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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Kelly, Ruth
(1968) British Labour politician, secretary of state for transport from 2007. A member of Parliament for Bolton West from 1997, she became a cabinet minister in Tony Blair's government from 2004, first as...

Kelly, Walt (Walter Crawford)
(1913-1973) US cartoonist. He created in 1943 the newspaper comic strip Bumbazine and Albert the Alligator, which featured characters in Okefenokee swamp and eventually evolved into the classic strip Pogo in...

Kelman, James
(1946) Scottish novelist and short-story writer. His works are angry, compassionate, and ironic, and make effective use of the trenchant speech patterns of his native Glasgow....

kelpie
In Scottish folklore, a water spirit in the form of a shaggy horse (sometimes a man) who appears as a warning to those destined to be drowned. He sometimes entices travellers to ride on his back,...

Kelsen, Hans
(1881-1973) Austrian-American jurist and philosopher. In analysing the structure of law, he argued that a legal system was a hierarchy of norms. Each norm, or legal proposition, was validated by a previous...

Kemal Atatürk, Mustafa
Turkish politician; see Atatürk. ...

Kemble, (John) Philip
(1757-1823) English actor and theatre manager. He excelled in tragedy, including the Shakespearean roles of Hamlet and Coriolanus. As manager of Drury Lane 1788-1803 and Covent Garden 1803-17 in London, he...

Kemble, Charles
(1775-1854) English actor and theatre manager, younger brother of Philip Kemble. His greatest successes were in romantic roles with his daughter Fanny Kemble. ...

Kemble, Fanny (Frances Anne)
(1809-1893) English actor. She first appeared as Shakespeare's Juliet 1829. In 1834, on a US tour, she married a Southern plantation owner and remained in the USA until 1847. Her Journal of a Residence on a...

Kemp, Jack French
(1935) US congressman and secretary of housing and urban Development 1989-93, under President Bush. A conservative Republican, Kemp championed supply-side economics and urban enterprise zones,...

Kemp, Will
(died 1603) English clown. A member of several Elizabethan theatre companies, he joined the Chamberlain's Men in 1594, acting in the roles of Dogberry in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing...

Kempe, Margerie
(c. 1373-c. 1439) English Christian mystic. She converted to religious life after a period of mental derangement, and travelled widely as a pilgrim. Her Boke of Margery Kempe (about 1420) describes her life and...

Kempenfelt, Richard
(1718-1782) English naval commander who devised a signalling system that was adopted throughout the Royal Navy. Kempenfelt served with distinction in the West Indies and in India (1758-59). He was drowned...

Kempthorne, Dirk Arthur
(1951) US Republican politician, interior secretary from 2006. A consensus-building politician and effective manager, he held a succession of elected positions in Idaho from 1985, before being chosen in...

Ken, Thomas
(1637-1711) English Anglican churchman, Bishop of Bath and Wells 1685-91. In this post, he tried and acquitted William Sancroft and six other bishops who had refused to read James II's Declaration of...

Kendal, Madge
(1849-1935) English actor. By the 1870s she was leading lady at the Haymarket Theatre, appearing principally in the plays of William Shakespeare. In many productions she performed opposite her husband, the...

Kendall, Amos
(1789-1869) US journalist and public official. He was editor of The Argus of Western America 1816-28 in Frankfort, Kentucky, championing Andrew Jackson. As treasury auditor 1828-34 and postmaster-general...

Kendall, Henry Clarence
(1839-1882) Australian poet. His debut was Poems and Songs 1862, and he won a prize for his poems `Death in the Bush` and `The Glen of Arrawatta`. Other collections include Leaves from Australian...

Kenedy, P(atrick) J(ohn)
(1843-1906) US bookseller and publisher. On his father's death in 1866 he inherited and successfully expanded the venerable Catholic book publishing firm, incorporated...

Kenilworth, siege of
Siege of the supporters of Simon de Montfort in Kenilworth castle by forces loyal to Henry III, July-December 1266. Part of the second Barons' War, it followed the barons' defeat at the battle of...

Kenna, John (Edward)
(1848-1893) US representative and senator. He served in the US House of Representatives (Democrat, Virginia) 1877-83 and the Senate 1883-93. He opened the Kanawha River to commercial shipp ...

Kennan, George
(1845-1924) US explorer and journalist. He travelled extensively in Russia and wrote Tent Life in Siberia 1870 and Siberia and the Exile System 1891. His reputation for integrity made him the White House...

Kennan, George F(rost)
(1904-2005) US diplomat and scholar. He was ambassador to the USSR 1952-53 and to Yugoslavia 1961-63. He was regarded as a leading authority on Soviet politics. Kennan was educated at Princeton University....

Kennedy, A(lison) L(ouise)
(1965) Scottish writer, acclaimed for her originality and use of language. Her first published work, the short story collection Night Geometry and the Garscadden Trains (1990) received the Mail on...

Kennedy, Adrienne
(1931) US playwright. Her Funnyhouse of a Negro, about the sufferings of a racially mixed woman, won an Obie award in 1964. She also wrote In His Own Write 1967, based on John Lennon's writings. She was...

Kennedy, Anthony
(1936) US jurist, appointed associate justice of the US Supreme Court in 1988. A conservative, he wrote the majority opinion in Washington v. Harper (1990) that the administration of medication for...

Kennedy, Charles Peter
(1959) British politician, leader of the Liberal Democrat party 1999-2006. He was elected successor to Paddy Ashdown, inheriting a party that had made a huge advance into government through its coalition...

Kennedy, Edward Moore
(`Ted`) (1932) US Democratic politician. He aided his brothers John and Robert Kennedy in their presidential campaigns of 1960 and 1968, respectively, and entered politics as a senator for Massachusetts in 1962....

Kennedy, Jacqueline
US socialite and first lady; see Jacqueline Onassis. ...

Kennedy, John F(itzgerald) (`Jack`)
(1917-1963) 35th president of the USA 1961-63, a Democrat; the first Roman Catholic and the youngest person to be elected president. In foreign policy he carried through the unsuccessful Kennedy, John Pendleton
(1795-1870) US writer and statesman. His fiction, published under the pen-name `Mark Littleton`, includes Swallow Barn 1832, a study of Virginian life; and Horseshoe Robinson 1835. Kennedy became a member...

Kennedy, Joseph (Patrick)
(1888-1969) US industrialist and diplomat. As ambassador to the UK 1937-40, he was a strong advocate of appeasement of Nazi Germany. He groomed each of his sons - Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Jr (1915-1944),...

Kennedy, Ludovic
(1919) British current affairs journalist, presenter, and author whose distinguished career on British television began in the 1950s. Television includes Your Verdict (1962), Your Witness (1967-70), Face...

Kennedy, Margaret
(1896-1967) English novelist. She became known for The Constant Nymph (1924), which was later dramatized and filmed. Among her other novels are Red Sky at Morning (1927), Troy Chimneys (1953; Tait Black...

Kennedy, Robert Francis
(1925-1968) US Democratic politician and lawyer. He was presidential campaign manager for his brother John F Kennedy in 1960, and as attorney general 1961-64 pursued a racket-busting policy and worked to...

Kennedy, William Joseph
(1928) US novelist. He wrote the Albany Cycle of books about Irish immigrants pursuing the American Dream in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in upstate New York. These include Legs (1976), Billy...

Kenneth II
(died 995) King of Scotland from 971, son of Malcolm I. He invaded Northumbria several times, and his chiefs were in constant conflict with Sigurd the Norwegian over the area of Scotland north of the River...

Kennett, White
(1660-1728) English churchman and author, bishop of Peterborough from 1718 until his death. He won renown for his broad range of scholarship, which include ed history, topography, and philology. Kennett was...

Kennewick Man
9,300-year-old skeleton found along the banks of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington, USA, in July 1996. The skeleton, the oldest ever found in the Northwest USA, is 90% complete - one...

Kenney, Annie
(1879-1953) English suffragette. The only working-class woman in the leadership of the suffragette movement, she was arrested in 1905 with Christabel Pankhurst (1880-1958) for interrupting a meeting in...

Kenney, George (Churchill)
(1889-1977) US aviator. He served in a succession of staff and line posts before taking command of the 5th Air Force, General MacArthur's air arm in the Southwest Pacific, in September 1942. After the war he...

Kenrick, Francis (Patrick)
(1796-1863) Irish-born US prelate. As coadjutor bishop of Philadelphia from 1830 he asserted church power over lay trustees, founded a seminary, for which he wrote...

Kensett, John Frederick
(1816-1872) US landscape painter. He carried on the Romantic tendencies of the Hudson River School, although developing a style of greater realism. His paintings of mountain lakes were particularly admired. ...

Kensington Palace
Palace in London, part of the royal household. Formerly Nottingham House, the home of Heneage Finch (1621-82), 1st Earl of Nottingham, it was purchased in 1689 by William III. The latter had it...

Kent, Bruce
(1929) English peace campaigner who was general secretary of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 1980-85. He has published numerous articles on disarmament, Christianity, and peace. He was a Catholic...

Kent, Edward Augustus
(1767-1820) British general. The fourth son of George III, he married Victoria Mary Louisa (1786-1861), widow of the Prince of Leiningen, in 1818, and had one child, the future Queen Victoria. ...

Kent, Jacob Ford
(1835-1918) US soldier. He saw combat during the US Civil War. He served on the frontier for nearly 30 years, and commanded the 1st Infantry Division in the storming of San Juan Hill outside Santiago, Cuba, in...

Kent, James
(1763-1847) US legal scholar. He was chief justice of the New York State Supreme Court 1804-14 and chancellor of the New York State court of chancery 1814-23, where his decisions and written opinions often...

Kent, Joseph
(1779-1837) US representative, governor, and senator. He was a congressman (Federalist, Maryland) 1811-15, 1819-26, then Republican governor 1826-29, and senator 1833-37. He raised money for the...

Kent, kingdom of
Anglo-Saxon kingdom in southeast England, founded by the Jutes when they arrived in Britain as foederati under Hengest and Horsa in the 5th century AD. Kent was the first English kingdom to...

Kent, Rockwell
(1882-1971) US painter and graphic artist. He spent much time travelling, going to sea as a ship's carpenter and recording impressions of his voyages in painting and written description. Paintings of lonely and...

Kent, William
(1685-1748) English architect, landscape gardener, and interior designer. Working closely with Richard Burlington, he was foremost in introducing the Palladian style to Britain from Italy, excelling in richly...

Kent, William Charles Mark
(1823-1902) English poet, biographer, and miscellaneous writer. His writings, under the pseudonym Mark Rochester, include Aletheia 1850, Poems 1870, Mythological Dictionary 1870, Corona Catholica 1880, and The...

Kente, Gibson
(1933-2004) South African playwright. One of the country's best-known dramatists, he brought theatre to South Africa's black townships during the apartheid era. His musical productions, often reflect ...

Kentigern, St
(c. 518-603) First bishop of Glasgow, born at Culross, Scotland. Anti-Christian factions forced him to flee to Wales, where he founded the monastery of St Asaph. In 573 he returned to Glasgow and founded the...

Kenwood House
Mansion on the east side of Hampstead Heath, London. It was enlarged by the Earl of Mansfield after he received the estate in 1765. Robert Adam designed two facades and the superb library, with...

Kenya
Country in east Africa, bounded to the north by Sudan and Ethiopia, to the east by Somalia, to the southeast by the Indian Ocean, to the southwest by Tanzania, and to the west by Uganda. Government...

Kenyatta, Jomo
(c. 1894-1978) Kenyan nationalist politician, prime minister from 1963, as well as the first president of Kenya from 1964 until his death. He led the Kenya African Union from 1947 (KANU from 1963) and was active...

Kenyon, Josephine Hemenway
(1880-1965) US paediatrician and columnist. She wrote a monthly column on child care for Good Housekeeping 1924-52 and the book Healthy Babies Are Happy Babies 1934. She gave thorough information to her...

Kenyon, Kathleen Mary
(1906-1978) British archaeologist. Her all-female dig in Jericho, Palestine, 1952-60 uncovered remains of a New Stone Age (Neolithic) settlement from about 6800 BC. She also excavated in Jerusalem...

Kenyon, William Squire
(1869-1933) US senator and judge. He served in the US Senate (Republican, Ohio) 1911-22, where as a progressive he supported labour and the `farm bloc`. While a US circuit judge 1922-23, he cancelled...

Keppel, Augustus, Viscount Keppel
(1725-1786) English admiral who became embroiled in a political and military controversy in the late 18th century. A strong Whig supporter, he was named first lord of the Admiralty and created a viscount by the...

Keppler, Joseph
(1837-1894) Austrian-born US caricaturist and publisher. In 1870 he founded Puck, also printed in German (it was revived in New York in 1877 in an English-language version). His intricate cartoons lampooned...

Ker, William Paton
(1855-1923) Scottish scholar. An authority on medieval literature, he wrote such works as Epic and Romance 1897, The Dark Ages 1904, The Art of Poetry 1923, and Essays on Medieval Literature 1923. He was...

kerb crawling
Accosting women in the street from a motor vehicle for the purposes of prostitution. In the UK, this is an offence under the Sexual Offences Act 1985. This legislation, recommended by the Criminal...

Kerby, William (Joseph)
(1870-1936) US priest and sociologist. As an official of the National Catholic Welfare Conference, he promoted `scientific charity`, or professionalism in the church's administration of social programmes....

Kerekou, Mathieu Ahmed
(1933) Benin socialist politician and soldier, president 1980-91 and 1996-2005. In 1972, while deputy head of the army, he led a coup to oust the ruling president and establish his own military...

Kerensky, Alexandr Feodorovich
(1881-1970) Russian revolutionary politician, prime minister of the second provisional government before its collapse in November 1917, during the Russian Revolution. He was overthrown by the Bolshevik...

Kern, John W(orth)
(1849-1917) US senator. Active in state politics, and an unsuccessful Democratic vice-presidential candidate in 1908, he served in the US Senate (Democrat, Indiana) 1911-17. As Senate majority leader he...

Kerner, Justinius Andreas Christian
(1786-1862) German poet. His works include Die Reiseschatten von dem Schattenspieler Luchs 1811, Deutscher Dichterwald 1813, Der letzte Blutenstrauss 1852, and Winterbluten 1859. In later life he became...

Kerner, Otto, Jr
(1908-1976) US state governor. As governor (Democrat, Illinois) 1961-68, he effected fiscal and administrative reforms. He chaired the National Advisory Committee on Civil Disorders; the report (1968) became...

Kerouac, Jack (Jean Louis)
(1922-1969) US novelist. He named and epitomized the Beat Generation of the 1950s. The first of his autobiographical, myth-making books, The Town and the City (1950), was followed by the rhapsodic On the Road...

Kerr, Clark
(1911-2003) US university president and economist. A widely published labour economist and labour arbitrator, he presided over rapid growth at the University of California (chancellor 1952-58, president...

Kerr, John Robert
(1914-1990) Australian lawyer who as governor general 1974-77 controversially dismissed the prime minister, Gough Whitlam, and his government in 1975. He was the son of a Sydney boilermaker. After graduating...

Kerr, Robert Samuel
(1896-1963) US oil producer, state governor, and US senator. He served as governor of Oklahoma 1943-47 and in the US Senate (Democrat, Oklahoma) 1949-63. Liberal on many issues, he opposed civil-rights...

Kerry, John Forbes
(1943) US politician, senator for Massachusetts from 1984 and Democratic candidate for the presidency in 2004. He advocated expanded healthcare, a reversal of President George W Bush's tax cuts for the...

Kertész, Imre
(1929) Hungarian writer. A Holocaust survivor, he explores the capacity of the human spirit to endure repressive and brutal societies. His novels, largely autobiographical, include Sorstalanság/Fateless...

Kesey, Ken Elton
(1935-2001) US writer. He used his experience of working in a mental hospital as the basis for his best-selling first novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962; filmed 1975). This was followed by his...

Kesselring, Albert
(1885-1960) German field marshal in World War II, commander of the Luftwaffe (air force) 1939-40, during the invasions of Poland and the Low Countries and the early stages of the Battle of Britain. He later...

Ketch, Jack
(died 1686) English executioner who included Monmouth in 1685 among his victims; his name was once a common nickname for an executioner. ...

Kett, Robert
(c.1500-1549) English revolutionary, leader of Kett's Rebellion against land...

Kett's Rebellion
Rebellion in 1549 in Norfolk, England, against enclosures of common land. Its leader, Robert Kett, was defeated and executed in 1549. ...

ketubah
Jewish marriage contract, in which a groom promises that he will provide for the material welfare of his wife, including provision from his estate in the event of his death or divorce. ...

Ketuvim
In Judaism, collective term for the books of the Hebrew Bible, excluding those of the Torah (the first five books of the Bible) and the Nevi'im (the books of the prophets). The Ketuvim include...

key results analysis
Management procedure involving the identification of performance components critical to a particular process or event, the necessary level of performance required from them, and the methods of...

Key, Valdimer Orlando, Jr
(1908-1963) US political scientist. His early writing focused on corruption in government and his later work on federal grant aid to states. He taught at several universities before settling at Harvard...

Keyes, Frances Parkinson
(1885-1970) US novelist. Her first novel, The Old Grey Homestead 1919, was followed by many more historical romances, including Queen Anne's Lace 1930, Senator Marlowe's Daughter 1933, Honor Bright 1936, and...

Keyes, Roger John Brownlow
(1872-1945) English admiral and politician who, as commander of the Dover Patrol during World War I, directed the daring raids on the German-occupied Belgian Channel ports of...

Keyes, Sidney Arthur Kilworth
(1922-1943) English poet. His two published volumes of poetry, The Iron Laurel 1942 and The Cruel Solstice 1944, have a sibylline quality revealing a maturity remarkable in so young a man, a preoccupation with...

keyhole surgery
Term used to describe operations that do not involve cutting into the body in the traditional way. These procedures are performed either by means of endoscopy or by passing fine instruments through...

Keynes, John Maynard
(1883-1946) English economist celebrated for General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which initiated the so-called Keynesian Revolution. He is also noted for his other writings, especially A...

Keynesian economics
The economic theory of English economist John Maynard Keynes, which argues that a fall in national income, lack of demand for goods, and rising unemployment should be countered by increased...

Keys, House of
Elected assembly of the Isle of Man. ...

Keyser, Hendrick de
(1565-1621) Dutch architect and sculptor. In architecture he is remembered as one of the founders of 17th-century Dutch classicism, and in sculpture as an important Dutch Mannerist. He was appointed city...

Keyserling, Leon H
(1908-1987) US lawyer and government official. He drafted the Social Security and Labor Relations Acts. A liberal member of Truman's Council of Economic Advisors 1946-52, he advocated full employment. He also...

KG
Abbreviation for Knight of the Order of the Garter. ...

KGB
Secret police of the USSR, the Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (Committee of State Security), which was in control of frontier and general security and the forced-labour system. KGB officers...

Khadija (or Kedijah)
(died 620) First wife of the prophet Muhammad. She was a wealthy widow who employed Muhammad as a business agent before marrying him. She bore him several children, of whom only girls survived. Muhammad took...

Khafre (or Chephren)
(lived 29th century BC) Fourth king of the 4th Dynasty of Egypt, who reigned about 2850 BC. He was the builder of the second largest of the three El Gîza Pyramids. ...

Khair ed-Din
(c. 1465-1546) Turkish corsair and admiral of the Ottoman fleet. He harassed European shipping and settlements in the Mediterranean, capturing Algiers from the Spanish in 1519, and gradually took control of all...