Copy of `Robert Horne Group - Industrial glossary`

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Robert Horne Group - Industrial glossary Category: General technical and industrial > Paper Date & country: 18/12/2007, UK Words: 148

Bristol Board
A fine quality paperboard which may be made solid by pasting two or more sheets together.

Bookjacket Paper
The term applied to the printed dust cover or wrapper used to cover books or similar publications. Usually a strong, high quality one side coated grade. In fact, this grade may be virtually any type of paper which happens to attract the designer of the book concerned.

Board
A paper substrate in heavier grammages. The demarcation line between paper and board varies but generally in the UK it is accepted as being 160 gsm or 170 gsm.

Blotting
Highly absorbent papers which may be watermarked, white or in colours.

Blue Angel
A German environmental label, which covers many products, including paper. It takes a ?cradle to grave? approach, considering manufacture and disposal as well as product use.

Blister Pack
This term describes a packaging system which is a combination of board and plastics. The board, usually of the cheaper variety made from the lower grades of waste paper, can be lined on one or both sides, to carry a printed message or advertising. The product is sealed to the board by a transparent plastic film. This system is often used for packag …

Bleached Pulp
Pulp which is chemically treated to give high whiteness, thus improving print contrast.

Blade Coating
A method by which coating is applied to base paper. The coater consists of a large back-up roll around which the paper passes and at the base of which is the coating pan with an applicator roll applying coating to the paper. The surplus coating is metered off by a steel doctor blade that also serves to smooth the coating before the wet web passes i …

Bible Paper
Very thin printing papers, strong and opaque. Originally made for bibles and prayer books, this grade is also now in common use for commercial purposes, such as dictionaries, where many pages are required in small volume.

Base Paper
Paper made for conversion by the application of a surface coating. Base paper which is coated as a separate operation from the actual papermaking.

Bank & Bond
Descriptive of a wide range of white and tinted uncoated printings and writings, usually woodfree furnish - higher grades with rag or cotton content. Banks are grammages less than 60 gsm. Wide spread usage - letterhead, stationery, office and business, copy work etc.

Archival Paper
See Acid Free Paper

Art
General term for high quality off-machine coated papers and boards; gloss and matt; used for high quality reproduction.

Antique Special Furnish
Antique papers made from a mixture of different pulps, for example, chemical woodpulp and esparto grass.

Antique Woodfree
Antique papers made from pulps manufactured by the chemical process, rather than mechanical or groundwood pulps.

Antique Laid
Antique papers, but with feint laid lines which can be seen when holding a sample to the light.

Antique
A good quality bulky paper, almost totally opaque, with a rough surface finish. The term comes from the period when paper was hand made, and was used to describe colour and finish. It can be made in white or in colours, be deckle-edged, and either laid or wove. It is often used for more expensive books.

Airmail
Papers made in the lightest grammages (usually below 40 gsm) for reasons of postage costs, but with strength and a good surface.

Air Knife Coating
A method by which coating is applied by an applicator roll revolving in a pan of coating and applying heavy coating to the base paper which then passes round a backing roll where an air doctor (knife) smoothes and meters the coating to give the required coating weight. The process is normally used for high quality, heavily coated papers, and someti …

Acid Free Paper
Papers having a pH of 7.0 or more which do not contain the free acids that cause faster ageing which results in the premature deterioration of documents and books.

Wove
Paper produced with a plain wove pattern dandy roll.

Woodfree
A term used to describe a paper which is free from groundwood, mechanical or thermo-mechanical woodpulp and which contains no fibres other than those from chemical wood pulp.

Wire Side
The side of the paper web which was in contact with the wire on the paper making machine. Of the two sides it has the inferior printing quality but the stronger surface. A wire mark, the patterns of the wire mesh may be present, but the prominence of this has been much reduced by the use of plastic ?wires?.

Watermark
A watermark is a design which is impressed into the paper when it is formed on the wire of the paper making machine. The design is carried by the dandy roll and is slightly proud of its surface. The slight pressure which is applied reduces the thickness of the paper, and when dry shows through, because it is less opaque.

Vellum Paper
Papers with a strong, tough character and a high quality appearance, made to represent the fine smooth finish of a parchment made from animal skin, often used for certificates.

Two Sided
The normal characteristics of paper made on a single-wire machine. The two sides of the sheet differ in a number of properties, but when the variation exceeds what is intended or achievable, it will be termed `Two Sided`.

Twin Wire Paper
The product of a paper machine which has two wires on which separate webs are formed and then brought together wire side to wire side before the pressing and drying operations, so that the finished sheet has two, identical high quality printing surfaces.

Triplex Board
Board manufactured from three stocks, one of which is waste (middle), with a different paper top and bottom.

Top Wire
Is an additional wire added to a conventional Fourdrinier paper making machine, and is a fairly recent development. It makes twin-wire paper, but with a difference, in that only one layer of fibre is produced. The top wire is positioned horizontally on the normal wire and the fibre is sandwiched between them. It may have either vacuum or foils to a …

Top Side (Felt Side)
The side of machine made paper which is not in contact with the wire. It has the better printing surface but the weaker surface strength. There are exceptions on MG, hand and mould made papers where the wire side may have the better printing surface (see also Wire Side).

Titanium Dioxide
A pigment used for a paper filling which has excellent properties for giving good opacity with high brightness. More expensive than clay or calcium carbonate but is invaluable for papers with low grammages that need good opacity, like Bible and/or diary paper.

Tissue Paper
Soft, lightweight papers plain or coloured. Widely used for hygienic and household purposes. May be in more than one ply. Other grades are used for lamination to such materials as aluminium foil and used for packaging.

Ticket Board
Another name for pasteboard, although coated board can be included in this grade which is used for showcards or similar purposes. May be white or tinted.

TCF (Totally Chlorine Free)
Pulp which has been bleached with agents such as Oxygen or Hydrogen Peroxide, which contains no Chlorine compounds at all. Produces no detectable levels of Dioxins or Organo-chlorides above natural background levels.

Synthetic Paper
Materials made from synthetic fibres which have the characteristics of paper, but which are infinitely stronger. They may be printed and are often impervious to grease, oils, moisture etc. One important use for these materials is in maps.

Surface Sized
Sizing of paper web in the course of the paper making machine run (by size press). Opposite to engine sizing where size is added at the pulp stock stage.

Strawboard
Board made from straw pulp. Used principally for case book covers, cheap account books and rigid box-making. Not readily available nowadays.

Stock
A term loosely applied to paper making material in all its stages, but usually referring to the wet pulp before it is fed on to the paper making machine.

Speciality Paper & Board
This is a paper trade definition applied to such grades as off-machine coated, laminated, impregnated etc., as distinguished from printings and writings etc., and other grades which do not require further processing. Speciality papers and boards are often the raw materials for use by other industries. The electrical and instrumental industries are …

Special Furnish Grades
This is a category of papers and boards which contain very high grade pulps, a percentage of which will be rag, cotton or other non-wood pulps. The product is also likely to contain a proportion of chemical pulp (woodfree) often associated with quality letterheads, textured and some embossed qualities.

Softwood Pulp
Pulp obtained from softwoods (long fibre) such as coniferous trees, which imparts the strength properties to the paper.

Sizing (Engine Sized)
Additional materials added to paper fibres in order to resist the spontaneous penetration of aqueous liquids, particularly writing ink (see Neutral and Rosin Sizing).

Silurian
A class of papers where the pulp is coloured separately with fast dyestuffs, darker fibres being added to produce a mottle-like appearance.

Self Copy Paper
Another name for carbonless papers.

Short Grain
Paper or board sheet with the longest dimension parallel to the paper?s cross direction. It is not suitable for printing colour registered work by sheet fed offset litho, when the sheet has to pass through the press for each side printed, e.g. four colour work on a single or two colour press.

Security Paper
Various grades of paper incorporating special identification features to assist in the detection and prevention of fraud.

Self Adhesive Paper
Used essentially for labelling purposes, the grade has a self-adhesive coating on one side and a good surface suitable for printing on the other side. The adhesive is protected by a laminate which enables the sheet to be fed through the printing machine, the laminate subsequently being stripped when the label is applied.

SC Printings & Writings
Papers which receive superior finish (matt and gloss) by passing through off-machine supercalender stack of chilled steel, granite, and ?soft? rolls.

Rosin Sizing (Resin Sizing)
Internal sizing used to control water being absorbed by the sheet and spreading across its surface. Depending on the paper type the degree of sizing used is hard, medium or soft, the first being most resistant to water. With its use, alum is necessary, making the finished paper acid and therefore unsuitable for papers containing calcium carbonate, …

Relative Humidity (RH)
The percentage of the maximum amount of moisture the atmosphere can hold at a given temperature. With a constant amount of moisture in the atmosphere, raising the temperature will lower the relative humidity and lowering the temperature will make it higher.

Reels
A continuous length of paper wound on a coil, irrespective of diameter, width or weight. Reels may thus be rewound into smaller reels or slit into coils.

Rag Paper
Old cotton or linen garments or clothing are one source for obtaining fibres for rag papers. The merit of using rag fibres, or part of the fibre furnish, is because they are a long fibre imparting dry and wet strength for special purpose papers, and also giving them a long life.

Pulp Board
Made from pulp as a homogenous sheet on a cylinder machine.

Presspahn
This is a German word widely used to describe a grade of board used for a variety of purposes, often industrial. It is of a light weight, glazed and extra hard, rolled and friction glazed.

Pre-consumer Waste
Unprinted waste paper and board that has left the mill but has not reached the end user. Typically trimmings and rejected material from printers, envelope converters etc.

Poster MG
Litho paper with a quick-drying surface, used for outdoor poster work. Rough underside lends itself to rapid pasting. Can also be coated on both sides, the unprinted side including a dye to improve opacity.

Post-consumer Waste
Woodfree printed waste that has been used and discarded by the end user, typically homes and offices.

Pigment
Used both as fillers and for coating. Mineral pigments such as calcium carbonate, clay, titanium, and pigmented dyes are used in paper.

pH Value
The pH scale ranges from 0-14 units, and pH 7 is neutral. Values below 7 indicate increased acidity, values above 7 denote increased alkalinity. The scale is logarithmic, one unit change in pH value will indicate a ten-fold change in acidity or alkalinity. When reporting pH the testing method must be stated as results are dependent on the ratio of …

PEFC
The PEFC Council (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) schemes is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental organisation founded in 1999, which promotes sustainably managed forests through independent third party certification. The PEFC provides an assurance mechanism to purchasers of wood and paper products that they are promo …

Paste Board
Contains two or more laminations of paper having a middle of lower quality.

Parchment
Parchment, or parchmentised papers, have a high resistance to the penetration of grease and atmospheric humidity. Used largely for wrapping purposes, there are also grades of imitation parchments which are less impervious. Similar to greaseproof papers.

Opaque
Papers of a substance or type which prevent the passage of light. For example, a sheet with good opacity is one where the printing on one side cannot be seen from the other side under normal conditions.

One-Time Carbon Paper
A lightweight woodfree, or mechanical grade, coated with carbon black or other colouring matter and used with manifold forms (see also Carbon Paper).

Off-Machine Coated
(Process Coated)

Office Paper
Good quality lightweight papers, may be glazed or unglazed, used for correspondence and other documents in the office.

OCR Paper
(Optical Character Recognition)

Nordic Swan
An environmental label encouraging production methods that create minimum environmental impact. Evaluation for paper is based upon strict limits for emissions and effluent from pulp and paper mills.

Newsprint
One of the cheapest printing papers produced largely from mechanical pulp or groundwood supplied in both reels and sheets. The standard substance is in the range of 45 to 48 gsm.

Neutral Sizing
Internal sizing with a synthetic size giving the paper a pH of 7.0 which is essential for long life paper and those containing calcium carbonate. Depending on the use of the paper it will be hard, medium, or soft sized to control the degree of water absorbency.

NAPM Recycled Mark
The National Association of Paper Merchants? scheme for designating a paper as recycled. To qualify, a grade must contain at least 75% recycled fibre. Converters? waste, printers? waste and post consumer waste (from homes and offices) are all allowed (printed or unprinted) but not mill broke - the waste has to have left the mill. The remaining 25% …

Multi-Layer Board
These are boards manufactured from two or more layers at the same time and on the one multi-wire paper machine, sometimes using the same stock, but usually where a middle layer is included a different stock is used. The grade is of particular benefit where rigidity is important as well as a good print surface, for example, display cartons and cover …

Mould-Made Paper
Not to be confused with paper made by hand via a hand mould, these quality papers are made on a mechanical mouldmaking machine, producing papers with two genuine deckle edges plus possibly two imitation deckle edges (see also Hand-Made Papers).

Mill Broke
Offcuts and rejected material that has not left the paper mill. Broke is routinely repulped and the fibre used in the production of new paper. Mill broke is not normally considered to be true recycled fibre.

Mill Board
A high grade board, brown in colour, made from rope and other materials. Very hard, tough, with a good finish. Used for covers of better quality account and other books.

Middles
All waste furnish board used for laminating to make solid fibre board cases.

MF Printing & Writings
Papers calendered on the paper machine through a stack of metal rolls. Gives good bulk of value for bookwork (see also SC Printings & Writings).

Metallised Material
Materials coated with an extremely thin layer (about 0.05 micron) of metal, usually aluminium, deposited from a vapour source under very high vacuum. Almost any substrate can be metallised, but for thin sheet materials polyester or polypropylene films are most commonly used, also paper and, more recently, cartonboard.

Mechanical Woodpulp
Produced by mechanical means and the cheapest of wood pulps, although having good printing qualities, high bulk and opacity. Failings are low strength and shade, the latter deteriorating quickly when exposed to light. Currently available with improved qualities, e.g. in strength (by thermo-mechanical treatment), shade (by bleaching) and with less s …

Mechanical
Papers containing fibres only from the mechanical (i.e. groundwood) pulping processes (see also Woodfrees).

Matt Paper
A coated paper with a dull, smooth finish.

Marble Paper
Special effect papers used largely as end papers in bookbinding; also in paper boxmaking and other purposes, such as designer work.

Manilla
Papers and boards used for making tags, high strength cartons, correspondence folders and many other articles where strength is at a premium. Furnish usually contains hemp rope pulp, and the product is usually machine glazed.

Manifold Paper
Bank paper quality, usually weighing less than 44 gsm (generally between 28-44 gsm).

Machine Glazed (MG)
Paper which is dried on the papermaking machine by a very large cylinder with a polished surface, sometimes referred to as a Yankee drier. When being dried, the wire side of the paper, which is in contact with the cylinder, takes on a reproduction of the highly polished surface. The paper has a smooth and a rough side. MGpapers are used for wrappin …

Machine Finished (MF)
Paper which is calendered on the papermaking machine, but is not subsequently super- calendered to give a very smooth finish or gloss. Has good bulk which is of value for book work.

Machine Direction (Grain Direction)
The direction of paper and board corresponding with the flow of fibres on the papermaking machine, with greater stiffness than the cross direction. Traditionally the machine direction on a sheet of paper was parallel to the second dimension when written e.g. 640 x 900mm is long grain, and 900 x 640mm is short grain. The agreement is to place the le …

Long Life Paper
(See Acid Free Paper)

Machine Coated
Paper or board, which is pigment coated on the end of the paper or boardmaking machine.

Long Grain
Indicates the longest dimension of a sheet of paper, corresponds to the direction the paper travelled on the papermaking machine. When paper takes up or gives off moisture, it expands or contracts more in the cross direction, so ?Long Grain? paper minimises the total distortion, and is of great benefit for litho printing, but not exclusively so (se …

Liner
Top layer of a vat-made board which is often the printing surface with a better furnish than the other layers.

Lignin
Non-cellulose material found in wood and other cellulose plants. In the groundwood methods of pulp production the lignin is softened but not removed, and the papers made from groundwood pulp are weaker and more inclined to discolour on exposure to the atmosphere. In the chemical pulp making process most of the lignin is dissolved and the resulting …

Ledger Paper
Strong (fully hard) sized paper, traditionally rag containing, often azure in tint and watermarked. Intended primarily for record-keeping. Strength and proof against discolouration are important characteristics.

Laid
Papers with a ribbed appearance produced by a mould or dandy roll which has wires parallel to each other and not woven. The closely spaced lines parallel to the paper?s machine direction are laid lines, and the widely spaced ones in the opposite direction are chain lines (see also Wove).

Label Paper
A large variety of various types of plain or coloured body papers which have been gummed or to which a self-adhesive material has been applied, and subsequently cut into a vast number of shapes and sizes depending on end use and surface application.

Kraft Paper
Used mainly for wrapping purposes, it takes its name from the German word Kraft, meaning strength. Made from virgin fibre, providing a high mechanical strength, it can be bleached or unbleached and may be unglazed, ribbed, machine glazed or treated by a process which provides increased stretch and softness. There are also grades which are bituminis …

Ivory Board
High quality board of one or more laminations of identical quality and having characteristic features of transparency and rigidity. Used for visiting cards and similar high-class printed work.

Index Board
This grade is usually a strong pulp board manufactured with a good surface suitable for printing and writing.

Heatseal Paper
A body paper coated with an adhesive material which is activated by the application of heat. Sometimes known as heatfix papers, this grade is used largely for labels, and can be made to adhere to materials ranging from paper to metal.

Hardwood Pulp
Short fibred pulp obtained from deciduous trees (e.g. birch, eucalyptus & poplar) which gives good printing quality and imparts high bulk, compressibility, and good opacity to the paper.