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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


pointillism
Method of oil painting developed in the 1880s by the French neo-Impressionist Georges Seurat. He used small dabs of pure colour laid side by side that, when viewed from a distance, blend together to make other colours, forms, and outlines, and give an impression of shimmering light. Seurat's reliance on the `optical mixing` of col...

Pointe-Noire
Chief port and second-largest city of the Republic of the Congo, formerly (1950–58) the capital; population (2004 est) 635,200. It is on the Atlantic coast and is the terminus of the railway from Brazzaville. Industries include oil refining, shipbuilding, potash processing, brewing, and food exporting. Tourism is also important here

Poincaré,
(Jules) French mathematician who developed the theory of differential equations and was a pioneer in relativity theory. He suggested that Isaac Newton's laws for the behaviour of the universe could be the exception rather than the rule. However, the calculation was so complex and time-...

pogrom
Unprovoked violent attack on an ethnic group, particularly Jews, carried out with official sanction. The Russian pogroms against Jews began in 1881, after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, and again in 1903–06; persecution of the Jews remained constant until the Russian Revolution. Later there were pogroms in Eastern Europe, especial...

poetry
Imaginative literary form, particularly suitable for describing emotions and thoughts. Poetry is highly `compressed` writing, often using figures of speech to talk about one thing in terms of another, such as metaphor and simile, that allows the reader to `unpack` the poem's meaning for itself. This leads to people interpret...

poet laureate
Poet of the British royal household or of the USA, so called because of the laurel wreath awarded to eminent poets in the Greco-Roman world. Early UK poets with unofficial status were John Skelton, Samuel Daniel, Ben Jonson, and William Davenant. John Dryden was the first to receive the title by letters-patent in 1668 and from then on the p...

Porto
Industrial city, important port, and capital of Porto district, northwest Portugal, 280 km/174 mi north of Lisbon, on the River Douro, 5 km/3 mi from its mouth on the Atlantic coast; population (2003 est) 264,200, urban agglomeration 1,213,400. Port wine (to which the city gives its name), cork, fruits, olive oil, and building materials...

Polaris
Bright star closest to the north celestial pole, and the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor. Its position is indicated by the `pointers` in Ursa Major. Polaris is a yellow supergiant about 500 light years away from the Sun. It is also known as Alpha Ursae Minoris. It currently lies within 1° of the north celestial pole...

Pole Star
Another name for Polaris, the northern pole star. There is no bright star near the southern celestial pole

potassium
Soft, waxlike, silver-white, metallic element, atomic number 19, relative atomic mass 39.0983. Its chemical symbol comes from the German kalium. It is one of the alkali metals (in Group 1 of the periodic table of the elements), and has a very low density – it floats on water, and is the second lightest metal (after lithi...

polyvinyl chloride
Type of plastic used for drainpipes, floor tiles, audio discs, shoes, and handbags. It is derived from chloroethene (vinyl chloride, CH2CHCl). Swedish scientists identified a link between regular exposure to PVC and testicular cancer, in 1998, increasing the demand for a ban on PVC in commercial products

polystyrene
Type of plastic used in kitchen utensils or, in an expanded form, in insulation and ceiling tiles. CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) were used to produce expanded polystyrene but have been replaced by alternatives

polysaccharide
Long-chain carbohydrate made up of hundreds or thousands of linked simple sugars (monosaccharides) such as glucose and closely related molecules. The polysaccharides are natural polymers. They either act as energy-rich food stores in plants (starch) and animals (glycogen), or have structural ...

polyethylene
Alternative term for polythene

polymerization
Chemical union of two or more (usually small) molecules of the same kind to form a new compound. Addition polymerization produces simple multiples of the same compound. The new bonds are formed at the expense of a double bond in the monomer which is converted to a single bond. Condensation polymeriza...

polyester
Synthetic resin formed by the condensation of polyhydric alcohols (alcohols containing more than one hydroxyl group) with dibasic acids (acids containing two replaceable hydrogen atoms). Polyesters are thermosetting plastics, used for constructional plastics and, with glass fibre added as reinforcement, they are used in car bodies and boat hulls. P...

polychlorinated biphenyl
Any of a group of chlorinated isomers of biphenyl (C6H5)2. They are dangerous industrial chemicals, valuable for their fire-resistant qualities. They constitute an environmental hazard because of their persistent toxicity. Since 1973 their use had been limited by international...

poultry
Click images to enlargeDomestic birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. They were domesticated for meat and eggs by early farmers in China, Europe, Egypt, and the Americas. Chickens were domesticated from the Southeast Asian jungle fowl Gallus gallus and then raised in the East as well as the...

Portuguese man-of-war
Any of a genus Physalia of phylum Coelenterata (see coelenterate). They live in the sea, in colonies, and have a large air-filled bladder (or `float`) on top and numerous hanging tentacles made up of feeding, stinging, and reproductive individuals. The float can be 30 cm/1 ft long

porpoise
Any small whale of the family Delphinidae that, unlike dolphins, have blunt snouts without beaks. Common porpoises of the genus Phocaena can grow to 1.8 m/6 ft long; they feed on fish and crustaceans

porcupine
Any rodent with quills on its body, belonging to either of two families: Old World porcupines (family Hystricidae), terrestrial in habit and having long black-and-white quills; or New World porcupines (family Erethizontidae), tree-dwelling, with prehensile tails and much shorter quills

poodle
Breed of gun dog, including standard (above 38 cm/15 in at shoulder), miniature (below 38 cm/15 in), and toy (below 28 cm/11 in) varieties. The dense curly coat, usually cut into an elaborate style, is often either black or white, although greys and browns are also bred. The poodle probably originated in Russia, was naturalized in Germa...

pomeranian
Breed of toy dog, about 15 cm/6 in high, weighing about 3 kg/6.5 lb. It has long straight hair with a neck frill, and the tail is carried over the back

pond-skater
Water bug (insect of the Hemiptera order with piercing mouth parts) that rows itself across the surface by using its middle legs. It feeds on smaller insects

pollack
Marine fish Pollachius virens of the cod family, growing to 75 cm/2.5 ft, and found close to the shore on both sides of the North Atlantic

polecat
Old World weasel Mustela putorius with a brown back and dark belly and two yellow face patches. The body is about 50 cm/20 in long and it has a strong smell from anal gland secretions. It is native to Asia, Europe, and North Africa. In North America, skunks are sometimes called polecats. A ferret is a domesticated polecat

pochard
Any of various diving ducks found in Europe and North America, especially the genus Aythya. They feed largely on water plants. Their nest is made in long grass on the borders of lakes and pools

polyploid
In genetics, possessing three or more sets of chromosomes in cases where the normal complement is two sets (diploid). Polyploidy arises spontaneously and is common in plants (mainly among flowering plants), but rare in animals. Many crop plants are natural polyploids, including wheat, which has four sets of chromosomes per cell (durum wheat) or six...

polymorphism
(genetics) In genetics, the coexistence of several distinctly different types in a population (groups of animals of one species). Examples include the different blood groups in humans, different colour forms in some butterflies, and snail shell size, length, shape, colour, and stripiness. Anal...

population cycle
In biology, regular fluctuations in the size of a population, as seen in lemmings, for example. Such cycles are often caused by density-dependent mortality: high mortality due to overcrowding causes a sudden decline in the population, which then gradually builds up again. Population cycles may also result from an interaction between a preda...

poikilothermy
Condition in which an animal's body temperature is largely dependent on the temperature of the air or water in which it lives. It is characteristic of all animals except birds and mammals, which maintain their body temperatures by homeothermy (they are `warm-blooded`). Poikilotherms have behavioural means of temperature control...

pollution
Harmful effect on the environment of by-products of human activity, principally industrial and agricultural processes – for example, noise, smoke, car emissions, pesticides, radiation, sewage disposal, household waste, and chemical and radioactive effluents in air, seas, and rivers. Air pollution contributes to the greenhouse effect. Pollu...

potto
Arboreal, nocturnal, African prosimian primate Perodicticus potto belonging to the loris family. It has a thick body, strong limbs, and grasping feet and hands, and grows to 40 cm/16 in long, with horny spines along its backbone, which it uses in self-defence. It climbs slowly, and eats insects, snails, fruit, and leaves

possum
Another name for the opossum, a marsupial animal with a prehensile tail found in North, Central and South America. The name is also used for many of the smaller marsupials found in Australia

pointer
Any of several breeds of gun dog, bred especially to scent the position of game and indicate it by standing, nose pointed towards it, often with one forefoot raised, in silence. English pointers have smooth coats, mainly white mixed with black, tan, or dark brown. They stand about 60 cm/24 in tall and weigh 28 kg/62 lb. A very similar breed...

political action committee
In the USA, any lobbying organization that raises funds for political candidates and in return seeks to commit them to a particular policy. PACs also spend money on changing public opinion through media campaigns. In 2005 federal PACs raised $477 million and contributed $140.5 million to candidates. By January 2007 there were 4,183 federall...

pod
In botany, a type of fruit that is characteristic of legumes (plants belonging to the Leguminosae family), such as peas and beans. It develops from a single carpel and splits down both sides when ripe to release the seeds. In certain species the seeds may be ejected explosively due to uneven drying of the fruit wall, which sets up tensions within t...

power
(physics) In physics, the rate of doing work or transferring energy from one form to another. It is measured in watts (joules per second) or other units of work per unit time

pollination
Process by which pollen is transferred from one plant to another. The male gametes are contained in pollen grains, which must be transferred from the anther to the stigma in angiosperms (flowering plants), and from the male cone to the female cone in gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants). Fertilization (not the same as pollination) occurs after the...

polynomial
In mathematics, an algebraic expression that has one or more variables (denoted by letters). A polynomial equation has the form: f(x) = anxn + an-1x<...

polyhedron
In geometry, a solid figure with four or more plane faces. The more faces there are on a polyhedron, the more closely it approximates to a sphere. Knowledge of the properties of polyhedra is needed in crystallography and stereochemistry to determine the shapes of crystals and molecules. There are onl...

polygon
In geometry, a plane (two-dimensional) figure with three or more straight-line sides. Regular polygons have sides of the same length, and all the exterior angles are equal. Common polygons have names that define the number of sides (for example, triangle (3), quadrilateral (4), pentagon (5), ...

polar coordinates
In mathematics, a way of defining the position of a point in terms of its distance r from a fixed point (the origin) and its angle θ to a fixed line or axis. The coordinates of the point are (r,θ). Often the angle is measured in radians, rather than degrees. The system is useful for defining positions...

positivism
Theory that confines genuine knowledge within the bounds of science and observation. The theory is associated with the French philosopher Auguste Comte and empiricism. Logical positivism developed in the 1920s. It rejected any metaphysical world beyond everyday science and common sense, and confined statements to those of formal logic or mathematic...

Polaroid camera
Instant-picture camera, invented by Edwin Land in the USA in 1947. The original camera produced black-and-white prints in about one minute. Modern cameras can produce black-and-white prints in a few seconds, and colour prints in less than a minute. An advanced model has automatic focusing and exposure. It ejects a piece of film ...

Portuguese language
Member of the Romance branch of the Indo-European language family; spoken by 120–135 million people worldwide, it is the national language of Portugal, closely related to Spanish and strongly influenced by Arabic. Portuguese is also spoken in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and other former Portuguese colonies

Polynesian languages
See Malayo-Polynesian languages

Polish language
Member of the Slavonic branch of the Indo-European language family, spoken mainly in Poland. Polish is written in the Roman and not the Cyrillic alphabet and its standard form is based on the dialect of Poznan in western Poland

Pompey the Great
Roman soldier and politician. From 60 BC to 53 BC, he was a member of the First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar and Marcus Livius Crassus. Originally a supporter of Sulla, Pompey became consul with Crassus in 70 BC. He defeated Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus, and annexed Syria and Palestine. He married Caesar's daughter Julia (died 54 BC) in 5...

power
(mathematics) In mathematics, that which is represented by an exponent or index, denoted by a superior numeral. A number or symbol raised to the power of 2 – that is, multiplied by itself – is said to be squared (for example, 32, x...

pole
Either of the geographic north and south points of the axis about which the Earth rotates. The geographic poles differ from the magnetic poles, which are the points towards which a freely suspended magnetic needle will point. In 1985 the magnetic north pole was some 350 km/218 mi northwest of Resolute Bay, Northwest Territories, Canada. It move...

polyanthus
Cultivated variety of primrose, with several flowers on one stalk, bred in a variety of colours. (Family Primulaceae, Primula × polyantha.)

pomegranate
Round, leathery, reddish-yellow fruit of the pomegranate tree, a deciduous shrub or small tree native to southwestern Asia but cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical areas. The fruit contains a large number of seeds that can be eaten fresh or made into wine. (GenusPunica granatum, family Punicaceae.)

pondweed
Any of a group of aquatic plants that either float on the surface of the water or are submerged. The leaves of floating pondweeds are broad and leathery, whereas leaves of the submerged forms are narrower and translucent; the flowers grow in green spikes. (Genus Potamogeton, family Potamogetonaceae.)

poplar
Any of a group of deciduous trees with characteristically broad leaves. The white poplar (P. alba) has a smooth grey trunk and leaves with white undersides. (Genus Populus, family Salicaceae.) Other varieties are the aspen (P. tremula), grey poplar (P. canescens), and black...

poppy
Click images to enlargeAny of a group of plants belonging to the poppy family. They have brightly coloured mainly red and orange flowers, often with dark centres, and yield a milky sap. Species include the crimson European field poppy (P. rhoeas) and the Asian opium poppy (P. somniferum
potato
Perennial plant with edible tuberous roots that are rich in starch and are extensively eaten as a vegetable. Used by the Andean Indians for at least 2,000 years before the Spanish Conquest, the potato was introduced to Europe by the mid-16th century, and reputedly to England by the explorer Walte...

population
(biology) In biology and ecology, a group of organisms of one species, living in a certain area. The organisms are able to interbreed. It also refers to the members of a given species in a community of living things. The area can be small. For example, one can refer to the population of duckwe...

porphyry
Any igneous rock containing large crystals in a finer matrix

potential, electric
Energy required to bring a unit electric charge from infinity to the point at which potential is defined. The SI unit of potential is the volt (V). Positive electric charges will flow `downhill` from a region of high potential to a region of low potential. A positively charged conductor, for example, has a higher potential than the Earth,...

potential energy
Energy possessed by an object by virtue of its relative position or state (for example, as in a compressed spring or a muscle). It can be thought of as `stored` energy. An object that has been raised has stored energy due to its height. It is described as having gravitational potential energy. If a ball is raised to a certain height and r...

potentiometer
Electrical resistor that can be divided so as to compare, measure, or control voltages. In radio circuits, any rotary variable resistance (such as volume control) is referred to as a potentiometer. A simple type of potentiometer consists of a length of uniform resistance wire (about 1 m/3 ft long) carrying a constant current provided by a batte...

potash
General name for any potassium-containing mineral, most often applied to potassium carbonate (K2CO3) or potassium hydroxide (KOH). Potassium carbonate, originally made by roasting plants to ashes in earthenware pots, is commercially produced from the ...

Poe, Edgar Allan
US writer and poet. His short stories are renowned for their horrific atmosphere, as in `The Fall of the House of Usher` (1839) and `The Masque of the Red Death` (1842), and for their acute reasoning (ratiocination), as in `The Gold Bug` (1843) and `The Murders in t...

poker
Card game of US origin, in which two to eight people play (usually for stakes), and try to obtain a `hand` of five cards ranking higher than those of their opponents. The one with the highest scoring hand wins the `pot` (the central pool of all stakes wagered)

police
Civil law-and-order force. In the UK, it is responsible to the Home Office, with 56 separate police forces, generally organized on a county basis; mutual aid is given between forces in circumstances such as mass picketing in the 1984–85 miners' strike, but there is no national police force or police riot unit (such as the Frenc...

polio
Viral infection of the central nervous system affecting nerves that activate muscles. The disease used to be known as infantile paralysis since children were most often affected. Two kinds of vaccine are available, one injected (see Salk) and one given by mouth. The Americas were declared to be polio-free by the Pan American Health Organization...

Po
Longest river in Italy, flowing from the Cottian Alps to the Adriatic Sea; length 668 km/415 mi. Its valley is fertile and contains natural gas. It winds generally eastward in a wide valley, passing Turin, Pavia, Piacenza, Cremona, and Ferrara before entering the Adriatic. The river is heavily polluted with nitrates, phosphates, and arsenic

Ponce de León, Juan
Spanish soldier and explorer. He is believed to have sailed to the Americas with Christopher Columbus in 1493, and served in Hispaniola 1502–04. He conquered Puerto Rico in 1508, and was made governor in 1509. In 1513 he was the first European to reach Florida. He explored much of the east coast and part of the west coast of Florida (which he ...

Polo, Marco
Venetian traveller and writer. He joined his father (Niccolo) and uncle (Maffeo), who had travelled to China as merchants (1260–69), when they began a journey overland back to China (1271). Once there, he learned Mongolian and served the emperor Kubla Khan until he returned to Europe by sea 1292...

pope
The bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church, which claims that he is the spiritual descendant of St Peter. Elected by the Sacred College of Cardinals, a pope dates his pontificate from his coronation with the tiara, or triple crown, at St Peter's Basilica, Rome. The pope had great political power in Europe from the early Middle Ages u...

Pope, Alexander
English poet and satirist. He established his poetic reputation with the precocious Pastorals (1709) and An Essay on Criticism (1711), which were followed by a parody of the heroic epic form, The Rape of the Lock (1712–14), as well as <...

porphyria
Group of rare genetic disorders caused by an enzyme defect. Porphyria affects the digestive tract, causing abdominal distress; the nervous system, causing psychotic disorder, epilepsy, and weakness; the circulatory system, causing high blood pressure; and the skin, causing extreme sensitivity to light. No specific treatments exist. In p...

Port-of-Spain
Port and capital of Trinidad and Tobago, on the island of Trinidad; population (2000) 49,000. It has a cathedral (1813–28) and the San Andres Fort (1785)

Port-au-Prince
Capital and chief port of Haiti, on the west coast of the island of Hispaniola; population (2001 est) 1,047,600. The port is able to berth 10,000-tonne ships, and handles half of the country's foreign trade, with coffee and sugar as the major exports. Manufacturing industries include sugar, rum, textiles, tobacco, cement, and plastics. ...

Poseidon
In Greek mythology, the chief god of the sea, brother of Zeus and Pluto. The brothers dethroned their father, Kronos, and divided his realm, Poseidon taking the sea. Husband of Amphitrite, his sons were the merman sea god Triton and the Cyclops Polyphemus. Armed with a trident, he drove a chariot drawn by sea monsters, half horse and half serpent. ...

Powell, Michael
(Latham) English film director and producer. In collaboration with the Hungarian-born screenwriter Emeric Pressburger, he produced a succession of ambitious and richly imaginative films, including I Know Where I'm Going! (1945), A Matter of Life and Deat...

Polanski, Roman
Polish film director. His films are often dark and violent, and early successes such as Repulsion (1965), Rosemary's Baby (1968), and Chinatown (1974) brought an innovative European style to US and UK cinema. He had little critical or commercial success from the late 1970s onwards, but ma...

poll tax
Tax levied on every individual, without reference to income or property. Being simple to administer, it was among the earliest sorts of tax (introduced in England in 1379), but because of its indiscriminate nature (it is a regressive tax, in that it falls proportionately more heavily on poorer people) it has often proved unpopular

pointe
In dance, the tip of the toe. A dancer sur les pointes is dancing on her toes in blocked shoes, as popularized by the Italian dancer Marie Taglioni in 1832

postmodernism
(art) Late-20th-century movement in architecture and the arts that rejected the preoccupation of post-war modernism with purity of form and technique, and sought to dissolve the divisions between art, popular culture, and the media. Postmodernists use a combination of style element...

polyphony
In music, when two or more lines of melody combine so that they fit well together. Counterpoint is another word that has a similar meaning. Polyphony is also the ability of a synthesizer to play more than one note at a time. If the synthesizer can produce more than one type of sound – for example, a flute and a guitar – simultaneously, it...

Poland
Country in eastern Europe, bounded north by the Baltic Sea, northeast by Lithuania, east by Belarus and Ukraine, south by the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, and west by Germany. Government Under its 1997 constitution, Poland is a multiparty liberal democracy with a limited presidential political system. The executive president, directly el...

Portugal
Click images to enlargeCountry in southwestern Europe, on the Atlantic Ocean, bounded north and east by Spain. Government The 1976 constitution, revised in 1982, provides for a president, elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term, renewable only once in succession, and a single-chamber 230-member asse...

polar reversal
Change in polarity of Earth's magnetic field. Like all magnets, Earth's magnetic field has two opposing regions, or poles, positioned approximately near geographical North and South Poles. During a period of normal polarity the region of attraction corresponds with the North Pole. Today, a compass needle, like other magnetic materials, alig...

polymer
Very long-chain molecule made up of many repeated simple units (monomers) linked together by polymerization. There are many polymers, both natural (cellulose, chitin, lignin, rubber) and synthetic (polyethylene and nylon, types of plastic). Synthetic polymers belong to two groups: thermosofte...

Poitevin
In English history, relating to the reigns of King John and King Henry III. The term is derived from the region of France south of the Loire (Poitou), which was controlled by the English for most of this period

Port Louis
Capital of Mauritius since independence in 1968, on the island's northwest coast; population (2000 est) 144,300. Exports include sugar, textiles, and electronic goods. Industries include chemicals, plastics, fertilizers, printed fabrics, and sugar and food processing. It was founded by the French in 1735 and became, until the opening of the...

Port-Vila
Port and capital of Vanuatu, on the southwest of Efate Island; population (1999) 29,400, (2007 calc) 38,400. Local industries include meat canning

porcelain
Translucent ceramic material with a shining finish, see pottery and porcelain

poverty
Condition in which the basic needs of human beings (shelter, food, and clothing) are not being met. Over one-fifth of the world's population was living in extreme poverty in 1995, of which around 70% were women. Nearly 13.5 million children under five die each year from poverty-relate...

Post Office
Government department or authority with responsibility for postal services. Many post offices also offer other services, including financial services, passport and license applications, and telecommunications

Pol Pot
Cambodian politician and leader of the Khmer Rouge communist movement that overthrew the government in 1975. After widespread atrocities against the civilian population, his regime was deposed by a Vietnamese invasion in 1979. Pol Pot continued to help lead the Khmer Rouge despite officially resigning from all positions in 1989. He was captured in ...

podzol
Type of light-coloured soil found predominantly under coniferous forests and on moorlands in cool regions where rainfall exceeds evaporation. The constant downward movement of water leaches nutrients from the upper layers, making podzols poor agricultural soils. Podzols are very acidic soils. The leaching of minerals such as iron and alumina le...

Porto Alegre
Industrial port and capital of Río Grande do Sul federal unit (state), southeast Brazil; population (2000 est) 1,320,100; metropolitan area (2000 est) 3,507,600. The port is situated on the eastern bank of Río Guaíba (formed by the confluence of five rivers), at the northwestern end of Lagôa dos Patos, a freshwater lagoo...

Pollux
(astronomy) Brightest star in the constellation Gemini, the Twins, and the 17th-brightest star in the night sky. Pollux is a yellow star with a true luminosity 45 times that of the Sun. It is 36 light years away from the Sun. The first-magnitude Pollux and the second-magnitude Cast...

Polykleitos
Greek sculptor. His Spear Carrier (450–440 BC; only Roman copies survive) exemplifies the naturalism and harmonious proportions of his work. He created the legendary colossal statue of Hera in Argos, in ivory and gold

Poitier, Sidney
US-Bahamanian actor and film director. During his long career he has helped break down some of the race barriers in Hollywood, refusing to work on projects which he felt discriminated against black actors. He won acclaim in No Way Out (1950), and later films include Something of Value (1957), The D...

positron emission tomography
Imaging technique that enables doctors to observe the metabolic activity of the human body by following the progress of a radioactive chemical that has been inhaled or injected, detecting gamma radiation given out when positrons emitted by the chemical are annihilated. The technique has been used to study a wide range of conditions, including schiz...

polyunsaturate
Type of fat or oil containing a high proportion of triglyceride molecules whose fatty acid chains contain several double bonds. By contrast, the fatty-acid chains of the triglycerides in saturated fats (such as lard) contain only single bonds. Medical evidence suggests that polyunsaturated fats, used widely in margarines and cooking fats, are l...