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Liberty Star - Minerals glossary Category: Agriculture and Industry > Minerals terms Date & country: 10/11/2016, USA Words: 619

U3O8
Triuranium octoxide. It is in the form of concentrate, often called yellowcake. 1 lb. U in U308 = 1.17924 lbs. U308.

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U-235
The only naturally occurring isotope of uranium which is capable of fission and is present in approximately 0.71% by weight in natural uranium.

Yellowcake
A natural uranium concentrate that takes its name from its color and texture. Yellowcake typically contains 70 to 90 percent U3O8 by weight. It is used as feedstock for uranium fuel enrichment and fuel pellet fabrication.(See uranium oxide).

Yield
The current annual dividend rate expressed as a percentage of the current market price of the stock.

Zone
An area of distinct mineralization.

Zone of oxidation
The upper portion of an orebody that has been oxidized.

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Xenolith
A fragment of country rock enclosed in an intrusive rock.

Writeoffs
Amounts deducted from a company’s reported profit for depreciation or preproduction costs. Writeoffs are not an out-of-pocket expense but reduce the amount of taxable profit.

Wedge
A technique of directing a diamond drill hole in a desired direction away from its current orientation.

Winze
An internal shaft.

Witness post
A claim post placed on a claim line when it cannot be placed in the corner of a claim because of water or difficult terrain.

Working capital
The liquid resources a company has to meet day-to-day expenses of operation; defined as the excess of current assets over current liabilities.

Warrant
see Rights

Waste
Unmineralized, or sometimes-mineralized rock that is not mineable at a profit.

Vug
A small cavity in a rock, frequently lined with well-formed crystals. Amethyst commonly forms in these cavities.

Wall rocks
Rock units on either side of an orebody. The hanging wall and footwall rocks of an orebody.

Volcanogenic
A term used to describe the volcanic origin of mineralization.

Voting right
The stockholder’s right to vote in the affairs of the company. Most common shares have one vote each. Preferred stock usually has the right to vote when preferred dividends are in default.

Vein
A fissure, fault or crack in a rock filled by minerals that have traveled upwards from some deep source.

Vendor
A seller. In the case of mining companies, the consideration paid for properties purchased is often a block of treasury shares. These shares are termed vendor shares and are normally pooled or escrowed.

Visible gold
Native gold that is discernible, in a hand specimen, to the unaided eye.

Volcanic rocks
Igneous rocks formed from magma that has flowed out or has been violently ejected from a volcano.

Volcaniclastic
Pertaining to a clastic rock containing volcanic material in whatever proportion, and without regard to its origin or environment.

Usage Agreement
Contracts held by enrichment customers that allow feed material to be stored at the enrichment plant site in advance of need.

Uranium oxide
Uranium concentrate or yellowcake. Abbreviated as U3O8.

Uranium property
A specific tract of land with known uranium reserves that could be developed for mining.

Uranium reserves
Estimated quantities of uranium in known mineral deposits of such size, grade, and configuration that the uranium could be recovered at or below a specified production cost with currently proven mining and processing technology and under current law and regulations. Reserves are based on direct radiometric and chemical measurements of drill hole and other types of sampling of the deposits. Mineral grades and thickness, spatial relationships, depths below the surface, mining and reclamation methods, distances to milling facilities, and amenability of ores to processing are considered in the evaluation. The amounts of uranium in ore that could be exploited within the chosen forward-cost levels are estimated utilizing available sampling, engineering, geologic, and economic data in accordance with conventional engineering practices.

Uranium ore
Rock containing uranium mineralization in concentrations that can be mined economically, (typically 1 to 4 pounds of U3O8 per ton or 0.05 to 0.20 percent U3O8).

Uranium hexafluoride
(UF6) A white solid obtained by chemical treatment of U3O8 and which forms a vapor at temperatures above 56 degrees Centigrade. UF6 is the form of uranium required for the enrichment process.

Uranium concentrate
A yellow or brown powder obtained by the milling of uranium ore, processing of in situ leach mining solutions, or as a byproduct of phosphoric acid production.

Uranium deposit
A discrete concentration of uranium mineralization that is of possible economic interest.

Uranium Deposit Types
See below

Uranium endowment
The uranium that is estimated to occur in rock with a grade of at least 0.01 percent U3O8. The estimate of the uranium endowment is made before consideration of economic availability and any associated uranium resources.

Uranium
A heavy, naturally radioactive, metallic element (atomic number 92). Its two principally occurring isotopes are 235U and 238U. The isotope 235U is indispensable to the nuclear industry because it is the only isotope existing in nature to any appreciable extent that is fissionable by thermal neutrons. The isotope 238U is also important because it absorbs neutrons to produce a radioactive isotope that subsequently decays to the isotope 239Pu, which also is fissionable by thermal neutrons.

Underwrite
A firm commitment made by a broker or other financial institution to purchase a block of shares at a specified price.

Unfilled requirements
Requirements not covered by usage of inventory or supply contracts in existence as of January 1 of the survey year.

Uranium resources categories
Three categories of uranium resources are used to reflect differing levels of confidence in the resources reported. Reasonably assured resources (RAR), estimated additional resources (EAR), and speculative resources (SR) are described below.

Uraninite
A uranium mineral with a high uranium oxide content. Frequently found in pegmatite dykes.

Uncut value
The actual assay value of a core sample as opposed to a cut value, which has been reduced by some arbitrary formula.

UF6
Uranium hexafloride, a compound of uranium produced during the conversion process, which is a gas above 56 degrees Celsius and thus suitable for use in the enrichment process of U3O8 into fuel for nuclear reactors.

Umpire sample or assay
An assay made by a third party to provide a basis for settling disputes between buyers and sellers of ore.

Unconformity-Related Uranium Deposits
Unconformity related deposits are related to breaks in the stratigraphic record, or `unconformities`. These breaks generally occur around the contact between >500 million year old permeable sedimentary basins which sit above a uranium-enriched, carbon-rich hard rock basement that has been weathered and usually structurally deformed. The deposits can be in the basin, at the contact between basin and basement, or in the upper part of the basement rocks themselves. Major fault systems and hydrothermal fluids provide the other key ingredients to create deposits. Unconformity deposits can have very high grades of uranium (20% and beyond), and in 2004 deposits of this type produced over 40% the worlds uranium.

Tuff
Rock composed of fine volcanic ash.

Tundra
One of the level or undulating treeless plains characteristic of arctic regions, having a black muck soil and permanently frozen subsoil.

Tunnel
A horizontal underground opening, open to the atmosphere at both ends.

Tunnel-boring-machine
A machine used to excavate a tunnel through soil or rock by mechanical means as opposed to drilling and blasting.

Tube mill
An apparatus consisting of a revolving cylinder about half-filled with steel rods or balls and into which crushed ore is fed for fine grinding.

Trading post
An area on the trading floor of a stock exchange where current stock prices are listed and where the floor traders (representatives of brokerage firms) meet to buy or sell the stocks listed at that particular post.

Tram
To haul cars of ore or waste in a mine.

Treasury shares
The unissued shares in a company’s treasury.

Trench
A long, narrow excavation dug through overburden, or blasted out of rock, to expose a vein or ore structure.

Trend
The direction, in the horizontal plane, of a linear geological feature (for example, an ore zone), measured from true north.

Trading floor
The area of a stock exchange building where shares are bought and sold.

Tonnes-per-vertical-meter
Common unit used to describe the amount of ore in a deposit ore length is multiplied by the width and divided by the appropriate rock factor to give the amount of ore for each vertical meter of depth.

Thickener
A large, round tank used in milling operations to separate solids from liquids; clear fluid overflows from the tank and rock particles sink to the bottom.

Till
Nonsorted, nonstratified sediment carried or deposited by a glacier.

Tailings pond
A low-lying depression used to confine tailings, the prime function of which is to allow enough time for heavy metals to settle out or for cyanide to be destroyed before water is discharged into the local watershed.

Talus
A heap of broken, coarse rock found at the base of a cliff or mountain.

Telluride
A chemical compound consisting of the element tellurium and another element, often gold or silver.

Thermal coal
Coal burned to generate the steam that drives turbines to generate electricity.

Taconite
A highly abrasive iron ore.

Tailings
Material rejected from a mill after most of the recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted.

Syngenetic
A term used to describe when mineralization in a deposit was formed relative to the host rocks in which it is found. In this case, the mineralization was formed at the same time as the host rocks. (The opposite is epigenetic.)

SX-EW
Solvent extraction-Electrowinning. A metallurgical technique, so far applied only to copper ores, in which metal is dissolved from the rock by organic solvents and recovered from solution by electrolysis.

Syenite
An intrusive igneous rock composed chiefly of orthoclase.

Sylvite
Potassium chloride, the principal ore of potassium mined for fertilizer manufacturing.

Syncline
A down-arching fold in bedded rocks.

Sustainable development
Industrial development that does not detract from the potential of the natural environment to provide benefits to future generations.

Sump
An underground excavation where water accumulates before being pumped to surface.

Sublevel
A level or working horizon in a mine between main working levels.

Subsidiary company
A company in which the majority of the shares (a controlling position) is held by another company.

Sulfide
A compound of sulfur and some other element.

Sulfide dust explosions
An underground mining hazard involving the spontaneous combustion of airborne dust containing sulfide minerals.

Sulfur dioxide
A gas liberated during the smelting of most sulfide ores; either converted into sulfuric acid or released into the atmosphere in the form of a gas.

Stull
A beam.

Stull Stoping
A type of open stoping used for narrow veins, wherein an occasional wood stull is placed from one wall of the stop to the other. The stulls serve to support the vein walls, and as places to anchor wood platforms upon which the miners and equipment stand while drilling ore overhead.

Sub-bituminous
A black coal, intermediate between lignite and bituminous.

Stripping ratio
The ratio of tonnes removed as waste relative to the number of tonnes of ore removed from an open pit mine.

Strip mine
An open pit mine, usually a coal mine, mined by removing overburden, excavating the coal seam, then returning the overburden.

Stringer
A narrow vein or irregular filament of a mineral or minerals traversing a rock mass.

Strip
To remove the overburden or waste rock overlying an orebody in preparation for mining by open pit methods.

Street certificate
A certificate representing ownership in a specified number of shares that is registered in the name of some previous owner who has endorsed the certificate so that it may be transferred to a new owner without referral to transfer agent.

Striations
Prominent parallel scratches left on bedrock by advancing glaciers.

Strike
The direction, or bearing from true north, of a vein or rock formation measured on a horizontal surface.

Stoping
American mining term for Underground methods of mining.

Stop-loss order
An arrangement whereby a client gives his broker instructions to sell a stock if and when its price drops to a specified figure on the market.

Stratigraphy
Strictly, the description of bedded rock sequences; used loosely, the sequence of bedded rocks in a particular area.

Streak
A diagnostic characteristic of minerals, where scratching a sample on a piece of unglazed porcelain leaves powder of a characteristic color.

Stope
An excavation in a mine from which ore is, or has been, extracted.

Stockpile
Broken ore heaped on surface, pending treatment or shipment.

Stock exchange
An organized market concerned with the buying and selling of common and preferred shares and warrants by stock brokers who own seats on the exchange and meet membership requirements.

Step-out drilling
Holes drilled to intersect a mineralization horizon or structure along strike or down dip.

Station
An enlargement of a shaft made for the storage and handling of equipment and for driving drifts at that elevation.

Square-set stoping
A mining method wherein small blocks of ore are removed and replaced by a square set which is immediately set into place. The timber sets interlock and are filled with broken waste rock or sand fill, for they are not strong enough to support the stope walls. The waste rock or sand is usually added after one tier of sets, or stope cut, is made. Square-set stoping is used where the ore is weak, and the walls are not strong enough to support themselves. The value of the ore must be relatively high, for square-setting is slow, expensive, and requires highly skilled miners and supervisors.

Spot price
Current delivery price of a commodity traded in the spot market.

Spot-market price
A transaction price concluded `on the spot,` that is, on a one-time, prompt basis. The transaction usually involves only one specific quantity of product. This contrasts with a term-contract sale price, which obligates the seller to deliver a product at an agreed frequency and price over an extended period.

Square set
A cubic frame of timber used to support the walls and roof of a stope.

Spot market
Buying and selling of uranium for immediate or very near-term delivery. It typically involves transactions for delivery of up to 500,000 pounds U3O8 within a year of contract execution.