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The History Channel - Encyclopedia
Category: History and Culture > History
Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK
Words: 25833
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de Hautecloque, Jacques PhillipeDuring World War II, real name of General Phillipe
Leclerc. ...
de Klerk, F(rederik) W(illem)(1936) South African National Party politician, president 1989-94. A pragmatic conservative who sought gradual reform of the
apartheid system, he ended the ban on the
African National Congress (ANC)...
de Kooning, Willem(1904-1997) Dutch-born US painter. He emigrated to the USA in 1926 and worked as a commercial artist. After World War II he became, together with Jackson Pollock, one of the leaders of the abstract...
de l'Orme, Philibert(c. 1505/10-1570) French architect. He is remembered principally as the author of two important architectural treatises, Nouvelles Intentions (1561) and Architecture (1567). His building work includes the tomb of...
De La Madrid Hurtado, Miguel(1934) Mexican politician, president 1982-88. As minister of planning and budget under José
López Portillo, he formulated an...
de la Mare, Walter John(1873-1956) English poet and writer. His works include verse for children, such as Peacock Pie (1913), and the novels The Three Royal Monkeys (1910) (for children) and The Memoirs of a Midget (1921) (for...
de la Roche, Mazo(1885-1961) Canadian novelist. Experience of life in an area of southern Ontario characterized by large estates centred on big houses gave her the idea for the immensely popular 15-novel saga...
De La Rúa, Fernando(1937) Argentine politician who became president in December 1999 as the candidate of the centre-left Alianza (in English Alliance) coalition, ending ten years of Peronist rule. Under pressure from the...
de la Warr, Thomas West(1577-1618) English colonial administrator. Sent to North America as governor of Virginia in 1609, he arrived in 1610 just in time to prevent the desertion of the Jamestown colonists, and by 1611 had...
de Léon Carpio, Ramiro(1942-2002) Guatemalan centrist politician, president 1993-96. Between 1984-86 he was a deputy in the Constituent Assembly and secretary general of the centrist National Political Union of the Centre (UCN),...
De Leon, Daniel(1852-1914) West Indian-born US socialist advocate. A Lawyer, he was named the Socialist Labor Party's national lecturer. His disaffection with the party and with the Socialist Party of America led to him...
De Long, George Washington(1844-1881) US naval officer and explorer. He commanded the Jeanette during an attempt to reach the North Pole via the Bering Strait (1879-81). He died on the Siberian coast after his ship...
De Loutherbourg, Philip James(1740-1812) German-born painter and scene designer, active in England. He specialized in strange, wild landscapes of avalanches, shipwrecks, and battles. He worked for the actor and theatre manager David...
de Maizière, Lothar(1940) German politician, leader 1989-90 of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in East Germany. He became premier after East Germany's first democratic election in April 1990 and...
De Marchi(1851-1901) Italian novelist. He adopted the narrative style of Alessandro
Manzoni to portray the misery and the helplessness of the lower middle class. His best-known novel is Demetrio Pianelli (1890). ...
de Meuron, Pierre(1950) Swiss architect. He formed a partnership with Jacques Herzog in 1978, and they became well known for their precision, fine craftsmanship, and innovative, highly original use of materials and...
De Mita, Luigi Ciriaco(1928) Italian conservative politician, leader of the Christian Democratic Party (DC) from 1982, prime minister 1988-90. He entered the chamber of deputies...
de Morgan, William (Frend)(1839-1917) English pottery designer and novelist. He set up his own factory in 1888 in London, producing tiles and pottery painted with flora and fauna in a style typical of t ...
De Priest, Oscar Stanton(1871-1951) US representative. A Republican, he was the first black American on the Chicago city council, resigning because of alleged mob connections. He fought against
Jim Crow laws in the House of...
De Quincey, Thomas(1785-1859) English writer. His works include Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821) and the essays `On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth` (1825) and `On Murder Considered as One of the Fine...
De Robeck, John Michael(1862-1928) British admiral in World War I. He commanded British naval forces at Gallipoli, directing operations off the coast until the evacuation 1916. In 1919 he became commander-in-chief in the...
De Roberto, Federico(1861-1927) Italian novelist. His I vicere/The Viceroys (1894) is a powerful portrayal of the Sicilian aristocracy during and immediately after the Risorgimento (Italian unification movement). ...
De Roburt, Hammer(1923-1992) Nauruan politician, president 1968-76, 1978-83, and 1987-89. Educated partly in Australia, De Roburt worked as a teacher in Nauru, but, during the country's occupation 1942-45, he was...
de Ruyter, Michiel AdriaanszoonDutch admiral; see Michiel Adriaanszoon de
Ruyter. ...
De Sanctis, Francesco(1817-1883) Italian critic and educationalist. His Saggi Critici (1863-67) and Storia della letteratura italiana (1872) established him as Italy's most important 19th-century critic. Exiled from Naples for...
De Smet, Pierre Jean(1801-1870) Belgium-born US Jesuit missionary. He worked as a missionary to American Indian peoples, founding mission stations. He helped to negotiate peace after the Mormon War and effected a truce with...
de Soto, Hernando(c. 1496-1542) Spanish explorer who sailed with Pedro Arias de Avila (c. 1440-1531) to Darien, Central America, in 1519, explored the Yucatán Peninsula in 1528, and travelled with Francisco Pizarro in Peru...
de Tocqueville, AlexisFrench politician; see
Tocqueville, Alexis de. ...
de Tolnay, Charles Erich(1899-1981) Hungarian-born US art historian and painter. He gained a PhD from Vienna, continued his studies at the University of Rome, and worked as a lecturer in art and archaeology at many institutions in...
de Valera, Éamon(1882-1975) Irish nationalist politician, president/Taoiseach (prime minister) of the Irish Free State/Eire/Republic of Ireland 1932-48, 1951-54, and 1957-59, and president 1959-73. Repeatedly...
De Vere, Aubrey(1788-1846) Irish poet. Born at the family estate of Curragh Chase, County Limerick, he was educated at Harrow, England, and was later noted as a reforming landlord. The patriotic The Lamentations of Ireland...
de Villepin, Dominique(1953) French diplomat and right-wing politician, prime minister 2005-2007. Formerly a diplomat, he became one of President Jacques
Chirac's closest advisers, when he served as secretary general of the...
De Vinne, Theodore Low(1828-1914) US painter. He became full owner of a print shop that reproduced illustrations and made important innovations in typography. He wrote the influential four-volume...
De Vries, Adriaen(c. 1545-1626) Dutch sculptor. He was a pupil of Giambologna in Florence, Italy. Most of his work was executed in Augsburg, where he designed a series of fountains, and in Prague, at the court of the Holy Roman...
de Wet, Christiaan Rudolf(1854-1922) Boer general and politician. He served in the South African Wars 1880 and 1899. When World War I began, he headed a pro-German rising of 12,000 Afrikaners but was defeated, convicted of treason,...
De Witt, Cornelius(1623-1672) Dutch burgomaster. He was the brother of Jan
De Witt, whose republican policy he supported. After the French invasion of 1672, he was arrested on a false charge of conspiring to poison Prince...
De Witt, Jan(1625-1672) Dutch statesman and republican. He opposed the dynastic claims of the House of Orange and sought to abolish the office of
stadholder. He negotiated the Treaty of Breda in 1667, ending the Second...
de Wolfe, Elsie(1865-1950) US interior decorator. She was commissioned to work on New York's Colony Club, the Frick mansion, and the houses of the wealthy. She restored her own Villa Trianon in France and, after World War II,...
deaconIn the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, an ordained minister who ranks immediately below a priest. In the Protestant churches, a deacon is in training to become a min ...
Dead Sea ScrollsCollection of ancient scrolls (rolls of writing) and fragments of scrolls found 1947-56 in caves on the western side of the Jordan, at
Qumran. They include copies of Old Testament books a thousand...
Deák, Ferenc(1803-1876) Hungarian statesman. In 1860 he became leader of the Moderates, and drew up the address to the emperor Franz Joseph, demanding the restoration of the constitution of 1848 and an independent...
Deakin, Alfred(1856-1919) Australian politician, prime minister 1903-04, 1905-08, and 1909-10. In his second administration, he enacted legislation on defence and pensions. Educated at Melbourne University, he worked...
Deakin, Arthur(1890-1955) English trade union leader. He became national secretary of the General Workers' Group of the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1932, and succeeded Ernest Bevin as general secretary of the...
deanIn education, in universities and medical schools, the head of administration; in the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, UK, the member of the teaching staff charged with the maintenance of...
dean of guildHead of one of the numerous trade guilds in Scottish burghs prior to the Burgh Reform Act of 1834 . Their function was to act as arbiter in all mercantile and maritime affairs within the burgh....
Dean, Basil Herbert(1888-1978) English founder and director-general of Entertainments National Service Association (
ENSA) 1939, which provided entertainment for the Allied forces in World War II. ...
Dean, John(1926) US civil servant and counsel to US president Richard
Nixon. Dean testified before the Ervin Committee that President Nixon had been involved in the cover-up over the
Watergate affair. Dean's frank...
Dean, William Frishe(1899-1981) US soldier. One of the first heroes of the Korean War, he was captured at Teajon in 1950. He described his three-year ordeal in a communist prisoner of war camp in the best-seller, General...
Deane, Richard(1610-1653) English Parliamentary commander, admiral, and general at sea. He fought with the Parliamentary army during the Civil War in Cornwall and at the battles...
Deane, Seamus(1940) Northern Irish poet, novelist, and academic. Born in Londonderry, Deane was educated in Belfast and Cambridge, and settled in Dublin in 1968. His work includes Gradual Wars (1972), one of the first...
Deane, Silas(1737-1789) American public leader and diplomat. He served in the Continental Congress 1774-76 and was dispatched to Paris to gain support from the French government during the American Revolution...
Dearborn, Henry(1751-1829) US soldier. A Revolutionary War veteran, he served as secretary of war under Jefferson (1801-09). Assigned command of the critical northeast theatre at the outbreak of the War of 1812, his...
Déat, Marcel(1894-1955) French politician, a leading collaborator with Nazi Germany. He was minister of labour under the
Vichy government in 1940, and founded the so-called `unity` party, the Rassemblement National...
death dutyTax charged on a person's property after their death, also known as
inheritance tax. ...
Death of a SalesmanPlay 1949 by Arthur
Miller, the story of the defeated sales representative Willy Loman, which captured the limitations and deceptions of the American dream of success. ...
death penaltyAnother name for
capital punishment. ...
Deayton, Angus(1956) English actor, writer, and presenter. After graduating from Oxford University, Deayton co-wrote and appeared in the comedy television programme KYTV (1989-93). He has written and acted with...
Debeney, Marie-Eugene(1864-1943) French general in World War I. He defended Amiens March-April 1918, captured Montdidier, and then advanced to the River Somme August 1918. He was appointed commandant of St Cyr military academy...
debentureLong-term loan raised by a company through the issue of debenture certificates, using its assets as security for repayment, normally to be redeemed at a future date. Debentures are typically...
DeborahIn the Old Testament, a prophet and judge (leader). She helped lead an Israelite army against the Canaanite general Sisera, who was killed trying to flee; her song of triumph at his death is...
Debray, Régis(1941) French Marxist theorist. He was associated with Che
Guevara in the revolutionary movement in Latin America in the 1960s. In 1967 he was sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment in Bolivia but was...
Debré, Michel Jean-Pierre(1912-1996) French Gaullist politician and prime minister. He was minister of justice 1958, the chief author of the Fifth Republic's constitution and its first prime minister 1959-62. He accepted
de Gaulle's...
Debrett's PeerageDirectory of the British peerage, first published in 1802 by John Debrett (1753-1822) under the title Peerage of England, Scotland and Ireland, but based on earlier compilations. Debrett aimed to...
Debreu, Gerard(1921) French-born US economist. He developed mathematical economic models with US economist Kenneth
Arrow, and in 1954 they published an epoch-making paper in which they provided a definitive...
Debs, Eugene V(ictor)(1855-1926) US labour leader and socialist who organized the Social Democratic Party in 1897 (known as the Socialist Party from 1901). He was the founder and first president of the American Railway Union in...
debtSomething that is owed by a person, organization, or country, usually money, goods, or services. Debt usually occurs as a result of borrowing
credit. Debt servicing is the payment of interest on a...
debt crisisAny situation in which an individual, company, or country owes more to others than it can repay or pay interest on; more specifically, the massive indebtedness of many developing countries that...
debtorIndividual, business organization, or government that owes money to another. The opposite of a debtor is a
creditor. ...
Deburau, Jean Baptiste Gaspard(1796-1846) Bohemian-born French actor and mime artist. He introduced the
Pierrot into his performances and was taken on by the Théâtre des Funambules 1820-46, quickly becoming the rage of Paris. His son...
Deby, Idriss(1952) Chadian soldier and politician, president from 1990. As founder and leader of the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), Deby seized power in an armed coup. His presidency was constitutionally endorsed...
DecadentsGroup of young French writers who were active from 1880 to about 1890. The movement `L'Esprit décadent` may be considered as an early stage of
Symbolism. The Decadents were characterized by a...
DecalogueTen commandments that, according to the Old Testament, were delivered by God to
Moses on Mount Sinai, stated in...
Decameron, TheCollection of tales by the Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio, brought together 1348-53. Ten young people, fleeing plague-stricken Florence, amuse their fellow travellers by each telling a story...
Decamps, Alexandre Gabriel(1803-1860) French painter and lithographer. An Orientalist somewhat earlier than Eugène Delacroix, he visited Constantinople and Asia Minor and painted many scenes of Arab life which were popular with the...
DecapolisAncient Roman league of ten cities in the Middle East on the east side of the upper River Jordan and the lake of Tiberias. It was formed soon after 63 BC, as a means of defence against the...
Decatur, Stephen(1779-1820) US naval hero. During the war with the Barbary pirates at Tripoli 1801-05, he succeeded in burning the Philadelphia, a US frigate captured by the enemy. During the
War of 1812 with Britain, he...
Decatur, Stephen(1752-1808) American naval officer. He commanded five different privateer vessels during the American Revolution and became a captain in the US Navy in 1798. He commanded the USS Dela ...
Decebalus(lived 1st/2nd centuries AD) King of the ancient region of
Dacia in central Europe (now Romania and part of Hungary). He was paid an annual subsidy by the Romans under the emperor Domitian,but when Trajan became emperor AD 96,...
Decembrio, Angelo(1415-after 1467) Italian humanist author, the younger brother of Pier Candido
Decembrio. He entered the intellectual circle around Leonello d'
Este in Ferrara and described (or mythologized) it in his De Politia...
Decembrio, Pier Candido(1399-1477) Milanese humanist author and administrator. He entered the service of Filippo Maria
Visconti in 1419, acting...
DecembristMember of one of several Russian secret societies which adopted western liberal ideas and joined forces to attempt a rebellion against the new Tsar Nicholas I in December 1825. The rebellion was...
deceptionIn warfare, the use of dummies, decoys, and electronics to trick the enemy into believing in and preparing to defend against armies that do not exist. The Allied ground offensive in the 1991 Gulf...
decimationForm of capital punishment inflicted in the Roman army on units which had been guilty of insubordination, desertion during a battle, or mutiny. The guilty units were lined up and counted: every...
decision theoryTheory that decisions can best be made by eliminating intuition and subjective criteria and employing a system of mathematical techniques for analysing decision-making problems. The system aims to...
Declaration of IndependenceHistoric US document stating the theory of government on which the USA was founded, based on the right `to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness`. The statement was issued by the...
Declaration of IndulgenceIn Britain, statement of government policy issued by order of the monarch with the aim of giving a lead to public opinion on religious tolerance. There were four Declarations of Indulgence properly...
Declaration of RightsIn Britain, the statement issued by the Convention Parliament in February 1689, laying down the conditions under which the crown was to be offered to
William III and Mary. Its clauses were later...
Declaration of SentimentsIn US history, document adopted at the
Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 that called for women to have equal rights to men in areas such as education, ownership of property, and voting. Its author,...
Declaratory ActLegislation enacted by the British Parliament on 18 March 1766, in conjunction with the repeal of the
Stamp Act, that asserted its authority to govern the American colonies. Americans were overjoyed...
declining industryAn industry whose output is declining over time. In the UK, the shipbuilding and textile industries declined in the 20th century. A declining industry is also associated with a fall in employment in...
decolonizationGradual achievement of independence by former colonies of the European imperial powers, which began after World War I. The process of decolonization accelerated after World War II with 43 states...
DeconstructionismIn architecture, a style that fragments forms and space by taking the usual building elements of floors, walls, and ceilings and sliding them apart to create a sense...
DecoratedIn architecture, the second period of English Gothic, covering the latter part of the 13th century and the 14th century. Chief characteristics include ornate window tracery, the window being divided...
decree nisiConditional order of divorce. A decree absolute is normally granted six weeks after the decree nisi, and from the date of the decree absolute the parties cease to be husband and wife. ...
decretalIn medieval Europe, a papal ruling on a disputed point, sent to a bishop or abbot in reply to a request or appeal. The earliest dates from Siricius 385. Later decretals were collected...
decretumCollection of papal decrees. The best known is that collected by Gratian (died 1159) about 1140, comprising some 4,000 items. The decretum was used as an authoritative source of canon law (the rules...
Dedekind, Friedrich(c. 1525-1598) German satirist and Protestant pastor. While a student at Wittenberg, he wrote Grobianus Sive de Morum Simplicitate Libri Duo (1549), one of the famous satires of the age. A book of anecdotes in...
deductionMonies taken away from
gross pay, leaving workers with their net pay or take-home pay. Deductions are likely to include income tax and national insurance contributions. Workers may have their...
deductionIn philosophy, a form of argument in which the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. It would be inconsistent
logic to accept the premises but deny the conclusion. ...
Dee, John(1527-1608) English alchemist, astrologer, and mathematician who claimed to have transmuted metals into gold, although he died in poverty. He long enjoyed the favour of Elizabeth I, and was employed as a...
