Mawali or mawālá (موالي) is a term in Classical Arabic used to address non-Arab Muslims. The term gained prominence during the Umayyad Caliphate (c. 661-750 CE/41–132 AH), as many non-Arabs such as Persians, Africans, Turks and Kurds converted to Islam. The influx of non-Arab converts to Islam created a new difficulty in incorporating the...