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Romans in Britain - Glossary of military terms Category: History and Culture More specific: Romans County & Date: UK, 12122007 Words: 200

Ab epistulis
Ã?n charge of letters'. imperial secretary responsible for military promotions.

Absentia rei publicae causa
Absence on behalf of the state. military service meant that most types of legal action against a soldier were frozen untill his discharge.

Accensus
'Reservist'. light legionary infantry soldier.

Acceptarius
Discharged soldier.

Acceptum
Amount received by soldier after deductions from his pay.

Acies
Battle line.

Acies duplex
Double battle lines.

Acies triplex
Triple battle lines.

Aclis
Javelin.

Actarius
Clerk.

Ad pila et spathas
Close quarter combat.

Ad signa
'With the standards'. present with unit.

Ad stercus
Latrine fatigue duty.

Ad triarios redisse
'To fall back on the triarii '. to have reached a desperate situation.

Adaeratio
Recruitment tax.

Adcrescens
Adolescent. soldier's offspring that would follow in the hereditary military service of the fourth century AD and received rations before taking up actual service.

Adiutor
Assistant. batman.

Adiutor librarii
Assistant clerk.

Adiutrix
'Supporter'. title borne by two legions raised from naval soldiers.

Adlocutio
Formal speech.

Aedes
Sanctuary in the HQ where the standards were stored and a likeness of the emperor was kept.

Aenator
Military musician.

Aerarium
Treasury. pay chest.

Aerarium militare
Military pension fund.

Aestiva
Summer campaigning camp.

Aetos
Eagle standard.

Agens in rebus
Late Roman intelligence operative.

Ager publicus
'Public land'. confiscated land belonging to the Roman state.

Agger
A - earth wall. B - assault ramp.

Agmen
Column.

Agmen quadratum
Square marching formation.

Aichmè
Spear. javelin.

Akontistès
Javelineer. light infantryman.

Ala
'Wing'. A - unit of the allies. B - unit of auxiliary cavalry.

Ala dromedaria
Cavalry unit with attached camel riders.

Ala milliaria
Auxiliary cavalry unit with an establishment strength of some thousand men.

Ala quingenaria
Auxiliary cavalry unit with an establishment strength of some five hundred troopers.

Ala sociorum
Unit of several thousand soldiers drawn from the socii or allies.

Alaris
'Wingman'. soldier serving in ala .

Alaudae
'Crested larks'. cognomen for the legio V originally raised by Caesar as a legio vernacula .

Allagè
Relief of duty.

Allectus
Chosen man. elite soldier.

Ambulatio
Marching exercise.

Ambulatura
Marching exercise.

Amentum
Thong attached to a throwing spear to increase range and accuracy.

Angareia
Requisition of transport.

Angaria
Requisitioning of transport.

Angusticlavius
Decorated with thin purple stripe.

Angusticlavus
Thin purple stripe on tunic indicating membership of the equestrian order.

Annona
A - provisions. B - tax in kind.

Annona foederatica
Subsidy given to allies.

Antecursor
'Front runner'. advanced skirmisher.

Antepilanus
'In front of the spearbearers'. soldier stationed in first or second battle line.

Antesignanis
Elite legionary.

Antesignanus
Soldier fighting in front of the standards. elite legionary foot soldier capable of fighting as both heavy and light infantry.

Aper
Boar. one of the five original legionary standards of a republican legio and symbol of the imperial legio XX and llegio X Fretensis.

Apollinaris
Dedicated to Apollo.

Aquila
Eagle standard.

Aquilae natalis
'Birthday of the eagle'. anniversary of the official founding of a legio .

Aquilifer
Eaglebearer. standardbearer carrying the legion's eagle.

Architectus
Constructor of torsion guns.

Archoon tou kontuberniou
'Commander of the tent party'. squad leader, term used as equivalent of dekarchos .

Arcuarius
Bowyer.

Arcuballista
Torsion gun. crossbow.

Arcus
Bow.

Areani
Late Roman scout/spy unit based in Britannia.

Aries
Battering ram.

Arithmos
Military unit. Greek equivalent of numerus .

Arma
Weapons.

Arma antesignana
The weapons of the antesignani . lonchè or lancea and aspis .

Arma legionaria
Legionary weapons.

Arma postsignana
The weapons of the postsignani . xyston or pilum and thyreos or scutum .

Arma velitaria
The weapons belonging to the velites . hasta velitaris and parma .

Armamentarium
Weapons storage.

Armatura
A - advanced weapons training. B - weapon instructor. C - soldier with advanced weapons training. D - armament.

Armatura duplaris
Weapons instructor on double rations.

Armatus
Armed.

Armicustos
Soldier tasked with the administration and supply of weapons and equipment.

Armidoctor
Equivalent of doctor armorum . weapons instructor.

Armiger
'Weaponbearer'. armed man.

Armilausa
Military clothing item.

Armilla
Arm band used as military decoration.

Artifex
Artisan.

Arx
Fortress.

Aspis
Shield.

Aspis koilè
Curved shield used by legionary heavy infantry.

Aspis platea
Flat shield used by legionary light infantry.

Assiduus
Propertied citizen with military service obligation.

Aurum tironicum
Money tax levied instead of protostasia .

Auspicia
Supreme authority.

Auxilia
Auxiliaries.

Auxilia palatina
Late Roman crack infantry units.

Auxiliaris
Auxiliary soldier.

Auxilium
Late Roman infantry unit.

Auxilium palatinum
Elite late Roman field army infantry unit.

Bacaudae
Late Roman rebel group in Gaul.

Ballista
Torsion gun.

Ballista quadrirotis
‘Fourwheeled torsion gun`. mobile catapult.

Ballistarius
Artillery soldier.

Balteus
Military belt.

Bandifer
Byzantine standard bearer.

Bandon
Late Roman military unit.

Bandum
Late Roman military standard.

Barbaricum
The world beyond the imperial frontiers.

Barbarus
Non Roman. foreigner.

Baro
Servant. groom.

Barritus
Battle cry.

Basileus
Emperor.

Basilica equestris exercitatoria
Cavalry training hall.

Basilica exercitatoria
Drill hall.

Basilikon telos
Imperial guard.

Basilikos
Imperial.

Batavus
A - Batavian. B - nickname of imperial horse guard trooper.

Battualia
Fighting exercise.

Bebra
Barbarian heavy javelin.

Bellator
Fighter. warrior.

Bellum
War.

Belos
Missile.

Beneficiarius
A - soldier on special assignment. B - military police.

Beneficiarius consularis
Soldier attached to a provincial governor's staff.

Beneficiarius legati legionis
Soldier attached to staff of legionary commander.

Beneficiarius tribuni
Soldier attached to the staff of a tribunus .

Beneficium
Military promotion.

Benephikiarios
Greek equivalent of beneficiarius .

Biarchus
Late Roman NCO.

Bipennis
Double headed axe.

Boukellarèos
Personal retainer, Greek equivalent of Buccellarius .

Bracae
Trousers.

Brittunculus
'Little Briton'. derogatory name for Roman adversary in Britannia.

Buccellarius
Private retainer.

Buccellatum
Hard tack. ration.

Bucculla
Helmet cheeck piece.

Bucina
Musical instrument.

Bucinator
Trumpeter.

Bucinator principalis
Trumpeter with NCO rank.

Burgarius
Soldier stationed at burgus .

Burgus
Small fortification.

Cacula
Military servant.

Caesim ferire
To slash (with a sword).

Calceus
Shoe. boot.

Calciarium
'Shoe money'. bounty demanded by troops for prolonged marching.

Caliga
Leather personnel carrier. military boot.

Caligatus
Person wearing caligae . soldier, NCO or officer below the social rank of eques Romanus .

Calo
Horse groom. military servant.

Campicursio
Military exercise.

Campidoctor
Drill instructor.

Campigenus
'Born at the exercise field'. elite legionary soldier.

Campus
Cavalry training area. exercise field.

Campus Martius
Field of Mars where during the republic troops were assembled prior to military campaigns.

Canabae
Civilian settlement attached to military base.

Candidatus
A - soldier awaiting promotion. B - late Roman guardsman.

Cannensis
The nickname of the soldiers who had survived the defeat at Cannae and were kept in service until Carthage was defeated in the Second Punic War.

Capite censi
'Head count'. citizens that could not meet the property demands required for military service.

Capsa
Container with bandages and medical implements carried by medics.

Capsarius
Medic.

Caput contubernii
Head of tentparty.

Caput porcinum
'Boar's head'. attack column or wedge formation.

Carcer
Prison cell.

Carcerarius
Prison guard.

Carroballista
Torsion artillery.

Cassis
Helmet.

Castellum
Fort.

Castigatio
Corporal punishment.

Castra
Camp.

Castra aestiva
Summer campaigning camp.

Castra hiberna
Winter base.

Castra movere
To break camp.

Castra peregrina
Military base at Rome for personel seconded from the provincial armies.

Castra praetoria
Praetorian camp. A - base of the praetorian guard at Rome established by Tiberius. B - dense close ordered formation in the late Roman army.

Castrense peculium
Possessions acquired by soldier during military service which remained outside the patria potestas .

Cataphracta
Body armour.

Cataphractarius
Heavily armoured cavalryman.

Cataphractus
Heavily armoured cavalryman.

Catapulta
'Shield smasher'. torsion gun.

Causarius
Soldier discharged for wounds or other medical reasons.

Cedo alteram
'Give me another'. nickname of a hated centurio killed in the Pannonian mutiny of AD 14 who used to break his vine sticks on the back of his men.

Celeusta
Naval officer.

Cenaticum
Provision of (money for) food. often extorted by soldiers billeted on civilians.

Centenaria
Small fortification.

Centenarius
Late Roman officer of equivalent rank as centurio .

Centenus
Unit of nominally a hundred men.

Centuria
'Hundred'. military unit of some thirty to two hundred foot soldiers.

Centurio
'Commander of hundred'. centurion. officer.

Centurio exercitator
Cavalry training officer.

Centurio ordinarius-ordinatus
Centurion commanding a centuria .

Centurio posterior
Second in command of a manipulus .

Centurio prior
Senior centurion of a manipulus .

Centurio regionarius
District centurion responsible for administration and law enforcement.

Centurio speculatorum Augustorum
Officer attached to the speculatores of the praetorian guard.

Centurio stratorum
Officer in charge of horse supply to the army which was at times placed in command of the pedites singulares .

Centurio supernumerarius
Supernumerary centurion with special assignments.

Cervus
'Animal horn'. obstacle made of pointed stakes.

Cetra
Shield. small Hispanic buckler.

Cetratus
A - soldier equipped with a small shield. B - skirmisher.

Charax
Wall.

Cheiroballistra
Torsion artillery.

Chiliarchia
Unit of nominally a thousand men.

Chiliarchos
'Commander of a thousand'. Greek term for tribunus .

Choortè
Cohort.

Cibaria
Rations.

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