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AA Authors Alterations, changes other than corrections, made by a client after the proofing process has begun. AAs are usually charged to a client as billable time. Abrasion Resistance The degree to which a label surface - including printing and protective coatings - is able to resist rubbing or wearing away by friction. Abrasiveness The tendency of a paper, coating or ink to abrade or wear away die edges, slitting blades, printing type, etc., by friction. Absorbency The capacity a paper has for accepting liquids, like the inks or water used to run offset lithographic presses. Accelerated Ageing Test procedures for subjecting P.S. label stock to special environmental conditions in order to predict the course of natural aging in a far shorter period of time. Accordion fold Two or more parallel folds made in opposite directions, which open like an accordion - also called Concertina fold. Acetate A plastic synthesized from cellulose dissolved in acetic acid which exhibits rigidity, dimensional stability and ink receptivity. Transparent or matte films, sometimes used for label stocks. Achromatic Colour correction system used in conjunction with a colour scanner that removes a degree of extraneous colour. Acid-free paper Paper manufactured on a paper machine with the wet-end chemistry controlled to a neutral or slightly alkaline pH. Acrobat A commercial program from Adobe for creating and editing PDF files. Acrobat Reader A free program from Adobe, used for displaying and printing PDF files. Creating and editing PDFs requires commercial programs such as Acrobat Distiller and Acrobat Exchange. Acrylic A rigid thermoplastic sign material available in transparent, translucent and opaque appearances. Acrylic sheet can be clear or produced in a variety of colour tones. Acrylic that is manufactured by pouring a molten compound into a thin compartment and curing it under heat and pressure is said to be cell cast. Acrylic manufactured by casting a liqu… Acrylic Adhesive Pressure-sensitive adhesive based on high-strength, acrylic polymers. Can be coated as a solvent or emulsion system. Acrylic Emulsion A water-based latex make with acrylic polymers, used in coatings and adhesives. Actual weight The true weight of any volume of paper. The actual weight of paper is used to determine both purchase price and shipping costs. See also basic size, basis weight, weight. Adaptive dithering See stochastic screening. Addendum Supplementary material that is additional to the main body of a book, printed separately at the start or end of the text or posted on the web. Additive colours The primary colours of light - red, green and blue (the RGB “colour space�) that may be mixed to form all other colours in photographic reproduction and in computer monitors. Additives Ingredients of paper other than pulp. Additives include clay fillers, dyes, sizing, and other chemicals. Adhesion A measurement of the force required to remove a label from a substrate. Several test methods normally characterize this force at various time intervals after application to various substrates. Adhesive A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. Adhesive Failure A partial or total lifting of the label from the substrate. Adhesive Permanent A PS adhesive characterized by having relatively high ultimate adhesion. The label either cannot be removed intact or requires a great deal of force to be removed. Adhesive Removable A PS adhesive characterized by low ultimate adhesion. The label can be removed from most substrates without damaging the surface or leaving a residue surface or leaving a residue or stain. Adhesive Residue Adhesive Residue: (Adhesive Deposit, Adhesive Transfer): The adhesive remaining behind on a substrate when a P.S. label is removed. Adhesive Splitting Condition where part of the adhesive remains on the face stock and part on the substrate when the label is put under stress or removed. Adhesive Strike-through When adhesive penetrates through the face material of a pressure-sensitive lamination. Adhesive, Cold Temperature An adhesive that will enable a PS label to adhere when applied to refrigerated frozen substrates, generally + 35 degrees F or colder. Adhesive, High Temperature An adhesive that will enable a PS label to withstand sustained elevated temperature (+200 degrees F or higher). Adhesive, Pressure Sensitive A type of adhesive, which in a dry form is aggressively tacky at room temperature. It has the capability of promoting a bond to dissimilar surfaces on contact, with pressure. Against the grain Folding or feeding paper at right angles to the direction of the paper fibers. Air An amount of white space in a layout. Airbrush A mechanical painting tool producing an adjustable spray of paint driven by compressed air. Used in illustration design and photographic retouching. Align To line up typeset or other graphic material as specified, using a base or vertical line as the reference point. Page layout programmes like Quark Xpress use x and y co-ordinates to achieve accuracy to three decimal pts of a mm. Alignment The relative position of a scanner or light source to a bar code. Alkaline Papermaking The manufacture of paper under alkaline conditions using additives, caustic fillers like calcium. Alkaline paper is usually used where aging resistance is desired. It's the logical choice for documents, books, and maps. All of Champion uncoated premium papers are made with an alkaline process, so they're long lasting and well suited for permanent r… Alphabet (length or width) The measurement of a complete set of lower case alphabet characters in a given type size expressed in points or picas. Alt tag The text description of a graphic on a web page in case of graphics being turned off in the browser. Alum Also called hydrated aluminium sulphate or papermaker's alum. A papermaking chemical that's typically used when adding rosin size to pulp, alum imparts water-resistant properties to paper. In practical terms, it keeps paper from clinging to the presses. Aluminium A soft, silver coloured metal commonly used as an engraving material for printing plates. Anodised aluminium has been electroplated with an aluminium oxide coating, which gives it a hard, durable surface. Ambient Temperature Normal fluctuating temperatures in an environment which are not closely controlled, e.g. in a typical warehouse, boxcar, office building, etc. Ampersand The '&' character - meaning, quite literally 'and' - it is the stylisation of the Latin 'et' for 'and'. Anchor Coat (Barrier Coat) A coating applied to the face material on the side opposite the printed surface to provide increased opacity to the face material and/or to prevent migration between adhesive and the face material and/or to improve anchorage of adhesive to a face material. Aniline dye Generic term for the cheap volatile synthetic dyes made from dye dissolved in Methylated spirit and used in flexographic printing inks. Anodised plate An offset printing plate with a specially treated surface to reduce wear during printing. Anti-alias Blending text and image edges into background colour to eliminate the stair-step effect - aliasing - prevalent in bitmaps. Antiquarian Largest size of hand made paper - 53 x 31 in. Anvil A hardened steel roll upon which the bearers of a rotary die cutter ride which also provides the hardened surface to support the die cutting. Apex Point of a character where two lines meet at the top, eg. the point on the letter A. API Application Programming Interface; language/message format used by an application program to communicate with either an operating system, or control program. Appendix Material subordinate to the text of the work, printed and bound immediately after it. Planned from the beginning of a job. Application Temperature Temperature of a substrate or label material at the time the label will be applied. All Fasson adhesives have a minimum application temperature rating. Testing is recommended when approaching minimum application temperature. Applicator A device that automatically feeds and applies pressure sensitive labels to a product. Apron (US term) Additional white space allowed in the margins of text and illustrations when forming a foldout. Aqueous Coating A water-based coating applied after printing, either while the paper is still on press ('in line'), or after it's off press. An aque- ous coating usually gives a gloss, dull, or matte finish, and helps prevent the underlying ink from rubbing off. Unlike a UV coat- ing or a varnish, an aqueous coating will accept ink-jet printing, making it a natura… Archival Paper Paper that's alkaline and won't deteriorate over time. Archival papers must meet national standards for permanence: they must be acid-free and alkaline with a pH of 7.5 to 8.5; include 2% calcium carbonate as an alkaline reserve; and not contain any ground wood or unbleached wook fiber. The expected life of archival paper is more than 100 years. Art In graphic arts usage, all matter other than text material eg illustrations and photographs. Art Director The individual responsible for overseeing the creative and production process and managing other creative individuals. Art paper A smooth coated paper made by adding a coating of china clay compound on one or both sides of the paper. Ascender Any part of a lower case letter above the x-height, e.g. the part of a letter extending above the main body. ASCII American Standard Code for Information Exchange. The standard format for representing text in 8-bit parcels. Aspect Ratio The ratio of height to width of a bar code symbol. A code twice as high as wide would have an aspect ratio of 2; a code twice as wide as high would have an aspect ratio of 1/2 or 0.5. Assembly Collection and arrangement of the art or film negatives necessary for plate making. Asynchronous Transfer Mode Technology permitting sharing of transmission facilities between different data types i.e. video, voice or data. Attachment An image, movie file or document that is attached to and sent with an email. Authentication Method of ensuring that the person accessing a computer system is who they claim to be. Author's corrections Changes made to the copy by the author after typesetting but not including those made as a result of errors in keying in the copy. Auto-complete A feature of 4th and 5th generation browsers that completes a URL as it is being typed in. Auto-leading A default setting in page layout software to determine the horizontal space between baselines, usually 120%. Autoclave Container for sterilizing, i.e. in label application, label must endure a cooking process by superheated steam under pressure. Back etching In lithography, reducing the negative's density. Back margin The margin of a page that is closest to the spine. Back Split See split back. Back step (collation) marks Black marks printed on a signature that show where the final fold will be. Backed A sheet of paper that has the second side printed. Backing Refers to the carrier sheet of material in a pressure sensitive lamination as opposed to the face material. Usually has a release coating applied so that the adhesive will not stick too tightly to it. Release liner, backing paper, carrier, etc. Backing up (1) Paper that's alkaline and won't deteriorate over time. Archival papers must meet national standards for permanence: they must be acid-free and alkaline with a pH of 7.5 to 8.5; include 2% calcium carbonate as an alkaline reserve; and not contain any ground wood or unbleached wook fiber. The expected life of archival paper is more than 100 years. Backing up (2) To print the second side of printed sheet. Backslant A typeface that slants backward, opposite of italic. Bad break inappropriate, unattractive or illegible word hyphenation at the end of a line of type. Bagginess A slack, floppy area usually caused by gauge variation. The material has been stretched and is actually longer in that area. Bakelite A rigid plastic used as an engraving material or as a matrix material for making rubber stamps. It is commonly called phenolic or melamine. Balloon A circle or bubble enclosing copy in an illustration. Used in cartoons. Bandwidth Amount of data that can be transmitted over a network or circuit measured in bits per second. Bank Lightweight writing paper. Banner Large headline or title that extends for the full width of a page in print and a full width advertisement on a web page that always remains in view. 'Hot-linked' to advertisers site. Bar The dark element of a printed symbol. Bar code An array of rectangular bars and spaces which are arranged in a predetermined pattern following unambiguous rules in a specific way to represent elements of data which are referred to as characters. Bar code density The number of data characters which can be represented in a linear unit of measure. Bar code density is often expressed in characters per inch. Bar code reader A device used to identify and read bar code symbols. Bar length The bar dimension perpendicular to bar width. Bar width The thickness of a bar measured from the edge closest to the symbol start character to the trailing edge of the same bar. Bar width reduction Reduction of the nominal bar width dimension on film masters or printing plates to compensate for printing gain. Barrier coat A coating applied to the face material on the side opposite the printed surface to provide increased opacity to the face material and/or to prevent migration between adhesive and the face material and/or to improve anchorage of adhesive to face material. Base The major constituent, other than pigments and filler, comprising the non-volatile portion of an adhesive coating or sealer compound. Base artwork Artwork requiring additional components such as halftones or line drawings to be added before the reproduction stage. Base Roll See anvil. Baseline The imaginary line upon which the bases of some letters sit. Basic Sheet Size The customary sheet size used to establish the basis weight of a ream (500 sheets) of a given grade of paper. Standard basic sizes vary by paper grade. For example, the basic size of book paper is 25'x38', while the basic size of cover stock is 20'x26'. Basis Weight The weight, in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to a given standard (basic size). Each major paper grade, like cover, bond, or offset, has its own basic sheet size, which determines its basis weight. For example, the basic size of book paper is 25'x38' for 500 sheets; therefore, 500 sheets of 70lb. offset book paper in 25'x38' will actua… Bastard Any non-standard paper size. Batch file See Macro. Beard The area of a lower case character into which the descenders extend. Bearer Type-high supports mounted or molded around each end of printing plate to help carry part of the impression load and to help prevent bounce. Also the load bearing surface(s) of a rotary die, usually positioned at each end of the die. Bearing block A device that holds the die in place in the die station. Bed The base holding the Forme in Letterpress printing. Bevel A sloped edge that runs from the top to the bottom of a nameplate's edges providing a bordering effect. Bezier curve A mathematically created curved line in graphics programmes and in QuarkXpress 4x. A curved line has a minimum of three anchor points, one at each end and the one defining the curvature. The curvature can be altered and adjusted by the use of handles. File size in Vector format is very small. Bi-directional read The ability to read data successfully whether scanning is done left to right or right to left. Biax Biaxially oriented material, that is, oriented in the machine and transverse directions. Bible paper Very thin, strong opaque paper used for Bibles and Prayer books. Binary The fundamental 2-digit system all computers use (made up of the two Bits, 1 or 0, the smallest unit of information a computer can process) to perform calculations and store and retrieve data. Binding Various methods used to fasten the loose leaves or sections in a magazine, report or book using staples, thread or glue; e.g. saddle-stitch, perfect bound. Bit depth Number of bits used to store pixel information - higher the bit depth the more specific colour information that can be stored and the larger the file size. An 8-bit image is 2 to the power of 8 which is 256 colours. 24-bit will yield 16.7 million colours. Bitmap An image in Bitmap mode is 1 bit, i.e. Black and White. Most often refers solid black line art. A TIF Bitmap imported into Quark can be coloured. As they are not hafltoned they give fine, crisp edges and they must be saved with a resolution of 1,200 ppi. All resolution dependent, pixel based images are bitmaps. Black letter An angular script developed in Germany in the 12th Century, also refers to the types developed from it - Fraktur, Gothic and Old English. Black patch Material used to mask the window area on a negative image of the artwork prior to 'stripping in' a halftone. Black point The point on a scanned image deemed to be the darkest, and set to a CMYK value - C80, M80, Y80 K70 works well. Blade-coating A method of coating paper and paperboard using a flexible blade to control the amount of coating applied to the paper. The coating is made of pigments, additives, and adhesives. Blade coating can take place either on the papermaking machine or on an off-machine coater. While paper may be coated on one side (C1S) or both sides (C2S), blade-coated pa… Blanket A sheet made from rubber or rexine that is clamped around a blanket or impression cylinder on an offset press, it receives the image from the plate and transfers it to the paper. Blanket cylinder The cylinder of an offset press holding the blanket. Blanket-to-blanket press See Perfecting press. Bleaching A chemical treatment used to whiten and purify pulp. Bleached pulp is known for being strong and durable. Bleed In layout: type or pictures extending beyond the trim marks of a page. Illustrations or photos (“Pics�) that spread, without margins, to the edge of the paper are referred to as “bled off�. Those that spread into the central spine area are “bleeding into the gutter�. Bleedthrough Migration of materials from an adhesive or substrate into a face material, resulting in a mottled appearance of the face stock and possible detrimental effects to the adhesive. Blind Embossing Stamping raised letters or images into paper using pressure and a die, but without using foil or ink to add colour to the raised areas. Braille is an example of blind embossing. Blinding The poor surface condition of an apparently sound printing plate causing a substandard image. Blocking Condition where the labels in a roll of material stick to the backside of the liner above them. Usually due to adhesive cold flow, incomplete die cutting of the adhesive, improper drying of inks or improper drying of coatings. Blocking in To roughly sketch in the main areas of an image prior to the design. Blow up An enlargement, usually of a graphic or photograph. Blue, blue line, blueprint A low-quality but effective, cheap proof used to proof films, particularly spot colour jobs, ensuring all elements are in place. Also known as a dyeline. Blurb A short description on a book jacket about the contents of a book or about the author. BMP A computer graphics format 'Bitmap IBM format' not generally used in professional printing. Board Paper of 200gsm and heavier. Body The main part of a book excluding preliminary pages and appendices. Body copy, body matter, body type Referring to text rather than the headline or display copy- usually six to 14 point type. Body size The height - or as some say the depth - of type measured from the top of the tallest ascender to the bottom of the lowest descender. Normally given in points, the standard unit of type size. Boilerplate Boilerplate items usually refer to large sections of standard text, such as might be found in legal documents, as opposed to a corporate logo or masthead, or to a template which is a fixed way of laying out graphic and text elements in repetitively produced documents. Bold type Type with a heavier, darker appearance. Bolts The three folded edges of sheet or section that will be trimmed off. Bond The adhesion of a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape to the surface to which it has been applied. Bond paper A sized finished writing paper generally of 80gsm characterized by its durability, strength and permanence. Useful for letterheads, business forms etc. Bonding Strength The internal strength of a paper; the ability of the fibers within a paper to hold to one another. Bonding strength measures the ability of the paper to hold together on the printing press. Good bonding strength prevents fibers from coming loose ('picking'). Book dummy A bound, limp proof showing a book in page form, useful to determine bulk. Book paper A classification of papers suitable for book printing. Border A decorative continuous design or rule that surrounds the material on a page. Bottom-loading Cutters Cutters inserted into the bottom of the spindle and are held in place by a setscrew or a collet. Box A section of text marked off by rules on all four sides or white space and presented separately from the main text and illustrations. Longer boxed sections in magazines are sometimes referred to as sidebars. Brass A metal alloy made up of copper and zinc, commonly used as an engraving material or in the manufacture of engravable gift items. Most often recognised by its natural yellow-gold colour, brass is also available in a variety of lacquered colours. Brass that contains a higher lead content is referred to a 'leaded' brass or engravers brass. This is sof… Brightness Brilliance or light reflectivity characteristic of a particular printing paper. If paper lacks brightness it will absorb too much light, so little will reflect back through the ink. Bristol board A fine board made in various qualities for illustration. Bristol Paper Solid or laminated heavyweight paper made to a caliper thick- ness of .006' or higher. Bristols are generally used for tags, covers, and file folders and have a basic size of 24.5'x30.5'. Broadband Any transmission system combining multiple signals - text, voice, and video - on a single circuit at the same time. Broadside Printed sheet of paper used for large advertising circulars and newspapers. Usually printed on one side only. Brochure Pamphlet or other unbound short work, sometimes with stitched pages - generally associated with advertising material. Bromide A photographic print made on bromide paper. Bronzing A lustre effect produced by dusting wet sizing ink with a metallic powder. Browser Program used to locate and displays HTML documents. Browser caching Browsers store (cache) recently used pages on a user`s hard drive. If site revisited, browsers display pages from cache instead of requesting them from the server. Servers can, therefore, under-count number of pages viewed. Bulk The thickness of a stack of paper, technically measured as the thickness of a specified number of sheets under a specified pressure. For example, using the measurement of an inch, it may take less that 100 bulky bristol sheets to make an inch- deep pile. On the other hand, it might take hundreds of sheets to make an inch of a lower-bulk text paper.… Bulk of paper See Caliper. Also the thickness of a book without covers. Bull`s eye Imperfection in the printing process, caused by hard particles in the ink, paper and atmospheric dust or dirt on the plate or blanket. A.k.a. hickey, fisheye, Newton`s rings. Bullet A dot adding emphasis to the text that follows can be small or large. Burn (1) The exposure of a plate in plate making. Burn (2) To expose photosensitive media to light. I.e. burning a negative or burning a printing plate. Also, to doge and 'burn' a photo print (makes the image darker in an area that is burned, ads detail to lightly exposed areas) Burn out Removing unwanted images in plate making with an opaque mask. Burnishing A method of engraving on metal that allows for wider line widths than diamond engraving without having to rout deeply into the material. It is a surface technique generally done on coated metals such as lacquered brass. A faceted, rotating tool called a burnisher removes the lacquer coating and exposes the bare metal. Bursting Perf A fold perforation that permits mechanical bursting. Bursting Strength The pressure required to rupture a material specimen when it is tested in a specified instrument under specified conditions. It is largely determined by the tensile strength and extensibility of the material. Bus The wiring that communicates information from one part of a computer to another. Butt When two or more elements on a page touch edge to edge - butt registration has no trapping. Butt Cut Labels Labels separated by a single cross-direction cut to the liner. No matrix area exists between labels. Butt cut labels are not suitable for automatic dispensing. Butt Labels See butt cut labels. Butt Roll See stub roll. Butted Rectangles Die cut rectangles butted to each other with no around and/or across matrix to remove. Calcium Carbonate CaCO3, a naturally occurring substance found in a variety of sources, including chalk, limestone, marble, oyster shells, and scale from boiled hard water. Used as filler in the alkaline paper manufacturing process, calcium carbonate improves several important paper characteristics, like smoothness, brightness, opacity, and affinity for ink; it also… Calendered finish Produced by passing paper through a series of metal rollers to give a very smooth surface. Calendering The process of finishing a sheet of dried paper by pressing it between the highly polished metal cylinders of a calenar 'stack'. The calender smoothes the paper by compression. See also finish, papermaking, smoothness, super-calendering. Caliper The thickness of a single sheet of paper, as measured with a sensitive tool called a micrometer, and expressed in units of thousandths of an inch. Caliper is a critical measure of uniformity. Excessive variation in caliper can lead to print variation, undesirable visual effects, and uneven stretch or press-feeding problems. It can also create probl… Calligraphy From the Greek meaning beautiful writing. Camera-ready Artwork Black and white artwork that contains no imperfections or irregularities and is ready to be reproduced. This type of artwork provides the best results when reproducing imagery for hot stamping, sublimation, screen printing, digitising or scanning. Cap Layer The top or outer surface layer of engraving plastic. Cap line An imaginary line across the top of capital letters. The distance from the cap line to the baseline is the cap size. Cap or caps An abbreviation for capital letters. Caps and small caps A style of type that shows capital letters used in the normal way while the body copy is set in capital letters which are of a slightly smaller size. Caption Incorrect use describes the line or lines of text that describe and run under a picture or illustration. Pedantically it is a headline above an illustration that serves the same purpose. Carbide An extremely hard material manufactured primarily from tungsten and cobalt. Its hardness and abrasion resistance qualities make it suitable for a variety of cutting tool and wear part applications. Carbide is generally recommended for the majority of engraving cutter applications due to its toughness and long life characteristics. Carbonless Paper coated with chemicals and dye that will produce copies without carbon paper. Also referred to as NCR (No Carbon Required). Caret marks An indication to the printer of an omission in the copy indicated as ( ) showing the insertion. Carolingian script A 9th century script developed for the Emperor Charlemagne`s revision of grammars, bibles and church books. Carrier Sometimes used to refer to the liner materials of pressure sensitive labels. Cartridge A thick general-purpose paper used for printing, drawing and wrapping. Case binding See binding. Case bound A hardback book made with stiff outer covers. Cases are usually covered with cloth, vinyl or leather. Cast coated Coated paper dried under pressure against a polished cylinder produce a high-gloss finish to the paper. Cast coating Paper produced with a surface that is a reasonably accurate replication of some other surface. To manufacture cast-coated paper, a paper web with wet or moistened coating is brought into contact with a polished chrome drum surface, which is replicated in the coated sheet. There are two basic cast-coating technologies: the 'wet process', invented an… Cast film Plastic sheeting manufactured by the casting process, as opposed to the extruding process. Cast off A calculation determining how much space copy will take up when typeset. Cast Vinyl Vinyl sheeting manufactured by coating a liquid vinyl acetate or similar ester onto a casting paper and curing in a heated oven. Cast-coated paper A paper, the coating of which is allowed to harden or set while in contact with a finished casting surface. | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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