Copy of `Pebble Junction - Stone terms`
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Pebble Junction - Stone terms
Category: Architecture and Buildings > Stones and Rocks
Date & country: 24/09/2013, USA Words: 103
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AgglomerateA man-made product fabricated to look like quarried stone. Usually composed of stone chips or fragments embedded in a matrix of mortar or thermosetting resins.
AlabasterA mane given to a stalagmitic or stalactitic calcium carbonate and a calcium sulfate (gypsum). The calcium carbonate variety is a translucent stone of yellowish milky color, while the calcium sulfate has a fine granular quality. The latter was abundant in Tuscany and Piedmont, and when carved into statues and vases is frequently sold a Florentine Marble
AluminaAluminum oxide (Al2O3)
AnhydriteA specific calcined gypsum rock whose chemical composition is anhydrous calcium sulfate (CaSO4). It is used in Portland Cement to control set.
Anhydrousa hydrate which has given up all of its previously held water molecules.
Aragonitea translucent white mineral found in calcium carbonate.
ArgillaceousClay-bearing rock.
ArrisThe edge of an external angle formed by the intersection of two surfaces.
Artificial MarbleMan-made marble. See Agglomerate.
AshlarAccurately shaped, rectangular-cut stone unit also referred to as cut stone.
BasaltA fine-grained, dense, igneous rock, but unlike granites contains little or no quartz or feldspars. The colors of basalts are very dark green to black and often sold as granites.
Bed JointA horizontal layer of mortar on which building units are laid.
BiotiteA dark, iron and magnesium-rich mica found in granite.
BluestoneA blue to bluish-green argillaceous metamorphic sandstone of even texture and bedding, historically quarried neat the Hudson River.
BrecciaA name applied to both granite and conglomerate stone because of the coarse and angular particles present.
BrickA man-made solid or hollow building unit which is made from clay or shale.
BrownstoneA dark-brown or reddish-brown sandstone. A sedimentary rock.
BullnoseA rounded outside corner or edge.
Butt JointAn external corner formed with the meeting of two square-edged stones, either one overlapping the other.
CalcareousCalcium-bearing rock.
CalcineThe removal of water molecules in hydrates by heat.
CalciteThe natural mineral form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Calcite MarbleA crystalline variety of marble or limestone containing not more than 5% magnesium carbonate.
Calcium OxideCalcined limestone (CaO).
CarbonateA salt of carbonic acid.
Carbonic AcidA weak acid (H2CO3).
Cast StoneA man-made stone. See Agglomerate.
CaulkingThe application of a sealant in a joint or opening to prevent the passage of water, air, dust and noise.
CementA hydraulic mixture, without aggregate, consisting of a calcined mixture of clay and pulverized limestone.
ConcreteA composite material consisting of Portland Cement, aggregate, and water: when mixed together, will result in a chemical action that will set and harden into a rock-like mass.
ConglomerateA stone similar to sandstone but the rock particles are rounded or angular gravel rather than sand.
CopingA cap or covering course on top of a masonry wall. Designed to shed water, protect the top, and provide a finished, closed appearance to the wall.
CourseA continuous layer of building units running horizontally in a wall.
Cut StoneSee Ashlar
Dimensional StoneNatural building stone that has been selected, trimmed or cut to specific shaper and/or sizes.
Dolomitea calcium magnesium carbonate [CaMg(CO3)2]Dolomite Marble
DraftThe tooled strip or border of a faced stone, also known as a margin.
DripA slot cut into the bottom of a projected stone to interrupt the capillary action of water.
EfflorescenceA white powdery deposit of soluble salts of calcium, potassium, and sodium which forms on the surfaces of masonry. Efflorescence is caused by the release of excess water of crystallization
FaceThe exposed surface of a stone with its specified finish.
FeldsparAny of a group of crystalline minerals, all silicates of aluminum with either potassium, sodium, calcium, or barium. An essential constituent of nearly all crystalline rocks.
FieldstoneAn uncut, well-rounded stone found on the surface or in the soil of the earth.
FlagstoneA stone used for outdoor paving, fabricated from natural thin rock, or split from rock which cleaves easily.
Fleuri CutUnique to the marble industry, it is a cut parallel to the natural bedding plane, See Vein Cut.
FoliationThe layered or banded structure of rock in which the mineral grains became re-aligned at right angles to a directional force that existed during metamorphism.
Full Bed MortarThe troweling of both the setting bed mortar and pointing mortar in one operation. See. Setting Bed and Pointing.
GneissA metamorphic rock with a banded or coarsely foliated structure; often called Trade Granite
GraniteAn unstratified igneous rock composed of coarse grains or crystals of quartz, feldspar, mica and sometimes hornblende.
GravelComposed chiefly of quartz but may contain granite, limestone, basalt and other rocks.
GroutMortar with a high water ratio used to fill open joints between installed stone or building units. Normally, grout is worked into these joints with a hard rubber float.
GypsumA hydrated calcium sulfate (CaSO42H20). It is formed naturally as the result of the reaction of sulfuric acid produced by the decomposition of pyrite upon the calcium carbonate of shells existing in clay. A sedimentary rock.
HaliteRock salt; Sodium chloride (NaCl). A sedimentary rock.
HemihydrateA hydrate which contains one-half of a molecule of water compared to one molecule of the principal element or compound forming the hydrate.
HornblendeA group of mineral including calcium, iron, magnesium, and aluminum silicates.
HydrateA mineral formed by the combination of water and some other elements or compounds.
HydrousContaining chemically combined water.
Igneous RockOne of the three principal groups of rock that make up the earth
KaoliniteA hydrous aluminum silicate mineral.
LimestoneA sedimentary rock composed predominantly of calcium carbonate. Limestone was formed by the decomposition of rock, soil, plant and animal life that was deposited at the bottom of lakes or seas. Any limestone may be called a marble if it is capable of taking a polish.
MarbleA metamorphic limestone in a more or less crystalline or crystalline-granular state. Any limestone capable of taking a polish can also be called a marble.
MarginSee Draft.
MasonryA built-up combination or construction of building units or materials of clay, shale, concrete, glass, gypsum, stone or other similar products bonded together with mortar.
Metamorphic RockOne of the three classes of rock making up the earth
MicaAny of a group of mineral silicates in a muti-layered form.
MortarA plastic mixture of cement, water, and fine aggregates which combine together through a chemical process of crystallization to form a hardened solid that bonds building units together. See Water of Crystallization.
Mortar BedA troweled layer of mortar, in a plastic state, in which building units will be set.
MuscoviteA white, aluminum-rich mica found in granite.
Natural BedThe horizontal stratification of rock as it was formed in the earth.
OnyxA variety of quartz in crystalline form of calcium carbonate. It is characterized by a structure of parallel bands each differing in color or in the degree of translucency. Considered to be a marble because it can take a polish.
Oolitic LimestoneA limestone formed in the sea, consisting of spherical or sub-spherical particles of calcite-coated grains of sand.
PaverA block or chunk of stone or brick used for paving.
Plaster of Parisa calcined gypsum in a hemihydrate state (CaSO41/2H2O).
Pointingthe troweling of mortar into a building unit joint after the setting bed mortar has hardened. See Full Bed Mortar and Setting Bed Mortar.
Portland CementA hydraulic cement product obtained by pulverizing and calcining a properly proportioned mixture of three minerals
PyriteThe natural sulfides of certain metals. The most common is iron pyrite, which is iron disulfide (FeS2), a brittle mineral that is a brassy yellow in color with greenish-black streaks.
QuarryThe location of a mining operation where a natural deposit of rock is extracted from the earth as stone through an open pit or an underground mine.
QuartzSilicon dioxide (Si02) occurring in hexagonal crystal form.
QuartziteA metamorphic rock consisting largely or entirely of quartz. Most quartzites are formed from sandstone.
Quartzitic SandstoneA metamorphic sandstone consisting of quartz grains cemented with silica, but not as hard as quartzite. Geologically, it is an intermediate rock between sandstone and quartzite.
QuicklimeCalcium oxide which is a crushed limestone that has been calcined.
Quirk JointAn external corner formed with the meeting of two stone units each with an identical, mirror-imaged, combination of a square and mitered edge. The joint is formed along the mitered portion.
QuoinsBlocks of stone forming external corners of masonry walls.
RegletA marrow, flat recess to receive and secure flashing.
RubbleRough, irregular-shaped stone.
RusticatedEmphasized joints, recessed or beveled, which are cut or formed in stonework.
SchistAny metamorphic crystalline rock having a foliated structure. It can easily be split into slabs or sheets.
SealantA material used to fill and seal a joint or opening. See Caulking.
Sedimentary RockOne of three classes of rock which make up the earth
SerpentineA hydrous magnesium silicate (H4Mg3Si2O9). Usually green, lustrous, and translucent, but could also be red, yellow, black or white. Serpentine stone takes a high polish but can crack or discolor easily.
Setting Bed MortarThe troweling of mortar to set building units, but withe the exposed joint raked out for the application of the pointing mortar or grout to be done later. See Full Bed Mortar, Pointing, and Grout.
SiliceousSilica-bearing rock.
SlateA fine-grained metamorphic rock derived form clays and shales.
StainingA phenomenon of discoloration on newly installed limestone. Buff limestone will exhibit a brown stain while gray limestone will exhibit a dark gray stain. This staining is similar to efflorescence but it is the organic matter in the stone which is leaching out through the release of excess water of crystallization of the setting mortar.
Trade GraniteSee Gneiss.
TravertineA calcium carbonate rock having a coarsely cellular structure formed form the deposits of spring and cave waters. Travertine stone can be called either a marble or limestone.
Vein CutUnique to the marble industry, it is a cut perpendicular to the natural bedding plane. See Fleuri Cut.
VeneerAn outside, non-load bearing wythe of masonry used as a facing material.
Verde AntiqueA dark green serpentine marble or granite marked with white veins of calcite
Water of crystallizationThe extra water required to assist in the crystallization process when forming a hydrate (mortar, cement, concrete, plaster, etc.). When the hydrate gives up this excess water, at ambient temperatures, the result is a surface deposit known as efflorescence or staining.
Water TableA continuous course of building units on the outside wall, near the ground, with a horizontal projection or ledge. It is often shaped with a slope and a drip to limit the amount of water passing over the wall or surface below.