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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


San Martín, José de
South American revolutionary leader. He served in the Spanish army during the Peninsular War, but after 1812 he devoted himself to the South American struggle for independence, playing a large part in the liberation of Argentina, Chile, and Peru from Spanish rule

Sandinista
Member of a Nicaraguan left-wing organization (Sandinista National Liberation Front, FSLN) named after Augusto César Sandino, a guerrilla leader killed in 1934. It was formed in 1962 and obtained widespread support from the trade unions, the church, and the middle classes, which enabled it to overthrow the regime of General Anastasio Somoz...

salt
In chemistry, any compound formed from an acid and a base through the replacement of all or part of the hydrogen in the acid by a metal or electropositive radical. Common salt is sodium chloride. A salt may be produced by a chemical reaction between an acid and a base, or by the displacement of hydrogen from an acid by a metal (see displacement rea...

samarium
Hard, brittle, grey-white, metallic element of the lanthanide series, atomic number 62, relative atomic mass 150.4. It is widely distributed in nature and is obtained commercially from the minerals monzanite and bastnaesite. It is used only occasionally in industry, mainly as a catalyst in organic reactions. Samarium was discovered by spectrosc...

saturated compound
Organic compound, such as propane, that contains only single covalent bonds. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon to carbon single bonds. Saturated organic compounds can only undergo further reaction by substitution reactions, as in the production of chloropropane from propane

Sapir, Edward
German-born US language scholar and anthropologist who initially studied the Germanic languages but later, under the influence of Franz Boas, investigated indigenous American languages. He is noted for the view now known as linguistic relativity: that people's ways of thinking are significantly shaped (and even limited) by the language(...

Saussure, Ferdinand de
Swiss language scholar, a pioneer of modern linguistics and the originator of the concept of structuralism as used in linguistics, anthropology, and literary theory. He taught at the universities of Paris and Geneva. His early work, on the Indo-European language family, led to a major treatise on its vowel system. Cours de linguistique...

sarcoidosis
Chronic disease of unknown cause involving enlargement of the lymph nodes and the formation of small fleshy nodules in the lungs. It may also affect the eyes, and skin, and (rarely) other tissue. Many cases resolve spontaneously or may be successfully treated using corticosteroids

San Francisco conference
Conference attended by representatives from 50 nations who had declared war on Germany before March 1945; held in San Francisco, California, USA. The conference drew up the United Nations Charter, which was signed 26 June 1945

saturated fatty acid
Fatty acid in which there are no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

Saami
An indigenous people numbering over 60,000 (1996) and living in northern Finland (7,000), Norway (36,000), Sweden (17,000) and Russia (2,000). Traditionally fishermen, hunter-gatherers, and nomadic reindeer herders, the Saami have lost large areas of pasture since 1965 due to forestry, mining and other economic activities. Today many are settle...

savings account
In banking, an account where interest is given for money deposited. A savings account does not usually give access through a chequebook

sandalwood
Fragrant heartwood of any of several Asiatic and Australian trees, used for ornamental carving, in perfume, and burned as incense. (Genus Santalum, family Santalaceae.)

samba
Latin American ballroom dance; the music for this. Samba originated in Brazil and became popular in the West in the 1940s. There are several different samba rhythms; the bossa nova is a samba-jazz fusion

salt marsh
Wetland with halophytic vegetation (tolerant to seawater). Salt marshes develop around estuaries and on the sheltered side of sand and shingle spits. They are formed by the deposition of mud around salt-tolerant vegetation. This vegetation must tolerate being covered by seawater as well as being ...

saltation
(earth science) In earth science, bouncing of rock particles along a river bed. It is the means by which bedload (material that is too heavy to be carried in suspension) is transported downstream. The term is also used to describe the movement of sand particles bounced along by the wind

sampling
(statistics) In statistics, taking a small number of cases and assuming that they are representative of the total number. In survey work in market research, for example, it is usually not practical to survey every customer. It is also important in quality control to avoid the expense of testin...

Santa Cruz, Andrés
President of Bolivia 1829–34, 1839, 1841–44, and 1853–55. Strong-willed and conservative, he dabbled in political intrigue before and after his intermittent rule as dictator. He established order in the new state and increased expenditure on education and road building. Santa Cruz was made a grand marshal after his part in the Ba...

Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino
Argentina's first civilian president 1868–74, regarded as one of the most brilliant Argentines of the 19th century. An outspoken critic of the dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas, Sarmiento spent many years in exile. As president, he doubled the number of schools, creating the best education system in Latin America, and encouraged the establishm...

Sage Kings
Legendary rulers of China c. 2800–c. 2200. Of the three sovereigns and five emperors based in the Huang He (Yellow River) region, Huang-tu (reigned c. 2697 BC) is credited with defeating the barbarians. The era has been associated with the domestication of animals, agricultural devel...

Sampras, Pete
US tennis player who, by his retirement in 2002, had won the most Grand Slams in the history of the game. At the age of 19 years and 28 days, he became the youngest winner of the US Open in 1990. A fine serve-and-volleyer, Sampras also won the inaugural Grand Slam Cup in Munich in 1990. In 1998 he finished at the top of the ATP men's wo...

sadomasochism
Sexual behaviour that combines sadism and masochism. The term was coined in 1907 by sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing

salvation
Being saved. In Christianity, individuals are thought of as being saved from eternal punishment through Jesus's death on the cross, although this may be understood in different ways. In Buddhism, especially in Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, people can be saved from the endless cycle of reincarnation through bodhisattvas or through Amida Buddha....

samsara
In Hinduism and Buddhism, the cycle of repeated birth and death in the material world, which is held to be a place of suffering. The goal of yoga is release from samsara

samskaras
In Hindu tradition, the sacraments that mark the passage of life, each marked by a ceremony. Samskaras are mainly observed by high-caste Hindus. The numbers celebrated vary, and may be marked in different ways by different castes, or in different places. The chief samskaras include conception, blessing the child during pregnancy at three months...

Satanism
Worship of the devil (Satan) instead of God, and the belief that doing so can bind a person to his power. The most significant ritual in Satanism is believed to be the Black Mass, a parody of the Christian Mass or Eucharist. Accusations of Satanism are common in times of social and religious upheaval – such as the late 15th to late 17th centur...

Santer, Jacques
Luxembourg politician, prime minister 1984–94, and president of the European Commission 1995–99. He resigned his EC presidency along with the rest of the Commission, following a scandal over fraud and mismanagement. The manner of his selection as European Commission president, as a compromise alternative to the rejected Belgian prime mini...

Sakha
Autonomous republic of the Russian Federation, in eastern Siberia; area 3,103,000 sq km/1,198,100 sq mi; population (1997) 1,032,000 (50% Russians, 33% Yakuts). The capital is Yakutsk. Industries include fur trapping, gold and natural gas extraction, and lumbering; there is some agriculture in the south. History The nomadic ...

sarangi
Bowed, stringed instrument similar to a fiddle with three main melody strings and many sympathetic strings (30 or more on a concert instrument). The body is usually carved from a single block of wood in a waisted shape. The neck is short and wide with no frets. It is played held upright and the strings are stopped with the fingernails of the left h...

sarod
Long-necked plucked lute used in North Indian (Hindustani) music. The body is hollow and pear-shaped and carved from a single piece of wood. The sarod has eight playing strings (four melody and four for drone and rhythmic punctuation) and about 15 sympathetic strings that run over a polished metal, fretless fingerboard. Some strings have a ...

sailing
Sport involving cruising or racing a small vessel; see yachting

Sand Creek massacre
Slaughter of 450 Cheyenne and Arapaho by the 3rd Colorado Volunteers under Col John Chivington, during an unprovoked attack on Cheyenne peace chief Black Kettle's camp at Sand Creek, Colorado, on 29 November 1864. Although Chivington's actions were praised in Denver, the capital of Colorado, when news of the mutilated bodies of women and ch...

Salto Angel
Alternative name for Angel Falls, a waterfall in southeast Venezuela

Sardegna
Italian name for Sardinia, an island in the Mediterranean Sea

Sachsen-Anhalt
German name for Saxony-Anhalt, an administrative region in Germany

Salat al-Jum'ah
Congregational prayers observed by Muslims at noon every Friday at the mosque. Men are obliged to attend, but women can worship at home if they prefer, especially if they are looking after children. The worship consists of a sermon given by the imam on a topic related to Islam, followed by two series of salat

sawm
Fasting undertaken during the month of Ramadan; it is the fourth of the Five Pillars of Islam. For 29–30 days, between sunrise and sunset, no food or drink, sexual relations, or comforts such as chewing gum or cigarettes are allowed. The suhur (pre-dawn meal) is eaten, followed by reading from the Koran (or Quran or Qur'an) until d...

samatha
In Buddhism, any form of meditation designed to still the mind. It aims to stop the flow of thoughts until the mind is like a clear, calm lake. Methods include breath-counting, concentrating on the actions of walking, or performing any activity with total focus of mind. Using a series of formats to evoke feelings of metta (loving kindness) is a...

Sacred Tooth
Buddhist relic, believed to be the Buddha's tooth, housed in the Dalada Maligawa (Temple of the Tooth), in Kandy, Sri Lanka. It is a focus of Buddhist pilgrimage. Daily worship includes several services of ritual drumming and chanting. The Sacred Tooth is also the centre of the Esala Perahera (Sacred Tooth Festival), a ten-night celebration...

Sat Nam
Sikh name for God. The name itself is a holy formula, or mantra, that contains everything about God. Sikhs believe that chanting or meditating on God's name will enable the worshipper to get closer to God, and eventually to reach a state of pure understanding, peace, and salvation. Sat Nam is also the second statement of the ...

sacrificial metal
In electrochemistry, a more reactive metal used to protect a less reactive metal from corrosion. When the two metals are in close contact, the more reactive will always react first. For example, zinc is used as a coating to protect steel (galvanization), chromium electroplating is used for the protection of steel and other alloys, and iron may be c...

Saraswati
Hindu goddess of wisdom and the arts; consort of Brahma, the creator. She has four arms and holds a musical instrument and manuscripts showing her mastery of wisdom. She is portrayed as calm and gracious, accompanied by her vehicle, the swan, which shows her spirituality. Hindus turn to Saraswati for assistance with all the arts, artistic expre...

SARS
Highly infectious disease with symptoms similar to influenza, notably chills, headaches, muscle pains, a sore throat, and a high fever. Pneumonia develops as the disease progresses, and can result in death – the mortality rate is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) at around 15%. First identified in 2003, there is no known cur...

Scriabin
See Skriabin

scabious
Any of a group of plants belonging to the teasel family, native to Europe and Asia, with many small, usually purplish-blue flowers borne in a single head on a tall stalk. The small scabious (S. columbaria) and the Mediterranean sweet scabious (S. atropurpurea) are often cultivated. (Genus Scabiosa&...

Schliemann, Heinrich
German archaeologist. In 1870 he began excavating at Hissarlik, Turkey, the traditional site of Troy, and uncovered its ruins and those of other cities on the site. His later excavations were at Mycenae, Greece, 1874–76, where he discovered the ruins of the Mycenaean civilization. In four periods of excavation at Hissarlik, Schliemann distingu...

Schleswig-Holstein
Administrative region (German Land) in north Germany, bounded to the north by Denmark, to the east by the Baltic Sea and Mecklenberg-West Pomerania, to the south by Lower Saxony and Hamburg, and to the west by the North Sea and the Heligoland Bight; area 15,770 sq km/6,089 sq mi; population (2003 est) 2,814,100. T...

schizophrenia
Mental disorder, a psychosis of unknown origin, which can lead to profound changes in personality, behaviour, and perception, including delusions and hallucinations. It is more common in males and the early-onset form is more severe than when the illness develops in later life. Modern treatment approaches include drugs, family therapy, stress r...

Schiele, Egon
Austrian artist. Strongly influenced by art nouveau, and in particular Gustav Klimt, he developed an angular, contorted style, employing garish colours, that made him an important pioneer of expressionism. His subject matter includes portraits and openly erotic nudes

scepticism
Ancient philosophical view that absolute knowledge of things is ultimately unobtainable, hence the only proper attitude is to suspend judgement. Its origins lay in the teachings of the Greek philosopher Pyrrho, who maintained that peace of mind lay in renouncing all claims to knowledge. It was taken up in a less extreme form by the Greek Academy in...

scarlet fever
Acute infectious disease, especially of children, caused by the bacteria in the Streptococcus pyogenes group. It is marked by fever, vomiting, sore throat, and a bright red rash spreading from the upper to the lower part of the body. The rash is followed by the skin peeling in flakes. It is treated with antibiotics

Scarlatti,
(Pietro) Italian baroque composer. He was maestro di capella at the court of Naples and developed the opera form. He composed more than 100 operas, including Tigrane (1715), as well as church music and oratorios

Scarborough
Spa and holiday resort on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, northern England, 56 km/35 mi northeast of York; population (2001) 38,400; urban area 50,100. It is a touring centre for the Yorkshire Moors, and is also centre for fishing. A ruined 12th-century Norman castle overlooks the town. The playwright Alan Ayckbourn has a lo...

Scafell Pike
Highest mountain in England, in the Lake District, Cumbria, northwest England; height 978 m/3,210 ft. It is separated from Scafell (964 m/3,164 ft) by a ridge called Mickledore

Scandinavia
Region in northwestern Europe, comprising Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, grouped together because of their historical and cultural affinities; Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Finland are also usually included. Norway and Sweden occupy the geologically distinct Scandinavian Peninsula (c. 777,000 sq km/300,000 sq mi), bordere...

scabies
Contagious infection of the skin caused by the parasitic itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrows under the skin to deposit eggs. Treatment is by antiparasitic creams and lotions

Scorpius
Bright zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere between Libra and Sagittarius, represented as a scorpion. The Sun passes briefly through Scorpius in the last week of November. The heart of the scorpion is marked by the bright red supergiant star Antares. Scorpius contains rich Milky Way star fields, plus the strongest X-ray source in t...

scandium
Silver-white, metallic element, atomic number 21, relative atomic mass 44.956. Its compounds are found widely distributed in nature, but only in minute amounts. The metal has little industrial importance. Scandium oxide (scandia) is used as a catalyst, in making crucibles and other ceramic parts, and scandium sulphate (in very dilute aqueous so...

sclerosis
Any abnormal hardening of body tissues, especially the nervous system or walls of the arteries. See multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis

Scott, Robert Falcon
English explorer who commanded two Antarctic expeditions, 1901–04 and 1910–12. On 18 January 1912 he reached the South Pole, shortly after the Norwegian Roald Amundsen, but on the return journey he and his companions died in a blizzard only a few miles from their base camp. His journal was ...

Scythia
Region north of the Black Sea between the Carpathian Mountains and the River Don, inhabited by the Scythians 7th–1st centuries BC. From the middle of the 4th century, they were slowly superseded by the Sarmatians. The Scythians produced ornaments and vases in gold and electrum with animal decoration. Although there is no surviving written work...

Scylla and Charybdis
In Greek mythology, a sea monster and a whirlpool, between which Odysseus had to sail. Later writers located them at the northern end of the Straits of Messina, between Sicily and Italy

scurvy
Disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which is contained in fresh vegetables and fruit. The signs are weakness and aching joints and muscles, progressing to bleeding of the gums and other spontaneous haemorrhage, and drying-up of the skin and hair. It is reversed by giving the vitamin

Scribe
Member of an ancient Jewish group of biblical scholars, both priests and laypersons, who studied the books of Moses and sat in the Sanhedrin (supreme court). In the New Testament they are associated with the Pharisees. Later, they are the copyists of Hebrew scripture

sculpture
Artistic shaping of materials such as wood, stone, clay, metal, and, more recently, plastic and other synthetics. Since ancient times, the human form has been the principal subject of sculpture around the world; the earliest prehistoric human artefacts include sculpted stone figurines. Many indig...

Scrabble
Trademark of a board game for two to four players, based on the format of a crossword puzzle, in which lettered tiles of varying point values are used to form words. International competitions are held

scrapie
Fatal disease of sheep and goats that attacks the central nervous system, causing deterioration of the brain cells, and leading to the characteristic staggering gait and other behavioural abnormalities, before death. It is caused by the presence of an abnormal version of the brain protein PrP and is related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the ...

Scouts
Worldwide youth organization that emphasizes character, citizenship, and outdoor life. It was founded (as the Boy Scouts) in England in 1908 by Robert Baden-Powell. His book Scouting for Boys (1908) led to the incorporation in the UK of the Boy Scout Association by royal charter in 1912. There are some 25 million members of t...

Scott,
(George) English architect. As the leading practical architect of the mid-19th-century Gothic Revival in England, Scott was responsible for the building or restoration of many public buildings and monuments, including the Albe...

Scott, Walter
Scottish novelist and poet. His first works were translations of German ballads and collections of Scottish ballads, which he followed with narrative poems of his own, such as The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), Marmion (1808), and The Lady of the Lake (1810). He gained a European reputation...

Scottish law
The legal system of Scotland. Owing to its separate development, Scotland has a system differing from the rest of the UK, being based on civil law. Its continued separate existence was guaranteed by the Act of Union with England in 1707

Scotland
Click images to enlargeConstituent part of the United Kingdom, the northernmost part of Britain, formerly an independent country; area 78,470 sq km/30,297 sq mi; population (2001) 5,062,000. The capital is Edinburgh, and other major towns and cities include Glasgow, Dundee, and Aberdeen. Geographical features ...

scoliosis
Lateral (sideways) deviation of the spine. It may be congenital or acquired (through bad posture, illness, or other deformity); or it may be idopathic (of unknown cause). Treatments include mechanical or surgical correction, depending on the cause

Scilly, Isles of
Group of 140 islands and islets lying 40 km/25 mi southwest of Land's End, England; administered by the Duchy of Cornwall; area 16 sq km/6.3 sq mi; population (2001) 2,150. The five inhabited islands are St Mary's, the largest, on which Hugh Town, capital of the Scillies i...

Scientology
`Applied religious philosophy` based on dianetics, founded in California 1952 by L Ron Hubbard as the Church of Scientology, and claiming to `increase man's spiritual awareness`. Its headquarters from 1984 have been in Los Angeles. The basis of scientology is self-improvement through a series of steps, or levels, to reac...

science park
Type of trading estate where the results of academic research are developed for the commercial market, especially in the areas of science and technology. They are usually located close to a university on an edge-of-town greenfield site where there is plenty of space for parking and further ex...

sciatica
Persistent pain in the back and down the outside of one leg, along the sciatic nerve and its branches. Causes of sciatica include inflammation of the nerve or pressure of a displaced disc on a nerve root leading out of the lower spine

science fiction
Genre of fiction and film with an imaginary scientific, technological, or futuristic basis. It is sometimes held to have its roots in the works of Mary Shelley, notably Frankenstein (1818). Often taking its ideas and concerns from current ideas in science and the social sciences, science fiction aims to shake up standard percepti...

Schwyz
Capital of Schwyz canton, Switzerland; population (2000) 13,800. Schwyz was one of the three original cantons of the Swiss Confederation of 1291, which gave its name to the whole country in about 1450

Schwitters, Kurt
German artist and poet. He was a leading member of the Dada movement. His most important works are constructions and collages, which he called `Merz`, made from scraps and bric-a-brac of all kinds. After an early cubist phase, he became a founder-member of the Hanover Dada group 1919. He founded the influential Dada journal &l...

Schwerin
Capital of the Land (administrative region) of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania, Germany, on the western shore of the lake of Schwerin; population (1995) 117,200. Products include machinery, foods, and chemicals. Formerly the capital of Mecklenburg and earlier of the old republic of Mecklenburg–Schwerin, Schwerin became c...

Schwarzwald
German name for the Black Forest, a coniferous forest in Germany

Schweitzer, Albert
Protestant theologian, organist, and missionary surgeon. He founded the hospital at Lambaréné in Gabon in 1913, giving organ recitals to support his work there. He wrote a life of German composer J S Bach and Von reimarus zu Wrede/The Quest for the Historical Jesus (1906). He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in...

Schumann, Robert Alexander
German composer and writer. His songs and short piano pieces portray states of emotion with great economy. Among his compositions are four symphonies, a violin concerto, a piano concerto, sonatas, and song cycles, such as Dichterliebe/Poet's Love (1840). Mendelssohn championed many of his works

Schubert, Franz Peter
Austrian composer. His ten symphonies include the incomplete eighth in B minor (the `Unfinished`) (1822) and the `Great` in C major (1825). He wrote chamber and piano music, including the Trout Quintet, and over 600 lieder (songs) combining the Romantic expression of emotion with pure melody. They include the ...

scholasticism
The theological and philosophical systems and methods taught in the schools of medieval Europe, especially in the 12th–14th centuries. Scholasticism tried to integrate orthodox Christian teaching with Aristotelian and some Platonic philosophy. The scholastic method involved surveying different opinions and the reasons given for them, and then ...

Schoenberg, Arnold Franz Walter
Austro-Hungarian composer, a US citizen from 1941. After late Romantic early works such as Verklärte Nacht/Transfigured Night (1899) and the Gurrelieder/Songs of Gurra (1900–11), he was one of the first composers to use atonality (absence of key), producing works such as Pierrot l...

scarab
Any of a family Scarabaeidae of beetles, often brilliantly coloured, and including cockchafers, June beetles, and dung beetles. The Scarabeus sacer was revered by the ancient Egyptians as the symbol of resurrection

scallop
Any marine bivalve mollusc of the family Pectinidae, with a fan-shaped shell. There are two `ears` extending from the socketlike hinge. Scallops use water-jet propulsion to move through the water to escape predators such as starfish. The giant Pacific scallop found from Alaska to California can reach 20 cm/8 in width

scale insect
Any small plant-sucking insect, order Homoptera, of the superfamily Coccoidea. Some species are major pests – for example, the citrus mealy bug (genus Pseudococcus), which attacks citrus fruits in North America. The female is often wingless and legless, attached to a plant by the head and with the body covered with a wax...

scorpion
Any arachnid of the order Scorpiones, common in the tropics and subtropics. Scorpions have four pairs of walking legs, large pincers, and long tails ending in upcurved poisonous stings, though the venom is not usually fatal to a healthy adult human. Some species reach 25 cm/10 in. There are about...

scarp and dip
In geology, the two slopes that comprise an escarpment. The scarp is the steep slope and the dip is the gentle slope. Such a feature is common when sedimentary rocks are uplifted, folded, or eroded, the scarp slope cuts across the bedding planes of the sedimentary rock while the dip slope follows the direction of the strata. An example is Salisbury...

screamer
Any South American marsh-dwelling bird of the family Anhimidae, order Anseriformes; there are only three species, all in the genus Anhima. They are about 80 cm/30 in long, with short curved beaks, long toes, dark plumage, spurs on the fronts of the wings, and a crest or horn on the head. Screamers wade in wet forests ...

schizocarp
Dry fruit that develops from two or more carpels and splits, when mature, to form separate one-seeded units known as mericarps. The mericarps may be dehiscent, splitting open to release the seed when ripe, as in Geranium, or indehiscent, remaining closed once mature, as in mallow Malva and plants of the Umb...

sclerenchyma
Plant tissue whose function is to strengthen and support, composed of thick-walled cells that are heavily lignified (toughened). On maturity the cell inside dies, and only the cell walls remain. Sclerenchyma may be made up of one or two types of cells: sclereids, occurring singly or in small clusters, are often found in the hard shells of f...

scent gland
Gland that opens onto the outer surface of animals, producing odorous compounds that are used for communicating between members of the same species (pheromones), or for discouraging predators or competitors

screening
Systematic search for evidence of a disease, or of conditions that may precede it, in people who are at risk but not suffering from any symptoms. The aim of screening is to try to limit ill health from preventable diseases that might otherwise go undetected in the early stages. Examples are hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria, for which all newborn ...

scanning
In medicine, the noninvasive examination of body organs to detect abnormalities of structure or function. Detectable waves – for example, ultrasound, gamma, or X-rays – are passed through the part to be scanned. Their absorption pattern is recorded, analysed by computer, and displayed pictorially on a screen

Scottish Gaelic language
See Gaelic language

Scots language
The form of the English language as traditionally spoken and written in Scotland, regarded by some scholars as a distinct language. Scots derives from the Northumbrian dialect of Anglo-Saxon or Old English, and has been a literary language since the 14th century. It is also known as Inglis (now archaic, and a variant of `English`), La...