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Hot Grain - grain terms Category: Agriculture and Industry > Grain glossary Date & country: 28/04/2018, USA Words: 42

F.A.S.
Free alongside ship specifies that the seller delivers goods to the port elevator or dock at a specified location and the buyer pays for loading the ship and ocean freight.

F.O.B.
Free on board specifies that the seller loads the ship or other conveyance at the specified delivery point with the buyer paying freight charges.

C.I.F.
Cost, insurance, and freight to the designated delivery point, paid by the seller.

C & F
Cost and freight to the designated delivery point, paid by the seller.

Uniformity
Conformity within and between shipments for quality attributes; such as physical, milling, and baking performances.

Wheat middlings
Fine particles of the bran and the wheat kernel. Normally used for livestock feed.

White wheat
Fall or spring seeded; it includes four subclasses

Winter wheat
A general category describing wheats that are sown in the fall, lie dormant in the winter, and are harvested the following spring or summer.

Test Weight
Weight per unit volume as measured in pounds per bushel as defined in the United States. Determined by weighing the quantity of grain required to fill a 1-quart container. The international equivalent measure is kilograms per hectoliter (conversion factor 0.77).

Spring wheat
A general term for wheat that is grown in the spring and harvested in the summer or fall; It has a relatively high protein content and is used in bread flours.

Soft wheat
A general term describing wheat with a chalky endosperm suitable for making pastry flour; yields a very fine flour consisting of irregularly shaped fragments of endosperm cells that adhere and sift with difficulty.

Semolina
A coarse separation of endosperm extracted from Durum wheat to make pasta.

Shrunken and broken kernels
All matter that passes through a 0.064 inch by 3/8 inch oblong-hole sieve.

Sanitary quality
Grain characteristics associated with cleanliness. They include the presence of foreign material that detracts from the overall value and appearance of the grain, including the presence of dust, broken grain, rodent excreta, insects, residues, fungal infection, and nonmillable matter.

Screenings
The material removed from grain by means of mechanical sizing devices; generally include broken grain as well as nongrain material removed on the basis of density or particle size with mechanical cleaners.

Public Law 480
(PL-480) Common name for the Agricultural Trade Development Assistance Act of 1954, which seeks to expand foreign markets for U.S. agricultural products, combat hunger, and encourage economic development in developing countries.

Non-grade determining factor
Factors that influence the quality of grain but are not taken into account in the grading of grain. These factors must be reported as information whenever an official inspection is made.

Physical quality
Grain characteristics associated with the outward appearance of the grain kernel, including kernel size, shape, color, moisture, damage, and density.

Premiums
Prices that exceed the base price offered for grains with higher quality characteristics than specified. Generally calculated for factors that increase the value of the grain in market channels.

Non-millable Material
All material that is not wheat, includes shrunken and broken kernels.

Impurities
Any nongrain material contained within a shipment that could hinder the processing of a grain or detract from its end value.

Intrinsic value or end-use value
Characteristics critical to the end-use of grain. These are nonvisual and can only be determined by analytical tests. For example, the intrinsic quality of wheat is determined by characteristics such as protein, ash, and gluten content.

Moisture Content
The amount of water in grain; measured by the weight of water as a percentage of the total weight of the grain including water (wet basis) or total weight of the dry matter excluding water (dry basis).

Hard Red Winter Wheat
Fall seeded; this wheat may be either dark hard, hard, or yellow hard, medium to high in protein, a vitreous endosperm, and used primarily to produce bread flour. It is produced in the lower Great Plains.

Grain grade and standards
Specific standards of grain quality established to maintain uniformity of grains from different lots and permit the purchase of grain without the need for visual inspection and testing by the buyer.

Hard wheat
A generic term applied to wheat with a vitreous endosperm suitable for making bread flour or semolina; yields coarse, gritty flour that is free-flowing and easily sifted; and flour consists primarily of regularly shaped particles of whole endosperm.

Hard Red Spring Wheat
Spring seeded; includes the following three subclasses

Foreign Material
Nonwheat material of similar size and weight to wheat kernels.

Gluten
A tenacious, elastic protein substance found especially in wheat flour that gives cohesiveness to dough.

Grade
A number or letter designation assigned to grain based on an established set of criteria.

Grade factor or grade determining factor
Those characteristics of grain used to determine the numerical grade. The grade factor is based on quantitative limits (either maximums or minimums) placed on each factor for each grade.

Export Credit Guarantee Program
(GSM-102) U.S. agricultural export promotion program that guarantees repayment of private, short-term credit for up to 3 years.

Export Enhancement Program
(EEP) Program to help U.S. exporters meet competitors' prices in subsidized markets

Falling number test
A test used to measure Sprout damage in wheat.

Federal Grain Inspection Service
(FGIS) An agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that establishes grain standards and develops the technology to measure the factors contained in such standards. This agency also develops and publishes sampling and inspection procedures, evaluates and approves equipment, monitors inspection accuracy, and oversees mandatory export inspection of grain by agency or FGIS-licensed inspectors.

Extraction rate
The fraction of the wheat kernel that is converted into flour during the milling process.

Damaged grain
In U.S. grading standards, the term damage refers primarily to biological deterioration associated with discoloration. Physical damage (such as cut or broken kernels) is not included in U.S. grades but is included in the standards of some other countries.

Defects
Computed total amount of damaged kernels, foreign material, and shrunken and broken kernels.

Dockage
Nongrain material that can be readily removed by accepted screening devices.

Durum wheat
Very hard, high-protein wheat used in the production of semolina flour for pasta products.

Commodity Credit Corporation
(CCC) An agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture created in 1933 to carry out loan and storage operations as a means of supporting prices above the level that would have prevailed in a free market.

Cu-Sum
A set of rules established by FGIS, that exporters must follow when loading grain on ocean vessels. The rules control variability among sublots blended to meet contract grade limits.