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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine More specific: Medical Dictionary County & Date: US, Health and Medicine Words: 200

blood vessel
any of the vessels conveying the blood; an artery, arteriole, vein, venule, or capillary.

blood pump
a machine used to propel blood through the tubing of extracorporeal circulation devices.

blood poisoning
popular term for septicemia.

blood pressure
the pressure of the blood against the walls of any blood vessel. The term usually refers to the pressure of the blood within the arteries (arterial blood pressure), which is the result of factors such as the pumping action of the heart, resistance to the flow of blood in the arterioles, the elasticity of artery walls, the blood...

blood pigment
any of the pigments derived from hemoglobin, such as hematoidin, hematoporphyrin, hemofuscin, and methemoglobin.

blood line
a line of direct descent through several generations.

blood group system
blood group.

blood grouping serums
preparations containing particular antibodies against red cell antigens, used for blood typing. Those most commonly used are the anti-A and anti-B blood grouping serums used to determine ABO blood types and the anti-Rh blood grouping serums (anti-D, anti-C, anti-E, anti-c, and anti-e) used to determine Rh blood types.

blood group antigens
erythrocyte surface antigens whose antigenic differences determine blood groups.

blood gas analysis
laboratory studies of arterial and venous blood for the purpose of measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, partial pressures, and blood pH (hydrogen ion concentration).

blood group
the phenotype of erythrocytes in an individual's blood, defined by one or more antigens on the erythrocyte surface; it is genetically controlled. There are four main blood groups or blood types: A, B, O, and AB; in addition, there is also an Rh-hR system that is important in the prevention of erythroblastosis fetalis, whi...

blood culture
microbiologic examination of a blood sample to check for presence of microorganisms.

blood flow
circulation (def. 2). circulation rate.

blood cell
blood corpuscle one of the formed elements of the blood; a leukocyte, erythrocyte, or platelet. Called also blood corpuscle and hemocyte.

blood count
blood cell count determination of the number of blood cells in a given sample of blood, usually expressed as the number per cubic mm; it may be either a complete blood count or a count of just one of the elements such as an erythrocyte count, leukocyte count or a platelet count. Methods include manual counts using a hemacytomete...

Blocq disease
(blok) astasia-abasia.

blood
(blud) the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins and is the chief means of transport within the body. It transports oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. It also transports nutritive substances and metabolites to the tissues and removes ...

blocking antibody
any antibody that by combining with an antigen blocks another immunologic reaction with that antigen. Immunotherapy (hypersensitization) for allergic disorders induces in most treated patients blocking antibodies for immunoglobulin G that can bind the allergen and prevent it from binding to cell-fixed immunoglobulin E and trigger imm...

blocking agent
an agent that inhibits a biological action, such as movement of an ion across the cell membrane, passage of a neural impulse, or interaction with a specific receptor.

blocking
(blok´ing) interruption of an afferent nerve pathway (see block). inhibition of an intracellular biosynthetic process; metabolic block. thought blocking or thought deprivation; sudden cessation of the train of thought or speech, such as may occur in a period of extreme emotion or when a repre...

blocked pleurisy
encysted pleurisy.

blocker
(blok´әr) something that blocks or obstructs a passage or activity; see also antagonist and blocking agent. α-blocker alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. β-blocker , beta-blocker beta-adrenergic blocking agent. p...

block anesthesia
regional anesthesia.

blockade
(blok-ād´) in pharmacology, the blocking of the effect of a neurotransmitter or hormone by a drug. in histochemistry, a chemical reaction that modifies certain chemical groups and blocks a specific staining method. regional anesthesia.

Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome
(blok´ sulz´bәr-gәr) incontinentia pigmenti.

block
(blok) obstruction. to cause an obstruction. regional anesthesia. heart block.

Blocadren
(blok´ә-dren) trademark for a preparation of timolol maleate, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent used as an antihypertensive agent and in treatment of myocardial infarction and migraine.

blister
(blis´tәr) a vesicle, especially a bulla. blood blister a vesicle having bloody contents, as may be caused by a pinch or bruise. fever blister herpes febrilis. water blister one with clear watery contents.

blink reflex
corneal reflex.

blind spot
optic disk. mental scotoma.

blindness
(blīnd´nis) lack or loss of ability to see; see also vision and legal blindness. The five leading causes of blindness in the United States are age-related macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and atrophy of the optic nerve.

blind loop syndrome
stasis syndrome.

blind fistula
an abnormal passage open at one end only, opening on the skin (external blind fistula) or on an internal surface (internal blind fistula).

blepharotomy
(blef″ә-rot´ә-me) surgical incision of an eyelid; called also tarsotomy.

Blessig cysts
cystic spaces formed at the periphery of the retina.

blind
(blīnd) not having the sense of sight. pertaining to an experiment in which one or more of the groups receiving, administering, and evaluating treatment are unaware of which treatment any particular recipient is getting. See single blind, double blind, and triple blind.

blepharosynechia
(blef″ә-ro-sĭ-nek´e-ә) growing together or adhesion of the eyelids.

blepharostenosis
(blef″ә-ro-stә-no´sis) blepharophimosis.

blepharostat
(blef´ә-ro-stat″) an instrument for holding the eyelids and keeping them apart during surgical operations on the eye. Blepharostat.

blepharospasm
(blef´ә-ro-spaz″әm) spasm of the orbicular muscle of the eyelid.

blepharorrhaphy
(blef″ә-ror´ә-fe) suture of an eyelid. tarsorrhaphy.

blepharoplegia
(blef″ә-ro-ple´jә) paralysis of an eyelid.

blepharoptosis
(blef″ә-rop-to´sis) (blef″ә-ro-to´sis) ptosis (def. 2).

blepharoplasty
(blef´ә-ro-plas″te) plastic surgery of an eyelid; called also tarsoplasty.

blepharophimosis
(blef″ә-ro-fĭ-mo´sis) abnormal narrowness of the palpebral fissures.

blepharoconjunctivitis
(blef″ә-ro-kәn-junk″tĭ-vi´tis) inflammation of the eyelids and conjunctiva.

blepharoncus
(blef″ә-rong´kәs) a tumor on the eyelid.

blepharochalasis
(blef″ә-ro-kal´ә-sis) hypertrophy and loss of elasticity of the skin of the upper eyelid.

blepharoadenitis
(blef″ә-ro-ad″ә-ni´tis) blepharadenitis.

blepharoatheroma
(blef″ә-ro-ath″әr-o´mә) an encysted tumor or sebaceous cyst of an eyelid.

blepharitis
(blef″ә-ri´tis) inflammation of the glands and lash follicles along the margin of the eyelids; symptoms include itching, burning, photophobia, mucous discharge, crusted eyelids, and loss of eyelashes. Warm saline compresses may be used to soften secretions, and the eyelids are cleansed thoroughly. Exudate an...

blepharism
(blef´ә-riz″әm) spasm of the eyelid; continuous blinking.

blepharectomy
(blef″ә-rek´tә-me) partial or complete excision of an eyelid.

blepharal
(blef´ә-ral) palpebral.

blepharadenitis
(blef″ә-rad″ә-ni´tis) inflammation of the meibomian glands; called also blepharoadenitis.

bleomycin
(ble″o-mi´sin) an antitumor antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces verticellus. It binds to DNA and causes single-strand breaks and double-strand scissions, impairing DNA synthesis and inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis. Administered by injection as the sulfate salt to treat lymphomas, soft tissue sar...

blennuria
(blen-u´re-ә) mucus in the urine.

Blenoxane
(blen-ok´sān) trademark for a preparation of bleomycin sulfate, an antineoplastic antibiotic.

blennorrhea
(blen″o-re´ә) any free discharge of mucus, especially a gonorrheal discharge from the urethra or vagina.

blennothorax
(blen″o-thor´aks) a pleural effusion containing mucus.

blennadenitis
(blen″ad-ә-ni´tis) myxadenitis.

blennoid
(blen´oid) mucoid.

bleeding time test
a test of bleeding time, used to screen for congenital or acquired platelet disorders; these measure the ability of platelets to stop bleeding and thus give an estimate of how many platelets there are and how well they are functioning. Normally bleeding should stop in 2 to 9 minutes. Qualitative platelet disorders, thrombocytop...

bleeding time
the time required for a standard-sized wound to stop bleeding; see bleeding time test.

bleeding
(blēd´ing) escape of blood from an injured vessel; see also hemorrhage. phlebotomy.

bleeding disorder
coagulopathy.

bleb
(bleb) bulla (def. 1).

bleeder
(blēd´әr) any blood vessel cut during surgery that requires clamping, cautery, or ligature. slang term, now considered offensive, referring to a person who bleeds freely, especially one suffering from a condition in which the blood fails to clot properly, such as hemophilia.

blastulation
(blas″tu-la´shәn) conversion of the morula to the blastula by development of a blastocoele.

blastula
(blas´tu-lә) pl. blas´tulae the usually spherical structure produced by cleavage of a zygote, consisting of a single layer of cells (blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoele); it follows the morula stage.

blastospore
(blas´to-spor) a spore formed by budding, as in yeast.

blastopore
(blas´to-por) the opening of the archenteron to the exterior of the embryo at the gastrula stage.

blastomycosis
(blas″to-mi-ko´sis) infection with any yeastlike organism. an infection usually acquired through the pulmonary route, caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis. There may be suppurating tumors in the skin (cutaneous b.) or lesions in the lungs, bones, subcutaneous tissues, liver, spleen, and kidneys (systemic b.)...

blastomycete
(blas″to-mi´sēt) any organism of the genus Blastomyces. any yeastlike organism.

Blastomyces
(blas″to-mi´sēz) a genus of pathogenic fungi growing as mycelial forms at room temperature and as yeastlike forms at body temperature; applied to the yeasts pathogenic for humans and other animals. B. dermati´tidis is the species that causes North American blastomycosis.

blastomere
(blas´to-mēr) one of the cells produced by cleavage of a fertilized oocyte (zygote). Called also cleavage cell.

blastoma
(blas-to´mә) pl. blastomas, blasto´mata A neoplasm composed of embryonic cells derived from the blastema of an organ or tissue. adj., blasto´matous., adj.

blastogenesis
(blas″to-jen´ә-sis) development of an individual from a blastema (that is, by asexual reproduction). transmission of inherited characters by the germ plasm. morphological transformation of small lymphocytes into large lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) that accompanies lymphocyte activation.

blastogenic factor
lymphocyte-transforming factor.

blastodermic layer
germ layer.

blastocyte
(blas´to-sīt) an undifferentiated embryonic cell.

blastoderm
(blas´to-dәrm) collectively, the mass of cells produced by cleavage of a zygote, forming the hollow sphere of the blastula, or the cellular cap above a floor of segmented yolk in the discoblastula of telolecithal eggs.

blastocyst
(blas´to-sist) the mammalian conceptus in the postmorula stage, consisting of an embryoblast (inner cell mass) and a thin trophoblast layer enclosing a blastocyst cavity.

blastocoele
(blas´to-sēl) the fluid-filled central segmentation cavity of the mass of the blastula.

blastema
(blas-te´mә) in species with asexual reproduction, a group of cells that give rise to a new individual. in other species, including humans, a group of cells showing little or no differentiation that gives rise to an organ or part in either normal development or regeneration.

blast crisis
a sudden, severe change in the course of chronic granulocytic leukemia, characterized by an increased number of blasts (myeloblasts or lymphoblasts).

blast cell leukemia
acute undifferentiated leukemia.

blast cell
in one theory of development, the least differentiated, totipotential blood cell without commitment as to its particular series, from which all blood cells are derived, preceding a stem cell. Called also blast, hematoblast, hemoblast, and hemocytoblast.

blast
(blast) an immature stage in cellular development before appearance of the definitive characteristics of the cell; used also as a word termination, as in ameloblast and trophoblast. blast cell. the wave of air pressure produced by the detonation of high-explosive bombs or shells or by other e...

Blaskovics operation
an operation for ptosis of the upper eyelid, consisting of excision of the levator muscle and the tarsus through a conjunctival approach.

blanch
(blanch) to become pale.

bland diet
one that is free from any irritating or stimulating foods.

blanking period
a period of time during and after a pacemaker stimulus when the unstimulated chamber is insensitive to avoid sensing the electronic event in the stimulated chamber.

Blalock-Taussig operation
(bla´lok taw´sig) Blalock-Taussig shunt anastomosis of the subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery to shunt some of the systemic circulation into the pulmonary circulation; performed as palliative treatment of congenital pulmonary stenosis.

Blair-Brown operation
repair of a cleft lip by the use of a lateral flap one-half the length of the lip.

Blalock-Hanlon operation
a palliative operation for transposition of the great vessels, consisting of the creation of an interatrial septal defect.

bladder reflex
the reflex contracting and emptying of the urinary bladder in response to filling, the first step in the micturition reflex; it can be voluntarily inhibited by impulses from the brain in patients with normal neurological function.

Blainville ears
asymmetry of the two ears.

bladder neck
a constricted portion of the urinary bladder where its inferolateral surfaces meet at the opening of the urethra.

bladder cells
swollen cells in the epidermis of the tips of the fingers and toes of the embryo. Called also Zander cells.

bladder compliance
ability of the urinary bladder to stretch in response to pressure without being disrupted, expressed in milliliters per centimeter of water calculated as change in volume divided by change in pressure. The normal bladder has a compliance of no more than 2 cm increase in water pressure per 100 mL of fluid.

bladder calculus
vesical calculus.

bladder cancer
malignancy of the urinary bladder; this is the most common site of malignancy of the urinary system. It affects men more often than women, and it is seen more often in persons over age 50. Suspected contributing factors include exposure to industrial substances such as aniline dyes, and to the toxins in cigarette smoke. T...

bladder
(blad´әr) a membranous sac, such as one serving as a receptacle for secretion. Called also cyst and vesica. urinary bladder.

blackwater fever
a severe complication of malaria characterized by intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, renal failure, and passage of dark brown or red urine, seen in association with intermittent quinine therapy, with Plasmodium falciparum infection in the nonimmune, or with interrupted exposure in the partially immune.

blackout
(blak´out) temporary loss of vision and momentary unconsciousness due to diminished circulation to the brain and retina. Blackout refers specifically to a condition which sometimes occurs in aviators resulting from increased acceleration, which causes a decrease in blood supply to the brain cells. The term can als...

Blackfan-Diamond anemia
(blak´fan di´mәnd) Blackfan-Diamond syndrome congenital hypoplastic anemia.

blackhead
(blak´hed) a plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle. The dark color is caused not by dirt but by the discoloring effect of air on the sebum in the clogged pore. Infection may cause it to develop into a pustule or boil. See also acne vulgaris. Called also open comedo.

black substance
substantia nigra.

black tongue
black hairy tongue hairy tongue in which the hypertrophied filiform papillae are brown or black.

black widow spider antivenin
antivenin (Latrodectus mactans).

black death
bubonic plague; see plague.

black fever
visceral leishmaniasis.

black induration
the hardening and pigmentation of the lung tissue seen in coal workers' pneumoconiosis.

black lung
coal workers' pneumoconiosis.

black cataract
black or dark-colored opacity occurring in senile nuclear sclerotic cataract.

Black Creek Canal virus
a virus of the genus Hantavirus that causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, found in warm regions of the Americas; the vectors are rodents, especially cotton rats of genus Sigmodon.

BK virus
a virus of the genus Polyomavirus that is a common cause of infection in childhood and remains dormant in the person who has been infected. It is believed to cause hemorrhagic cystitis and nephritis in immunocompromised persons.

bizygomatic
(bi″zi-go-mat´ik) pertaining to the two most prominent points of the two zygomatic arches.

Björnstad syndrome
(byorn´stahd) an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital sensorineural deafness and pili torti.

Bk
berkelium.

bizarre delusion
one that is patently absurd, with no possible basis in fact.

biventral
(bi-ven´trәl) having two bellies. digastric muscle.

biventricular
(bi″ven-trik´u-lәr) pertaining to or affecting both ventricles of the heart.

biventricular pacing
that in which a lead is used to deliver current directly to the left ventricle, in addition to those used to deliver current to the right atrium and ventricle, so that the ventricles can be induced to pump in synchrony.

bivalirudin
(bi-val´ĭ-roo-din) an inhibitor of the clot-promoting activity of thrombin, used in conjunction with aspirin as an anticoagulant in patients with unstable angina pectoris who are undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; administered intravenously.

bivalent
(bi-va´lәnt) divalent. the structure formed by a pair of homologous chromosomes joined by synapsis along their length during the zygotene and pachytene stages of the first meiotic prophase. After each homologous chromosome splits into two sister chromatids during the pachytene stage, this structure is call...

biuret
(bi´u-rәt) a urea derivative that forms a chelate having an intense violet-red color with copper sulfate in alkaline solution; this reaction is known as the biuret reaction. The same reaction also occurs when compounds having two or more adjacent peptide bonds (for example, proteins), are reacted with copper...

bitter orange oil
a volatile oil obtained from the peel or flowers of the bitter orange, used as a flavoring agent.

bituminosis
(bi-too″mĭ-no´sis) a mild type of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling dust from bituminous (soft) coal.

bitrochanteric
(bi″tro-kan-ter´ik) pertaining to both trochanters on one femur or to both greater trochanters.

bitter almond oil
the fixed oil expressed from the bitter almond; see also almond oil (def. 1). the volatile oil distilled from Prunus dulcis var. amara, or from other kernels containing amygdalin; it contains hydrogen cyanide and so has been replaced by benzaldehyde, which is not toxic, as a pharmaceutical flavoring agent.

Bitot spots
foamy gray triangular spots of keratinized epithelium on the conjunctivae, a sign of vitamin A deficiency.

bitolterol
(bi-tol´tәr-ol) a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist used as a bronchodilator; administered by inhalation as the mesylate salt in the treatment of bronchospasm associated with asthma and the treatment and prophylaxis of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive airway disease, including bronchitis and pulmonary emp...

Bitis
(bi´tis) a genus of poisonous, brightly colored, thick-bodied snakes with heart-shaped heads. It includes the puff adder (B. arie´tans), Gaboon viper (B. gabon´ica), and rhinoceros viper (B. nasicor´nis).

biteplate
(bīt´plāt) bite plate an appliance, usually plastic or wire, worn in the palate as a diagnostic or therapeutic adjunct in orthodontics or prosthodontics.

bite-wing
(bīt´wing) a wing or fin attached along the center of the tooth side of a dental x-ray film and bitten on by the patient, permitting production of a bite-wing radiograph.

bitemporal
(bi-tem´pә-rәl) pertaining to both temples or temporal bones.

bite reflex
strong closure of the jaws when the teeth or gums are stimulated.

bisulfate
(bi-sul´fāt) an acid sulfate combining a sulfate radical with a monovalent metal and a hydrogen ion.

bite
(bīt) seizure with the teeth. a wound or puncture made by a living organism. an impression made by closure of the teeth upon some plastic material, such as wax. occlusion (def. 2).

bisphosphonate
(bis-fos´fә-nāt) diphosphonate.

bistoury
(bis´tdbobr-re) a long, narrow surgical knife, straight or curved, used for incising abscesses and enlarging sinuses, fistulas, etc. Bistoury.

bisoprolol
(bis″o-pro´lol) a synthetic beta-adrenergic blocking agent, used as the fumarate salt; administered orally as an antihypertensive agent.

bismuth poisoning
poisoning from excessive or chronic ingestion of bismuth or its salts; symptoms include anuria, stomatitis, dermatitis, and diarrhea. Called also bismuthosis.

bismuthosis
(biz″mә-tho´sis) chronic bismuth poisoning, with anuria, stomatitis, dermatitis, and diarrhea.

bismuth
(Bi) (biz´mәth) a chemical element, atomic number 83, atomic weight 208.980. Its salts have been used for their antacid and mild astringent properties in relief of inflammatory diseases of the stomach and intestines, and as topical protectants in skin and anorectal disorders. ...

bismuth line
a thin blue-black line along the gingival margin in bismuth poisoning.

bishydroxycoumarin
(bis″hi-drok″se-koo´mә-rin) former name for dicumarol.

bisiliac
(bis-il´e-ak) pertaining to the two iliac bones or to any two corresponding points on them.

bisferious
(bis-fe´re-әs) having two beats, as a bisferious pulse.

bisferious pulse
pulsus bisferiens.

Bishop score
(bish´әp) a score for estimating the prospects of induction of labor, arrived at by evaluating the extent of cervical dilatation, effacement, the station of the fetal head, consistency of the cervix, and the cervical position in relation to the vaginal axis.

bisexuality
(bi-sek″shoo-al´ĭ-te) true hermaphroditism; the condition of having gonads of both sexes. sexual attraction to persons of both sexes; exhibition of both homosexual and heterosexual behavior. existence of the psychological qualities of both sexes, both masculinity and femininity, in the s...

bisection
(bi-sek´shәn) division into two parts by cutting.

bisexual
(bi-sek´shoo-әl) of or pertaining to bisexuality; see also ambisexual and unisexual. an individual exhibiting bisexuality.

bisacromial
(bis-ә-kro´me-әl) pertaining to the two acromial processes.

bis in die
(bis in de´a) Latin phrase meaning twice a day; abbreviated b.i.d.

bisacodyl
(bis-ak´ә-dәl) (bis″ә-ko´dәl) a contact laxative used before procedures involving the colon; administered orally or by rectal suppository, either as the base or as a complex with tannic acid (bisacodyl tannex).

birthmark
(burth´mahrk) a congenital blemish or spot on the skin, usually visible at birth or shortly after; those appearing later are often at the location of a skin defect present at birth. See also nevus. vascular birthmark hemangioma.

birthing room
a hospital room that is utilized for labor and delivery. It is decorated in a homelike, comfortable fashion and contains a specially equipped bed that can be adjusted for delivery. Specialized equipment is often concealed.

birth palsy
birth paralysis obstetric paralysis.

birth rate
the number of live births in a geographic area in a defined period, usually one year, relative to some specified population. For the crude birth rate, it is the average total population or the midyear population in the area during the period. Specific birth rates for subsets of the population may also be calculated, for e...

birth control
the concept of limiting the size of families by measures designed to prevent conception. This term has largely been superseded by the term family planning, which means planning the arrival of children to correspond with the desire and resources of the parent or parents. See also contraception.

birth canal
the canal through which the fetus passes in birth.

birth certificate
a written, authenticated record of the birth of a child, required in most countries of the world. After a birth is registered, the certificate is issued, representing legal proof of parentage, age, and citizenship. Birth certificates are of great personal and legal importance; they are required for many legal, business, a...

birth
(burth) a coming into being; the act or process of being born. multiple birth the birth of two or more offspring produced in the same gestation period. postterm birth birth of an infant at or after 42 completed weeks (294 days) of gestation. ...

Birkett hernia
synovial hernia.

Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome
(bәrt´ hog´ dūb´) an autosomal dominant disorder of proliferation of ectodermal and mesodermal components, caused by a mutation on chromosome 17p and characterized by multiple acrochordons, trichodiscomas, and fibrofolliculomas on the head, chest, back, and arms; kidney tumors; spontaneous pneumothorax; and i...

birefractive
(bi″re-frak´tiv) doubly refractive.

birefringence
(bi″re-frin´jәns) the quality of transmitting light unequally in different directions.

birch tar oil
a pyroligneous oil obtained by dry distillation of the bark and wood of various birches, used topically in the treatment of eczema and other types of dermatitis.

bird breeder's lung
bird handler's lung pigeon breeder's lung.

biramous
(bi-ra´mәs) having two branches.

Birbeck granules
rod- or tennis racquet–shaped inclusions with a central linear, longitudinally striated nucleus, found in the cytoplasm of Langerhans' cells.

bipolar version
turning done by acting upon both poles of the fetus by either external or combined version.

bipotentiality
(bi″po-ten″she-al´ĭ-te) ability to develop or act in either of two different ways.

bipolar pacemaker
an implanted pacemaker in which the lead contains both electrodes, anode and cathode, and is thus a complete circuit.

bipolar retinal cells
various types of bipolar neurons that are the second, intermediate, neurons in the vertical linkage of the retina and are analogous to the spinal ganglia. See also visual cells.

bipolar limb lead
any bipolar array in which both electrodes are attached to limbs. See also lead I, lead II, and lead III.

bipolar neuron
a neuron having two processes, one projecting from each end of the cell body; these may be either one axon and one dendrite or two dendrites.

bipolar lead
a configuration in which two electrodes are in contact with the organ being stimulated; this type is less susceptible to external electromagnetic interference than a unipolar lead is.

bipolar cell
a neuron with two processes.

bipolar disorders
mood disorders with a history of manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes, usually with present or previous history of one or more major depressive episode(s). Included are bipolar I disorder, characterized by one or more manic or mixed episode(s); bipolar II disorder, characterized by one or more hypomanic episode(s) but no manic episode...

bipolar
(bi-po´lәr) having two poles or pertaining to both poles. describing a neuron with processes at both ends. pertaining to mood disorders in which both manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes occur.

biphenyl
(bi-fen´әl) diphenyl. polybrominated biphenyl(PBB) any of various brominated derivatives of biphenyl; uses and toxic hazards are similar to those of polychlorinated biphenyls. They typically are deposited in body fat stores and are rarely mobilized except through l...

biphenotypic acute leukemia
(BAL) acute leukemia in which cells of a single population express the markers of more than one cell lineage, usually those of myeloid and either B or T cells, but occasionally those of B and T cells or of all three (B. T, and myeloid) lineages.

biperiden
(bi-per´ĭ-den) a synthetic anticholinergic used as an antidyskinetic to reduce the tremors of parkinsonism and for the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions; administered orally as the hydrochloride salt and intramuscularly or intravenously as the lactate salt. Side effects are minor and include drynes...

bipenniform
(bi-pen´ĭ-form) doubly feather-shaped; said of muscles whose fibers are arranged on each side of a tendon like barbs on a feather shaft.

bipedicle flap
a pedicle flap with two vascular attachments.

bipennate muscle
pennate muscle.

biovular
(bi-ov´u-lәr) binovular.

biparental
(bi″pә-ren´tәl) derived from two parents, male and female.

biparous
(bip´ә-rәs) producing two offspring or eggs at one time.

biotype
(bi´o-tīp) a group of individuals having the same genotype. biovar.

biovar
(bi´o-vahr) (bi´o-var) in bacteriology, a variant strain of a species having differentiable physiological or biochemical characteristics; called also biotype.

biotoxin
(bi´o-tok″sin) a poisonous substance produced by a living organism.

biotransformation
(bi″o-trans″for-ma´shәn) the series of chemical alterations of a compound (such as a drug) occurring within the body, as by enzymatic activity.

biotoxicology
(bi″o-tok″sĭ-kol´ә-je) scientific study of poisons produced by living organisms, their cause, detection, and effects, and treatment of conditions produced by them.

biotin
(bi´o-tin) a sulfur-containing member of the vitamin B complex that plays an essential role in gluconeogenesis and the synthesis of fatty acids. Food sources include liver, egg yolk, soy flour, cereals, and yeast.

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