)

type
brick-lined pit into which rabbits were driven for capture, sometimes with a baited see-saw (E, 1958, 52)

tything
see

underkeeper
walker; person appointed under oath by a forester to look after deer and vert on his behalf (M 200 (v))

underwood
[low cover] generally consisting of holly, hazel, willow, alder, and thorn (R 170); wood standing or cut, including produce of coppice or pollarded trees (Penn 162, 4)

unharbour
drive a deer from its lair so that it could be chased

unkennel
disturb a fox from resting up (M 45 (v))

upping
formal marking of swan, q.v.

vaccary
demesne cattle farm or cattle pasture (Winchester on North Country upland vaccaries; Stagg on New Forest specifies

venison
originally all beasts of the chase, effectively red deer, fallow deer, roe deer, and wild boar (R 170); game animals (L 239); any hunted beast; every beast of the forest, protected by forest law, from Latin venatio,

verderer
judicial oficer of Royal Forests (P 205); official with overall responsibility for the care of both the vert and the venison in a forest (R 170); judicial officer appointed under oath by sheriff through royal writ; four per forest;

verderor
see

vert
habitat for deer; trees and underwoods (R 170); green hue, green hugh: all vegetation in a forest (from Latin viriditate

vicinage
the right to graze common waste abutting commoners

view
footprint of a fallow deer (M 46 (r))

vill
discrete settlement within, or coterminous with the manor, q.v., or parish, q.v.

virgin forest
natural woodland uninfluenced by human activity (E, 180)

vomell tree
decayed tree (Ja, 304)

vulture
large bird of prey reserved for the use of emperors according to the

walk
district of the forest under the oversight of a keeper (P 205); see also 'walker'

walker
official responsible for a forest walk; see

ward
administrative division in a forest (R 170)

warding
guarding, or taking payment from travellers using, a road (R 170)

warrant
written licence to take deer or other game, granted under crown authority by Lord Wardens or Chief Justices of the Forest (Le, MS additions 1)

warren
1. (legal) one of the three lesser hunting franchises, together with chase and park; a piece of ground preserved for hunting beasts of warren (q.v.), cf. OF garenne,

warrener
[official responsible for a warren;] master of the warren (R 170)

wash
a path cut to mark out an area of underwood for sale. A selling wash was 3 ft wide 2.5 chains apart, a little wash 1.5 ft wide and 75 links apart (= 30 sq poles) (Ja, 304-05)

washing out
the work of making washes, for which wash money was paid (Ja, 305). See

waste
(v) unlicensed felling of underwood, wood or trees (P 205); destroy without licence trees or underwood, even if stumps are left to spring again, or pasture in a forest (M 63 (r)

watergate
deer-proof barrier across a watercourse which cut through a deer park boundary (R 170)

wattle
cleft sticks used to make hurdles, usually of hazel, but sometimes willow, which might be used in the round (E, 140; Je, 26)

wattling
fencing or the core of walls made up with flexible softwood strips; see

waverer
young tree left standing when the coppice wood has been cut (P 205)

wax
product of the forest, made by bees together with honey, q.v.; essential material for creating artificial lighting

weald
see

weeding
(sylviculture) early thinning (L 239)

weygafol
see

whisket
spale basket (Je, 53)

white wood
broadleaved species (not oak) for charcoal burning (L 239)

wild boar
valued medieval quarry, extinct by early modern times BG 264-65)

wild cat
beast of warren, hunted as vermin (BG 265-66)

wildwood
see

willow
tree yielding wood very light in weight and resistant to splitting, hence used in cricket bats (E, 1958, 90)

windfall
windthrown tree or branch (L 239)

withy
long flexible willow or osier rod, cut from one year growth from boles reduced to ground level, usually harvested from withy beds planted at 18,000

wold
a word which came to mean plain open country, e.g. a down, and already in Layamon

wolf
although a beast of venery, considered to be vermin and hunted to extinction before 1500 (BG 266)

wolf tree
a misshapen tree that outgrows and suppresses its neighbours (E, 180)

wood
(i) area occupied by trees; (2) product of cultivated trees; see also

wood bank
boundary bank surrounding (or sub-dividing) a wood, with an external ditch (R 170)

woodatchet
wooden utensil(s) (L 239)

woodgafol
money given in lieu of wood carrying services (L 239)

woodhen
hen given in payment for right to gather wood (L 239)

woodmote
court for hearing cases of trespass (R 170), see

woodsilver
see

woodward
officer appointed for the management and sale of Crown wood and timber; gamekeeper in private forest woods swearing fealty to the King

wormtak
payment due for compulsory feeding of swine of bond tenants in the lord

wrangle
see dotard (Ja, 305)

wrassel oak
decayed or stag headed tree (Ja, 305)

wreath
tail of a boar (M 45 (v))

wyndfal
see

wyures
large beams (L 239)