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Aachen, Hans von (1552-1615) German painter. He lived in Venice 1574-88 and on his return played a leading role in introducing Aakjaer, Jeppe (1866-1930) Danish poet and novelist. Born in Jutland into a poor peasant family, he was an anticleric who became an impassioned campaigner for the rights of peasant workers. He is best remembered for his... Aali, Mehemet (1815-1871) Turkish politician. At the Congress of Paris 1856 he represented Turkey and maintained its rights with great skill. He helped to put down the Cretan rebellion 1867-68 and introduced many Western... Aalto, Alvar (Hugo Alvar Henrik) (1898-1976) Finnish architect and designer. He was a pioneer of the Aaltonen, Wäinö (Valdemar) (1894-1966) Finnish sculptor. He was known for his monumental figures and busts portraying citizens of Finland following the country's independence 1917. The bronze monument to the athlete Paavo Nurmi... Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil (1800-1856) Danish poet. An aesthete with a warm admiration of female beauty and an unusual frankness in erotic description, he was little known until the posthumous publication of his poems in 1863, followed... Aaron (lived c. 13th century BC) In the Old Testament, the elder brother of Aasen, Ivar Andreas (1813-1896) Norwegian philologist, poet, and dramatist. Through a study of rural dialects, connecting them with Old Norwegian, he evolved a native country language, which he called LandsmÃÂ¥l (now known as... Ab? al-Fida (1273-1331) Arab historian and geographer. He was raised to royal rank 1310, becoming governor of the kingdom of Hama. His two best-known works are a universal history, which is one of the chief sources of... Ab? Han?fah, Al-Nu'man (c. 700-780) Sunni religious leader and jurist. He was the founder of the Hanaf? School, the earliest school of Islamic law, which dominates Turkey and India. He was born in Kufa, Iraq, and died in Baghdad. ... Abacha, Sani (1943-1998) Nigerian soldier, politician, and president (1993-98). In 1983 he took part in the coup that ended the Second Republic. In 1993 he seized power following presidential elections in which Chief... Abaddon In the Old Testament, a synonym for Sheol (Hades) and death. In the New Testament, in Revelation 9, it is the name of the angel (devil) of the bottomless pit, perhaps Hell personified. The Greek... abatement In English law, the discontinuance of, for example, a nuisance (see abatement In heraldry, a mark of dishonour on a coat of arms, indicating some stain on the character of the wearer. This mark is mentioned in literature but has in practice scarcely been used, though the term... abatis (or abattis) Outer defence work in which felled trees are stripped of their leaves and placed on the ground with the sharpened points of their branches extending towards the enemy. English use of the word is... Abaza Caucasian-speaking people of the Karachay-Cherkassia Republic, on the north side of the Caucasus Mountains, in the Russian Federation. They are bilingual, and speak and write Circ ... Abba Term used in the Babylonian Talmud by a child addressing his or her father, and as an honorific style of address to rabbis. In the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches the title came... Abbadid dynasty (lived 11th century) Muslim dynasty based in Seville, Spain, which lasted from 1023 until 1091. The dynasty was founded by Abu-el-Kasim Muhammad Ibn Abbad, who led the townspeople against the Berbers when the... Abbadie, Jacques (1654-1727) French ecclesiastic and writer. His works include Traité de la vérité de la religion chrétienne 1684 and La Grande Conspiration d'Angleterre 1696 (written by order of William III). In 1688 and... Abbas (566-652) Uncle of the prophet Muhammad and founder of the Abbas I, Pasha (1813-1854) Viceroy of Egypt 1848-54. He was the grandson of Mehemet Ali, and succeeded upon the death of his uncle, Ibrahim Pasha. He promoted the construction of the railway from Alexandria to Cairo 1851. ... Abbas I, the Great (c. 1571-1629) Shah of Persia from 1587. He expanded Persian territory by conquest, defeating the Uzbeks near Herat in 1597 and also the Turks. At his death his empire reached from the... Abbas II (1874-1944) Last Abbas II (1632-1667) Shah of Persia 1642-67, the son of Safi I and the great-grandson of Abbas I. He received various embassies from Europe and recaptured Kandahar 1648, which had been lost by his predecessor to... Abbas III (1732-1736) Shah of Persia 1732-36, the son of Tahmasp II. His father was deposed by Quli Khan (who later became Nadir Shah Afshar) and Abbas III was crowned shah when eight months old. He was... Abbas M?rza (1789-1833) Prince of Persia, second son of Shah Fath Ali. He commanded the Persian army in the Russian wars of 1804-13 and 1826-28. He also commanded the Persian forces in... Abbas, Ferhat (1899-1985) Algerian nationalist leader and politician. He was the first president of the exile-based Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne (GPRA) 1958-61, and was elected president of the... Abbasid dynasty Family of rulers of the Islamic empire, whose Abbate, Niccolò dell' (1509-1571) Italian Mannerist painter. He worked in France from the early 1550s, his slender, sensual nudes being a major influence on the development of the Abbé French title of respect used to address any priest who is not a member of a religious order. Before the French Revolution it was applied to many people who had little or no connection with the... abbess Female superior of a nunnery (usually Benedictine) which has canonical status as an abbey. She is usually elected by the sisters subject to the approval of the bishop. In the Rom ... abbey In the Christian church, a building or group of buildings housing a community of monks or of nuns, all dedicated to a life of celibacy and religious seclusion, governed by an abbot or abbess... Abbey Theatre Playhouse in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, associated with the literary revival of the early 1900s, that was part of a general cultural Abbey, Edward (1927-1989) US author and conservationist. His novels include The Monkey Wrench Gang (1976), about a gang of ecological saboteurs. This was a best-seller, making Abbey a cult hero. Although Abbey disapproved... Abbey, Edwin Austin (1852-1911) US painter and illustrator who worked in both England and the USA. He was commissioned by Edward VII to paint the coronation 1902 and also decorated the Boston Public Library with a series of... Abbey, Joseph Leo Seko (1940) Ghanaian economist and diplomat. He was educated at the London School of Economics, Iowa State University, USA, and the University of Western Ontario, Canada. He was high commissioner to Canada... abbot Male superior of a monastery or abbey (usually of the Benedictine family or certain congregations of canons regular). The Rule of St Benedict describes the abbot as the father of his community and... Abbot, Francis (Ellingwood) (1836-1903) US philosopher. Ellingwood was forced to resign as a Unitarian pastor in 1868 because of his free-thinking views. He was president of the National Liberal League from 1876-78, editor of The... Abbot, George (1562-1633) English cleric, archbishop of Canterbury 1611-33. His works include Exposition on the Prophet Jonah; A Brief Description of the Whole World 1599. Abbot was the recognized leader of the English... Abbot, Robert Sengstacke (1868-1940) US publisher and editor, born in Simons Island, Georgia. In 1905 he founded the Chicago Defender, which he edited until 1940. Committed to defending the rights of African Americans, the paper was... Abbotsford Home of Scottish novelist Walter Abbott, Diane Julie (1953) UK Labour Party politician, member of Parliament from 1987 for Hackney North and Stoke Newington. The first black woman to be elected to the House of Commons, she has been on the left wing of the... Abbott, George (1887-1995) US playwright, theatre director, and producer. Among his many successes were Broadway (1926), Three Men on a Horse (1935), The Boys from Syracuse (1938), The Pajama Game (1954),... Abbott, Grace (1878-1939) US social worker and activist. From 1919 Abbott was the director of the federal Children's Bureau, later becoming president of the National Conference of Social Workers (1923-24), and an adviser... Abbott, Jacob (1803-1879) US author. He entered the ministry of the Congregational Church, but is best known for his educational and religious writings. His first book, The Young Christian (1832), was followed... Abbott, Lemuel Francis (1760-1803) English portrait painter. He was the pupil of Francis Abbott, Lyman (1835-1922) New York-based Congregational clergyman and editor. Noted for his intelligence and tolerant attitudes, Abbott was active in Christian publishing as well as in his own parish. He became editor of... Abbott, Russ (1948) English comedian and comic actor who was one of Britain's most popular television entertainers in the 1980s. Television appearances include The Comedians (1971), Who Do You Do (1972), What's On Next... Abboud, Ibrahim (1900-1983) Sudanese general and politician. After an army coup in 1958, Abboud became president of the supreme council of the armed forces, and subsequently premier and president. His power was severely... abbreviator In the Catholic Church, formerly an officer of the papal chancery whose principal task was the preparation of letters and writs for the use of the chief dignitaries... Abbt, Thomas (1738-1766) German writer. Born at Ulm, he was a friend of Gotthold Lessing and Moses Mendelssohn, and contributed to the Literaturbriefe, a literary weekly which appeared 1759-65. He wrote Vom Tod furs... Abd al-Hamid I (1725-1789) Sultan of Turkey 1774-89. During his reign Turkey was occupied in a struggle with Russia and Austria. The former wrested from him control of the Crimea 1774, and the latter inflicted on him a... Abd al-Hamid II (1842-1918) Last sultan of Turkey 1876-1909. In 1908 the Abd al-Kader (c. 1807-1883) Algerian nationalist. Emir (Islamic chieftain) of Mascara from 1832, he led a struggle against the French until his surrender 1847. ... Abd al-Karim (1880-1963) Moroccan chief known as the `Wolf of the Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwan (647-705) Fifth caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, who reigned 685-705, based in Damascus. He waged military campaigns to unite Muslim groups and battled against the Greeks. He instituted a purely Arab coinage... Abd al-Mejid I (1823-1861) Sultan of Turkey from 1839. During his reign the Ottoman Empire was increasingly weakened by internal nationalist movements and the incursions of the great European powers. He succeeded to the... Abd Allah (1846-1899) Sudanese ruler from 1885. He succeeded the Mahdi (Islamic leader) Muhammad Ahmed, but was defeated by British forces under General Abd ar-Rahman III (891-961) Ruler of Cordoba in Moorish Spain 912-61. In 929 he proclaimed himself caliph of a Muslim dynasty (Umayyad), formally asserting the independence from the caliphs of Baghdad which his predecessors... Abd-ar-Rahman (died 732) Moorish chief. He invaded Gaul in 731 at the head of the largest Muslim army that had yet menaced Europe. He was defeated by Charles Martel near Tours in 732. ... Abd-ar-Rahman I (731-788) Emir of Córdoba 756-88. Under his leadership Moorish Spain (al-Andalus) flourished as an emirate independent of the Ummayad caliphs of Baghdad, and the foundations were laid that were to make... Abd-ar-Rahman II (788-852) Emir of Córdoba 822-52. Under his leadership, Moorish Spain underwent a marked Islamization, and acquired the accumulated learning of the ancients and... Abdel Meguid, Ahmed Esmat (1923) Egyptian politician and diplomat. After the return of the League of Arab States to Cairo he was appointed its secretary general in May 1991. Educated in law, he represented his country as permanent... Abdera Town in ancient Thrace on the Aegean Sea (now in ruins); the birthplace of the philosopher Democritus and the sophist Protagoras. Its inhabitants had a reputation for stupidity, and `Abderite`... abdication Voluntary renunciation of an office or dignity, usually the throne, by a ruler or sovereign. Abdication is not to be confused with deposition, whereby the ruler, although he or she may ostensibly... abdication crisis In British history, the constitutional upheaval of the period 16 November 1936 to 10 December 1936, brought about by the British king abduction In English law, the taking away by force, fraud, or persuasion of a woman or a child against her own will, or against the will of her parents or guardians. Women and girls There are four offences of... abduction In philosophy and logic, a form of probable inference, reaching a probable conclusion on the basis of available evidence. Aristotle uses the term to refer to a weak Abdul-Aziz (1830-1876) Sultan of Turkey 1861-76. He succeeded his brother Abd al-Mejid I. His reign was one long struggle against rebellion in Turkey's European provinces, and he is remembered chiefly for his... Abdullah el Taaisha Alternative name for Abdullah I, Abdullah ibn Hussein (1882-1951) King of Jordan 1946-51. In 1921, after the collapse of the Ottoman empire, he became emir of the British mandate of Transjordan, covering present-day Jordan, and became king when the mandate... Abdullah II, Abdullah ibn Hussein (1962) King of Jordan from 1999. Abdullah was crowned king of Jordan after his father, Abdullah, ibn Abdul Aziz al-Saud (1924) King of Saudi Arabia from 2005. He was first deputy prime minister from 1982. On the assassination, in 1975, of King Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad (1905-1982) Indian politician, known as the `Lion of Kashmir`. He headed the struggle for constitutional government against the Maharajah of Kashmir, and in 1948, following a coup, became prime minister. He... Abe Kobo (1924-1993) Japanese novelist and playwright. He was a leader of the avant-garde, and his familiarity with Western literature, existentialism, surrealism, and Marxism influenced his distinctive treatment of... Abecedarian Member of a small sect consisting of followers of the German Anabaptist Nikolaus Storch (died 1522). Holding that only a knowledge of the scriptures communicated directly by the Holy Spirit was... Abel In the Old Testament (Genesis 4), the second son of Adam and Eve; as a shepherd, he made burnt offerings of meat to God which were more acceptable than the fruits offered by his brother Cain; he was... Abelard, Peter (1079-1142) French scholastic philosopher who worked on logic and theology. His romantic liaison with his pupil Abelin, Johann Philipp (c. 1600-c. 1634) German historian who founded the political chronicle Theatrum Europaeum, published in Frankfurt 1633-1738. ... Abell, Kjeld (1901-1961) Danish dramatist. His 15 plays are chiefly concerned with moral responsibility and the need to act on ethical principles so as to avoid evil. They include Anna Sophie Hedvig 1939, DagepÃÂ¥ en... Abencerrages Noble family in the Moorish kingdom of Granada, the story of whose long struggle with the rival family of the Zegris has been the theme of many Spanish chroniclers and romance writers. According to... Abercorn, dukes of Irish title held by the Abercrombie, (Leslie) Patrick (1879-1957) English architect. A pioneer of British town planning, he was involved in replanning British cities, including London, after damage in World War II. He initiated... Abercrombie, John (1726-1806) English writer on horticulture. He was employed at Kew Gardens and published Every Man his own Gardener 1767. His book supplied, for the first time, detailed instructions which were drawn from... Abercrombie, Lascelles (1881-1938) English poet and scholar. He published Interludes and Poems (1908) and several other volumes of verse and verse dramas before World War I. Among Abercrombie's critical works are a study of Thomas... Abercromby, Ralph (1734-1801) Scottish soldier. In 1801 he commanded an expedition to the Mediterranean, charged with the liquidation of the French forces left behind by Napoleon in Egypt. He fought a brilliant action against... Aberdare, Henry Austin Bruce, 1st Baron (1815-1895) Welsh politician. Born in Duffryn, Mid Glamorgan, he was Liberal member of Parliament for Merthyr from 1852 and held several political appointments, including the home secretaryship 1869-73.... Aberdeen Codename for the Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen (1784-1860) British Tory politician, prime minister from 1852 until 1855, when he resigned because of criticism provoked by the miseries and mismanagement of the Aberhart, William (1878-1943) Canadian politician, premier of Alberta 1935-43. He tried to establish a currency system on Abernathy, Ralph D (1926-1990) US Baptist clergyman and civil rights activist. Martin Luther abettor In law, a person who knowingly and voluntarily aids a criminal in committing an offence, thereby becoming equally guilty of the crime. ... abeyance State of suspension of the rights to a property or a peerage where there is doubt about the rightful owner. In the UK the only peerages that can fall into abeyance are baronies that have been... Abhidharma-pitaka Buddhist scripture; the third and last part of the Abhorrer Member of an English court party in the reign of Abiathar (lived c. 11th century BC) In the Old Testament, the son of Ahimelech and high priest under David and Solomon. He remained faithful to David during the latter's life but was deposed and banished by King Solomon for his... Abigail (lived c. 11th century BC) In the Old Testament, the wife of Nabal, the rich man who refused hospitality to Abijah (lived c. 16th century BC) In the Old Testament, the son and successor of King Rehoboam of Judah. He fought and defeated Jeroboam I, King of Israel. ... Abilene Town and administrative headquarters of Dickinson County, east-central Kansas; population (1990) 6,200. It is situated on the Smoky Hill River, 35 km/22 mi northeast of Salina. Its industries... Abimelech Common Philistine name or title, meaning `the king (God) is my father`. In the Old Testament, the natural son of Gideon was called Abimelech. He murdered his 70 brothers (except the youngest,... Abington, Mrs Fanny (1737-1815) English actor. She was engaged for Drury Lane by David Garrick, where she was the first Lady Teazle 1777 and created a number of other parts. She was also well known for Shakespearean roles,... Abiola, Moshood Kastumawo (1937-1998) Nigerian politician, president in 1993. First elected to parliament as a National Party member in 1979, he won the 1993 presidential elections as the Social Democratic Party candidate, but was... Abipone Member of a group of South American Indians of Paraguay, who came under Jesuit influence and were later defeated by the Spaniards. They once numbered around 5,000 but are now probably extinct. ... Abish, Walter (1931) US writer of Austrian-Jewish origin. His novels, short stories, and poetry experiment with language and sound. He uses an unexpressive, formalist style to... abjuration of the realm In medieval England, an alternative to outlawry for convicted criminals or those unwilling to stand trial. The abjuror, in sanctuary, would confess his or her crime to the local coroner who would... abjuration, oath of In England and Wales, oath formerly taken by holders of public office and originally imposed in the reign of William III, requiring the taker of the oath (juror) to abjure the claims of the Stuart... Abkhazia (or Abkhaziya) Autonomous republic in northwestern ablution Washing for a religious purpose. For example, Hindus wash before praying, preferably in running water, and washing in certain rivers, especially the Ganges, is believed... ABM Abbreviation for anti-ballistic missile; see Abner (lived c. 11th century BC) In the Old Testament, the cousin of Abolition of monarchy in England and Ireland Following the English Civil War (1642-49) the Rump Parliament set about the process of abolishing the monarchy. On 30 January 1649, the same day as the execution of the king, Parliament passed an... Abolition of monarchy in England Following the English Civil War (1642-49), the Rump Parliament set about the process of abolishing the monarchy. On 30 January 1649 the Rump Parliament passed an act prohibiting any person from... abolitionism A movement culminating in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that aimed first to end the abominable snowman Legendary creature, said to resemble a human, with long arms and a thickset body covered with reddish-grey hair. Reports of its existence in the Himalayas have been made since 1832, and they... Aboriginal art Art of the Australian Aborigines. Traditionally almost entirely religious and ceremonial, it was directed towards portraying stories of the aborigine Any indigenous inhabitant of a region or country. The word often refers to the original peoples of areas colonized by Europeans, and especially to Aborigine, Australian See Aboukir Bay, Battle of Naval battle during the Napoleonic Wars between Great Britain and France, in which Admiral Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon Bonaparte's fleet at the Egyptian seaport of Aboukir on 1 August 1798. The... Aboukir, HMS British armoured cruiser, sunk during World War I by the German submarine U-9 along with its sister ships HMS Hogue and HMS Cressy in September 1914. It is the only known occasion of three... Abourezk, James (George) (1931) US representative/senator. A Lebanese-American, Abourez was a spokesperson for the Arab cause and the chairman of the Senate's Select Committee on Indian Affairs. He founded the American-Arab... About, Edmond François Valentin (1828-1885) French writer. His novels include Le Roi des montagnes/The King of the Mountains (1856), Le Nez d'un notaire/The Lawyer's Nose (1862), L'Homme à l'oreille cassée/The Man with the Broken Ear... abracadabra Magic word first recorded in a Latin poem of the 2nd century AD by the Gnostic poet Serenus Sammonicus. When the letters were written in the form of an inverted pyramid, so that the word could be... Abraham (lived c. 2300 BC) In the Old Testament, the founder of the Jewish nation and one of the Jewish Abraham a Sancta Clara (1644-1709) German preacher. His sermons are full of imagination and contain sound Catholic doctrine. Schiller's play Wallensteins Lager was inspired by his sermon `Up, up, ye Christians!`. He joined the... Abraham-man Wandering beggar of Elizabethan times, who was either demented or shammed lunacy in order to gain pity. The term is derived from the parable in Luke 16, where Lazarus the beggar is received into... Abraham, Plains of Plateau near Québec, Canada, where the British commander Abraham, Spencer (1952) US Republican politician, secretary of energy 2001-04. Although a conservative Republican, he voted in the Senate against tighter limits on legal immigrati ... Abraham's bosom Metaphorical name for the abode of righteous souls after death, used by Christ in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. The ancients reclined on couches at table for meals, so that the head of... Abrahamite Name given to the members of two distinct religious sects in Bohemia and Syria. The Bohemian Abrahamites were deists who claimed the original religion of Abraham. They denied the Trinity, and... Abrahams, Peter (1919) South African novelist. He was South Africa's first prolific black writer, whose novels are distinguished by a passionate anti-racism. Best known for the novel Mine Boy (1946), Abrahams wrote all... Abrams, Creighton W(illiams), Jr (1914-1974) US soldier. One of the boldest junior armoured commanders of World War II, he heldd a distinguished military record. Abrams was appointed US commander in Vietnam in June 1968, presiding over the... Abrams, Floyd (1936) US lawyer. He has argued more First Amendment and media cases before the US Supreme Court than any other lawyer in history. Born in New York City, Abramson was a graduate of Yale Law School, w ... Abrams, Meyer (Howard) (1912) American literary critic and educator. A major historical and humanistic critic, his work on the English Romantic poets include The Mirror and the Lamp (1953). He taught English literature at... Abravanel (or Abarbanel), Isaac Ben Jehudah (1437-1508) Jewish statesman. He was minister of state to King Afonso V of Portugal but was suspected of treason by John II and forced to escape. He then served Ferdinand, King... abraxas Charm found engraved on ancient stones. The Greek letters of the word, when interpreted as numbers, total 365. The word was used by Egyptian Gnostics to describe the supreme being. ... Absalom In the Old Testament, the third and favourite son of King Absalon (1128-1201) Danish statesman. He became Archbishop of Lund 1178 and minister to Waldemar I and Canute VI of Denmark. He took an active part in helping with the legislation of Waldemar I, and drove the Wendish... Absaroka Alternative name for a member of the American Indian absconce Small lantern, of ancient origin, used in the Catholic Church during the performance of the night offices. ... Abse, Dannie (1923) Welsh poet, novelist, and dramatist. His first volume of verse was After Every Green Thing (1949), and subsequent volumes include White Coat, Purple Coat: Collected Poems 1948-1988 (1989),... absenteeism Absence from work without any legitimate reason. Absenteeism often involves employees sporadically taking a few days off work, citing ill health as the reason. The small number of days means no... absolute In philosophy, the opposite of relative, dependent, or conditioned. The underlying view is that any particular thing is incomplete and therefore not fully real: it is only the totality, the universe... absolute advantage Advantage of a producer in the production of a good when it can produce that good at a lower absolute cost than other producers. For example, producer A... absolute dating The determination of age in calendar years by reference to a fixed timescale. It usually incorporates a measure of uncertainty, expressed as a standard deviation. Methods include absolute monarchy Alternative term for Absolutely Fabulous British sitcom (1992-96) satirizing the fashion industry and middle-aged baby boomers. The alcohol and drugs intake, interest in fads, disposable income, sex drives, and shopping sprees of Edina... absolution In Christianity, the authority of the church to pronounce God's forgiveness to a penitent sinner. The church acts as Christ's representative, and in so far as the church is filled with the Spirit of... absolutism In philosophy, a term that has been used to convey two quite separate and distinct ideas. The first, which is associated with Hegel, refers to the ideal and evolving nature of ultimate reality which... absolutism System of government in which the ruler or rulers have unlimited power and are subject to no constitutional safeguards or checks. The principle of an absolute monarch, given a right to rule by God... absolutist Member of a Spanish political party opposed to the constitution of 1812. The absolutists wished to restore to the Crown its former absolute powers. Subsequently they supported the pretensions of Don... abstinence The practice of refraining from bodily or sensual pleasures in order to attain a higher spiritual state or a more thorough concentration on the sacred. It is integral to the practice of abstract Summary, especially of articles, books, or proceedings, as far as possible in the words of the original. Contributors to learned journals are often required to write the abstract of their own... abstract art Nonrepresentational art. Ornamental art without figurative representation occurs in most cultures. The modern abstract movement in sculpture and painting emerged in Europe and North America between... abstract expressionism Movement in US painting that was the dominant force in the country's art in the late 1940s and 1950s. It was characterized by the sensuous use of paint, often on very large canvases, to convey... abstract of title In English law, the summary of the deeds, documents, and events under, or by virtue of which, the owner of an interest in land derives his or her title. ... abstraction In philosophy, the process by which Absurd, Theatre of the Avant-garde drama originating with a group of dramatists in the 1950s, including Samuel Abu Klea, Battle of Engagement between British forces and Dervishes in the Sudan on 17 January 1885 at Abu Klea, a group of wells on the track from Korti to Metemmeh. A camel corps with about 1,800 troops under General... Abû Mâdî, Ilyâ (c. 1890-1957) Lebanese poet. Abû Mâdî published several books, notably Al-Jadowil/The Brooks, in 1925. Largely self-taught, he set up a biweekly, then daily, literary review entitled al-Samir which he... Abu Nidal (1934-2002) Palestinian-Arab terrorist. During the late 1950s he joined Yassir Abú Nuwás, Hasan ibn Háni (c.760-c. 815) Arab poet. Considered to be one of the greatest poets of the Abbasid period, he is celebrated for the freedom, eroticism, and ironic lightness of touch he brought to traditional forms. He was... Abu Simbel Site of two ancient temples cut into the rock on the banks of the Nile in southern Egypt during the reign of Rameses II, commemorating him and his wife Nefertari. The temples were moved... Abu Tellul, Battle of In World War I, battle between British and Turkish forces for the village of Abu Tellul. The Turks lost the village on 14 July 1918. The Turkish army had advanced north and east of Jericho,... Abu-al-Ala al-Maarri (or Abu'l-'Ala al-Ma'arri) (973-1057) In ancient Greece, an area of the northern Peloponnese. The Achaeans were the predominant society during the Mycenaean period and are said by Homer to have taken part in the siege of Troy. The... Abubakar, Siddiq (1903-1988) Nigerian leader and sultan of Sokoto 1938-88. As spiritual leader of Nigeria's Muslims he had the title of Sarkin Musulmi (`Commander of the Faithful`). He was a highly influential figure in... Abul Hasan (1589-1616) Mogul painter. He worked at the court of the emperor abutment In architecture, term denoting that part of a pier or wall which supports the sideways thrust of an arch. ... abuttals Boundaries of land or of a parish. The British ceremony of `beating the bounds` which is sometimes performed consists in a priest making a tour of the parish and striking each... Abwehr Intelligence and counterespionage service of the German High Command 1933-45. It was commanded by Admiral Abydos Ancient town on the Asian shore of the Hellespont or Dardanelles in what is now Turkey. Facing it on the European side was Sestos. It was here that in 480 BC the Persian king Xerxes built his bridge... Abydos Ancient city in Upper Egypt, cult centre of Abyssinia Former name of Academy Originally, the Greek school of philosophy founded by Academy, French Literary society concerned with maintaining the purity of the French language, founded by Academy, the British literary and artistic journal, founded in 1869 by the scholar and lecturer C E C B Appleton (1841-1879) and published until 1909. Among its many contributors were Matthew Arnold, William... Acarie, Barbe Jeanne (1566-1618) French Carmelite nun. She introduced the Carmelite Order into France in 1604 and in 1615, after the death of her husband, she joined the order as Mary of the Incarnation. She... Acarnania Ancient district of northwestern Greece. Its inhabitants were allies of Athens during the ACAS Acronym for Acca Larentia Italian earth goddess of Etruscan origin. Her festival, the Larentalia, was on 23 December. According to one legend, as wife of Faustulus she was nurse... Accad Alternative form of Accademia della Crusca Italian academy founded in Florence in 1582 by the writer Antonio Francesco Grazzini (1503-1584). It aimed at purifying and cultivating Italian language and literature, and its Vocabolario degli... acceleration principle In economics, the theory that changes in the level of investment are related to the rate of change of the demand for consumer goods so that an increase in consumers' incomes (and hence demand for... accelerator mass spectrometry Radiocarbon dating method that determines the actual number of carbon-14 atoms in a sample rather than the small numbers of carbon-14 atoms that decay radioactively during the measurement time... accession The succession to the throne of a new monarch after the death or accession of property In English and Scottish law, any addition to property either natural (for example, the offspring of livestock) or artificial (for example, a new building), belonging to the owner of the nuclear... accessory In law, a criminal accomplice who aids in the commission of a crime committed by someone else. An accomplice may be either `before the fact` ( ... Acciaiuoli family Family of Italian bankers prominent in the 14th and 15th centuries. Based in Florence, they also had important branches in Rome and Naples. From the 1430s they strongly supported the ruling Acciaiuoli, Donato (1429-1478) Italian scholar and humanist. He studied under the Byzantine scholar John Argyropoulos in Florence and became renowned for his knowledge of Greek, translating Plutarch's Lives, and Aristotle's... Acciaiuoli, Niccolò (1310-1365) Italian banker and statesman. A member of the accident Any extraordinary or unforeseen event; an event that causes damage or injury. The term has specific meanings in the contexts of legal and insurance practice. In the English law of torts,... Accius (or Actius or Attius), Lucius (170-c. 85 BC) Roman tragic poet. He wrote more than 40 tragedies on Greek themes but only two on Roman themes. About 700 lines of his work survive. ... accolade Symbolic blow on the shoulders with the flat of the sword, given by the sovereign, or a representative, in conferring a knighthood. Also, high praise or approval. ... Accolti, Benedetto (1415-1464) Italian jurist and writer. Born in Arezzo, he taught law at the university of Florence and in 1458 became chancellor of the Florentine republic. He is chiefly remembered for his history of the First... Accolti, Bernardo (1458-1535) Italian writer, the son of Benedetto Accolti, Francesco (1416-c. 1484) Italian jurist and writer, the brother of Benedetto accomplice In law, a person who acts with another in the commission or attempted commission of a crime, either as a principal or as an Person responsible for drawing up accountant-general British civil servant, usually the head of an accounts branch in certain government departments. Accountant and comptroller general is the title of the head of the accounts department in the Inland... accounting The principles and practice of systematically recording, presenting, and interpreting financial accounting ratio Any of a number of ratios used by a business organization to monitor its financial performance. The figures used in the ratios come from the company's accounts. ... | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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