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Athias, Joseph ben Abraham (died 1700) Dutch printer of Jewish origin from Amsterdam. Athias was renowned for publishing a beautifully produced edition of the Bible in 1661. A second edition appeared in 1667. ... Athlone, Godart Ginkell (1630-1703) Dutch general. He accompanied William of Orange (William III) to England 1688, fought in the Battle of the Boyne 1690, and was made commander-in-chief in Ireland 1691, when he took Athlone and... Atkins, Anna (1799-1871) English photographer and illustrator. A specialist in scientific illustration, her books of original cyanotype (blueprint) illustrations of plants are particularly remarkable, the first being... Atkins, Tommy Popular name for the British soldier; see Atkinson, Brooks (1894-1984) US journalist and drama critic. Atkinson was the highly influential New York Times theatre critic for over 30 years. In 1947 he won a Pulitzer Prize for his work as correspondent in China and the... Atkinson, Henry (1782-1842) US soldier. Atkinson joined the US Army in 1808 and became a colonel after the War of 1812. He led the Yellowstone expedition (1819) and an expedition to the upper Missouri River (1825). He was in... Atkinson, Katea (1951) English novelist who won the Whitbread Book of the Year prize with her first novel Behind the Scenes at the Museum (1995). After studying at university in Dundee, Scotl ... Atkinson, Richard (1920-1994) British archaeologist who carried out important investigations during the 1950s and 1960s at the major prehistoric monuments of Stonehenge and Silbury Hill, Wiltshire, England; his work set new... Atkyns, Richard (1615-1677) English writer on printing and publishing. In his work The Origin and Growth of Printing, 1664, he claimed that printing should be considered a Crown monopoly, and tried unsuccessfully to secure the... Atlantic Charter Declaration issued during World War II by the British prime minister Winston Churchill and the US president Franklin D Roosevelt after meetings in August 1941. It stressed their countries' broad... Atlantic triangle 18th-century trade route. Goods were exported from Britain to Africa where they were traded for slaves, who were then shipped to either Spanish colonies in South America, or British colonies in... Atlantic Wall Fortifications built by the Germans in World War II on the North Sea and Atlantic coasts of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway. They proved largely ineffective against the Allied... Atlantic, Battle of the German campaign during World War I to prevent merchant shipping from delivering food supplies from the USA to the Allies, chiefly the UK. By 1917, some 875,000 tons of shipping had been lost. The... Atlantic, Battle of the During World War II, continuous battle fought in the Atlantic Ocean by the sea and air forces of the Allies and Germany, to control the supply routes to the UK. It is estimated that the Allies... Atlantis In Greek mythology, an island continent west of the Straits of Gibraltar, said to have sunk following an earthquake. Although the Atlantic Ocean is probably named after it, the structure of the sea... atlas Book of maps. The first modern atlas was the Theatrum orbis terrarum (1570); the first English atlas was a collection of the counties of England and Wales by Christopher Saxten (1579). Mercator... Atlas In Greek mythology, one of the atman In Hinduism, the individual soul or the true self, which never changes. The atman is as one with atomic absorption spectrometry Technique used in archaeology to determine quantitatively the chemical composition of artefactual metals, minerals, and rocks, in order to identify raw material sources, to relate artefacts of the... atomic bomb Bomb deriving its explosive force from nuclear fission as a result of a neutron chain reaction, developed in the 1940s in the USA into a usable weapon. Research began in the UK in 1940 and was... Aton In ancient Egypt, the invisible power of the sun, represented by the Sun's disc with arms. It was an emblem of the single sun god whose worship was promoted by atonement In Christian theology, the doctrine that Jesus suffered on the cross to bring about reconciliation and forgiveness between God and humanity. Atonement is an action that enables a person separated... Atonement, Day of Jewish holy day of atrebate Member of a people of Belgic Gaul, whose capital was Nemetacum. They formed a confederacy with the Nervii against Julius Caesar, by whom they were defeated on the Sambre. A branch of them settled in... Atrebates Belgic tribe which settled in southeast England about 80 BC and predominated in that area prior to the arrival of the Romans. They maintained contact with their continental counterparts so that in... Atreus In Greek mythology, the father of Atridae, legend of the In Greek mythology, the story of the dynastic rivalry between the houses of atrium In architecture, an open inner courtyard. An atrium was originally the central court or main room of an ancient Roman house, open to the sky, often with a shallow pool to catch rainwater. ... Atropos In Greek mythology, the eldest of the ATS See attainder, bill of Legislative device that allowed the English Parliament to declare guilt and impose a punishment on an individual without bringing the matter before the courts. Such bills were used intermittently... Attalid dynasty (lived 282-133 BC) Greek rulers of the ancient Greek city of attempt In law, a partial or unsuccessful commission of a crime. An attempt must be more than preparation for a crime; it must involve actual efforts to commit a crime. In... Atterbom, Per (Daniel Amadeus) (1790-1855) Swedish poet and critic. His works include two poetic dramas, the incomplete FÃÂ¥gel BlÃÂ¥/The Blue Bird and Lycksalighetens Ö/The Isle of Bliss (1824-27), and a series of lyrics Blommorna/The... Atterbury, Francis (1662-1732) English Anglican cleric and Attic orators The ten leading Attic orators recognized by Alexandrian scholars from the period 450-300 BC. These were Antiphon, Andocides, Lysias, Isocrates, Isaeus, Lycurgus, Aeschines, Demosthenes, Hyperides,... Atticus, Titus Pomponius (109-32 BC) Roman literary patron, financier, and publisher. His was a close friend of the orator Attila (c. 406-453) King of the Huns in an area from the Alps to the Caspian Sea from 434, known to later Christian history as the `Scourge of God`. He twice attacked the Eastern Roman Empire to increase the... Attila Line Line dividing Greek and Turkish Cyprus, so called because of a fanciful identification of the Turks with the Huns. ... Attingham Park Late 18th-century house near Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. It stands in a 1620-ha/4000-acre estate acquired in 1953 by the National Trust under the will of the 8th Lord Berwick. The house... Attis In classical mythology, a Phrygian god whose death and resurrection symbolized the end of winter and the arrival of spring; also regarded as a vegetation god. Beloved by the earth goddess Attlee, Clement (Richard) (1883-1967) British Labour politician. In the coalition government during World War II he was Lord Privy Seal 1940-42, dominions secretary 1942-43, and Lord President of the Council 1943-45, as well as... attorney Person who represents another in legal matters. In the USA, attorney is the formal title for a lawyer. Use of the term is largely obsolete in the UK except in Attorney General. See... Attorney General In the UK, principal law officer of the crown and head of the English Bar; the post is one of great political importance. In the USA, it is the chief law officer of the government and head of the... Attossa (lived 6th century BC) Queen of Persia, daughter of Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, and wife successively of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius I Hystaspis (by whom she had four sons, including the future king of Persia... attribute In archaeology, a characteristic element of a particular culture or group; or a specific element of an individual artifact, such as the rim of a pot or the base of a projectile point, or a type of... Attucks, Crispus (c. 1723-1770) American revolutionary figure. Little is known of Attuck's origins, but he is believed to have been a freed or escaped slave, possibly from Framingham, Massachusetts. He was killed by British... Attwell, Mabel Lucie (1879-1964) English artist. She illustrated many books for children, including her own stories and verse, with cherubic-styled figures in comic and poignant settings. Her name was also used by her daughter,... Attwood, Thomas (1783-1856) British Chartist politician. He founded the Birmingham Political Union 1830 and was member of parliament for Birmingham 1832-39. He presented the first Chartist Petition to parliament July 1839... Atwater, Caleb (1778-1867) US educator and archaeologist. An Ohio lawyer and legislator, he founded the Ohio state school system and wrote the important `Essay on Education` (1841). Atwater also made the earliest North... Atwood, Margaret Eleanor (1939) Canadian novelist, short-story writer, and poet. Her novels often treat feminist themes with wit and irony. She is well known for her dystopian novels The Handmaid's Tale (1986, filmed 1990, opera... Aubanel, Théodore (1829-1886) French writer. In collaboration with Frédéric Aubers Ridge, Battle of In World War I, abortive British attack on German lines in May 1915 in support of, and diversionary to, the French attack on Lens in the Battle of Artois. No gains were made and both sides sustained... Aubignac, François Hedelin, Abbé d'Aubignac (1604-1676) French writer and critic. He defended the dramatic Aubigne, Jean Henri Merle d' (1794-1872) Swiss historian of the Reformation. He became professor of church history in the newly founded theological school in Geneva 1830. He published Histoire de la Reformation au XVIe siècle/History of... Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d' (1552-1630) French soldier and scholar. A Huguenot, he fought for the cause with the pen and the sword. Early in his career he was a companion of Henry of Navarre, the future... Aubrey, John (1626-1697) English biographer and antiquary. He was the first to claim Stonehenge as a Druid temple. His Lives, begun in 1667, contains gossip, anecdotes, and valuable insights into the celebrities of his... Aucassin et Nicolette 13th-century French tale of romantic adventure. Aucassin's obsessive love for Nicolette, a Saracen girl brought up as a Christian, is opposed by his father, the count of Beaucaire. After strange... Auchincloss, Louis (Stanton) (1917) US lawyer and writer. After World War II, Auchinloss took up a career as a Wall Street lawyer, a profession he continued to pursue while he gained a reputation as a writer in the... Auchinleck, Claude John Eyre (1884-1981) British commander in World War II. He commanded the First Battle of El Auckland, George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland (1784-1849) British Tory politician after whom Auckland, New Zealand, is named. He became a member of Parliament in 1810, and was governor general of India 1835-41. ... Auden, W(ystan) H(ugh) (1907-1973) English-born US poet. He wrote some of his most original poetry, such as Look, Stranger! (1936), in the 1930s when he led the influential left-wing literary group that included the writers Louis... audience In literature and drama, the hearers or spectators of an event, the readers of a book, or the people who regularly watch or listen to a particular television or radio programme. ... audiencia Institution of colonial Spanish America. Audiencias were originally high courts of appeal, nominally subject to a viceroy, but they widened their powers and became in effect general administrative... audit Official inspection of a company's accounts by a qualified accountant as required by law each year to ensure that the company balance sheet reflects the true state of its affairs. ... Audit Commission Independent body in the UK established by the Local Government Finance Act 1982. It administers the District Audit Service (established in 1844) and appoints auditors for the accounts of all UK... Audley, Thomas (1488-1544) Lord Chancellor of England from 1533. In 1529 he became Speaker of the House of Commons. He supported the annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon; presided at the trials of Thomas... Auerbach, Frank Helmuth (1931) German-born British painter. He is best known for his portraits and views of Primrose Hill and Camden Town, London; his style, formatively influenced by David Augean stables In Greek mythology, the stables of Augeas, king of Elis in southern Greece. The yards, containing 3,000 cattle, had not been swept for 30 years. auger Tool for boring holes. Originally, a carpenter's tool, with a cutting edge and a screw point, manipulated by means of a handle at right angles to the shank. In archaeology a large auger is used to... Aughrim, Battle of On 12 July 1691, a clash between the armies of James II under the Irish general St Ruth (who was killed), and those of William III under Gen Ginkell (later Earl of Athlone). The battle, won by the... Augier, (Guillaume Victor) Émile (1820-1889) French dramatist. Reacting against Romanticism, in collaboration with Jules Sandeau he wrote Le Gendre de M Poirier 1854, a realistic delineation of bourgeois society. ... Augmentation, Court of In English history, a court set up by Henry VIII in 1536 and dissolved in 1554. Its object was to manage the revenues and possessions of all monasteries under £200 a year, which by a previous... Augsburg, Confession of Statement of the Lutheran faith composed by Philip Augsburg, Interim of A statement of religious principles drawn up in 1548 in an attempt to sustain the fragile truce between Catholic and Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire. It was written by Protestant and... Augsburg, Peace of Religious settlement following the Diet of Augsburg of 1555, which established the right of princes in the Holy Roman Empire (rather than the Emperor himself) to impose a religion on their subjects... augur Member of a college of Roman priests who interpreted the will of the gods from signs or `auspices` such as the flight, song, or feeding of birds, the condition of the entrails of sacrificed... Augustales In ancient Rome and other parts of the Roman empire, games (ludi Augustales) held in honour of the emperor In Roman times, a college of priests, established by the emperor Augustan Age Age of the Roman emperor Augustin, Eugène (1791-1861) French dramatist. He was the originator and exponent of `well-made` plays, which achieved success but were subsequently forgotten. He wrote Une Nuit de la Garde Nationale 1815. ... Augustine of Hippo, St (354-430) One of the early Christian leaders and writers known as the Fathers of the Church. He was converted to Christianity by Ambrose in Milan and became bishop of Hippo (modern Annaba, Algeria) in 396.... Augustine, St (died 605) First archbishop of Canterbury, England. He was sent from Rome to convert England to Christianity by Pope Gregory I. He landed at Ebbsfleet in Kent in 597 and soon after baptized Ethelbert, King of... Augustinian Member of a religious community that follows the Rule of St Augustov, Battle of At the start of World War I, successful Russian counterattack after the disaster at Tannenberg in October 1914 to recapture Augustov, a town in western Poland about 60 km/38 mi north of... Augustus (63 BC-AD 14) Title of Octavian (born Gaius Octavius), first Roman emperor 31 BC-AD 14. He joined forces with Augustus II (1670-1733) Elector of Saxony (1694-1733) and King of Poland (1697-1733). He converted to Catholicism and joined forces with Russia and Denmark in 1700 to begin the Great Northern War against Sweden. This... Augustus III (1696-1763) Elector of Saxony and King of Poland 1733-63. In his reign, the city of Dresden developed into a centre of baroque art and culture, but Poland's prestige continued to decline. The joint monarchy... Auld Alliance Intermittent alliance between Scotland and France that lasted from the end of the 13th century until 1560, when Protestantism displaced Catholicism as the dominant faith in Scotland. ... Aulic Council Legislative and executive body established by Emperor Maximilian I in 1497, to assist in governing the Holy Roman Empire. At first its business was very wide, including every question, domestic or... Aulis Anchorage on the east coast of Greece, opposite the island of Euboea. In Greek mythology, it was the point of departure for the Greek expedition against Aulnoy, Marie Catherine, Baronne d'Aulnoy (1650-1705) French writer. Her six volumes of Contes de fées/Fairy Stories (1698), which contain `The Blue Bird` and `The Yellow Dwarf`, have had a lasting success. She also wrote several romances, now... Aum Shinrikyo Millennial Buddhist-Hindu sect founded in 1987 in Japan. Members believed that the world would end in 1997 or 1999 with a bloody war or nuclear explosion. Its leaders were held responsible for the... Aumale, Count of French title first granted by William the Conqueror to his brother-in-law Odo of Champagne. After passing through many hands, the title came into the possession of Louis XIV, who gave it to the... Aumann, Robert John (1930) Israeli mathematician and economist. A professor at the Center for Rationality at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel, he won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2005 for his work on A cupboard or niche in a wall of a church. It is sometimes written in the form `almery`, being confused with `almonry` and taken to mean a place for alms. This word is usually applied to a... Aumonier, Stacy (1887-1928) English writer. His novel The Querrils (1919) tells of a wartime family. His collections of stories include Heartbeat (1922), Overheard: Fifteen Tales (1924), The Baby Grand (1926), and Little... Aung San (1916-1947) Burmese (Myanmar) politician. He was a founder and leader of the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, which led Burma's fight for independence from the UK. During World War II he collaborated... Aung San Suu Kyi (1945) Myanmar (Burmese) politician and human-rights campaigner, leader of the National League for Democracy (NLD), the main opposition to the military junta. She is the daughter of former Burmese... Aung San Suu Kyi Burmese (Myanmar) politician; see Aungerville, Richard (1287-1345) English politician, cleric, and writer. In 1333 he became bishop of Durham. He was Lord Chancellor 1334-35 and lord treasurer 1336. He used his office as a minister of state to further his... Aunis Former province of France, corresponding to parts of the present départements of Charente-Maritime and Deux-Sèvres. It was united to the French crown in 1271 after having been... aura In parapsychology, an emanation surrounding the human body, particularly the head. The aura is said to be visible to clairvoyants and other similarly psychic individuals. It is believed to be the... Aurangzeb (or Aurungzebe) (1618-1707) Mogul emperor of northern India from 1658. Third son of Aurelian (c.AD 215-275) Roman emperor 270-75. A successful soldier, he was proclaimed emperor by his troops on the death of Claudius II. He campaigned on the Danube and... Aurelian Wall Fortified wall surrounding ancient Rome. This defensive structure was begun by the emperor Full name of Aurelius, Marcus Roman emperor; see Aurelius, Victor Sextus Roman historian. He wrote biographies of the emperors from Augustus to Constantius II. ... aureole Another word for Aurignacian In archaeology, an Old Stone Age culture in Europe that came between the Mousterian and the Solutrean in the Upper Palaeolithic. The name is derived from a rock-shelter at Aurignac in the Pyrenees... Auriol, Vincent (1884-1966) French Socialist politician. He was president of the two Constituent Assemblies of 1946 and first president of the Fourth Republic 1947-54. ... Aurispa, Giovanni (1376-1459) Sicilian-born teacher of Greek and collector of manuscripts. He played an important role in the development of Greek studies during the Renaissance and collected several rare manuscripts of... Aurobindo Ghose (1872-1950) Indian religious writer and leader, founder of Aurobindo Ashram (a centre for religious study) at Pondicherry, southern India. He wrote extensively on Hindu theology and philosophy, proposing a... Aurora In Roman mythology, goddess of the dawn (Greek Eos). Preceded by her sons, the fresh morning winds, she would fly or drive a chariot across the sky to announce the approach of Auroras of Autumn, The Collection of poems 1950 by US poet Wallace Auschwitz Town near Kraków in Poland; the site of the notorious Auschwitz-Birkenau Ausgleich Compromise between Austria and Hungary on 8 February 1867 that established the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy under Habsburg rule. It endured until the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918. ... Ausonia Name given by ancient Greek writers to Latium and Campania, the regions of ancient Italy, and sometimes by the Augustan poets to the whole of Italy. ... Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (c. 310-c. 395) Latin poet, son of a physician from Burdigala (Bordeaux), where he received his education. He first became an advocate, and later a professor of grammar and rhetoric. He was so successful that the... auspices Signs interpreted by the Roman Austen, Jane (1775-1817) English novelist. She described her raw material as `three or four families in a Country Village`. Sense and Sensibility was published in 1811, Pride and Prejudice in 1813, Mansfield Park in... Auster, Paul (1947) US writer. Making experimental use of detective story techniques, he has explored modern urban identity in his acclaimed New York Trilogy:City of Glass (1985), Ghosts... Austerlitz, Battle of Battle on 2 December 1805, in which the French forces of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte defeated those of Alexander I of Russia and Francis II of Austria at a small town... Austin, Alfred (1835-1913) English poet. His satirical poem The Season (1861) was followed by plays and volumes of poetry little read today. The Garden that I Love (1894) is a prose idyll. He... Austin, Horatio Thomas (1801-1865) British navigator and explorer who served under Sir William Edward Austin, J(ohn) L(angshaw) (1911-1960) British philosopher, a pioneer in the investigation of the way words are used in everyday speech. His later work was influential on the philosophy of language. According to Austin's theory of speech... Austin, John (1790-1859) English jurist. His analysis of the chaotic state of the English legal system led him to define law as the enforceable command of a sovereign authority, thus distinguishing it from other kinds of... Austin, Moses (1761-1821) US merchant and colonist. Following the American depression of 1819, Austin applied for a permit from the Spanish authorities to settle 300 hundred American families in Texas. ... Austin, Stephen Fuller (1793-1836) US pioneer and political leader. A settler in Texas 1821, he was a supporter of the colony's autonomy and was imprisoned 1833-35 for his opposition to Mexican rule. Released during the Country occupying all of the Earth's smallest continent, situated south of Indonesia, between the Pacific and Indian oceans. Government Australia is an independent sovereign nation within the... Australia Day Australian national day and public holiday in Australia, the anniversary of Captain Phillip's arrival on 26 January 1788 at Sydney Cove in Port Jackson and the founding... Australia Felix Term applied by the explorer Thomas Australia First Movement Right-wing nationalist organization formed in Sydney in 1941 to support the World War II defence of Australia by recalling Australian forces from overseas, even at the expense of the general war... Australian Aborigine Member of any of the 500 groups of indigenous inhabitants of the continent of Australia, who migrated to this region from South Asia about 40,000 years ago. Traditionally hunters and gatherers, they... Australian Aboriginal religions Beliefs associated with the creation legends recorded in the Australian architecture The architecture of the Australian continent. Traditionally, Aboriginal settlements tended to be based around caves, or a construction of bark huts, arranged in a circular group; there was some... Australian art Art in Australia appears to date back at least 40,000 years, judging by radiocarbon dates obtained from organic material trapped in varnish covering apparently abstract rock engravings in South... Australian Imperial Force Volunteer military force formed at the outbreak of World War I, the major Australian contribution to the war. It was organized into infantry divisions (eventually five), five light horse divisions,... Australian literature Australian literature begins with the letters, journals, and memoirs of early settlers and explorers. The first poet of note was Charles Harpur (1813-1868); idioms and rhythms typical of the... Australopithecus The first hominid, living 3.5-4 million years ago; see Austria Landlocked country in central Europe, bounded east by Hungary, south by Slovenia and Italy, west by Switzerland and Liechtenstein, northwest by Germany, north by... Austrian School An approach to economics originated by Austrian economist Carl Menger (1840-1921). He put forward a theory of value based on marginal utility which contributed to the development of War 1740-48 between Austria (supported by England and Holland) and Prussia (supported by France and Spain). The Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI died in 1740 and the succession of his daughter Maria... Austro-Hungarian Empire The Dual Monarchy established by the Habsburg Franz Joseph in 1867 between his empire of Austria and his kingdom of Hungary (including territory that became Czechoslovakia as well as parts of... autarchy National economic policy that aims at achieving self-sufficiency and eliminating the need for imports (by imposing tariffs, for example). Such a goal may be difficult, if not impossible, for a... authoritarianism Rule of a country by a dominant elite who repress opponents and the press to maintain their own wealth and power. They are frequently indifferent to activities not affecting their security, and... authority In a political system, the capacity to take and enforce decisions. The nature, sources, and limitations of political authority have been much debated questions since the time of the ancient Greeks. ... authorized capital The total amount of money that a company is allowed to raise through the issue of shares as stated in its Autio, Rudy (1926-2007) US ceramist. Autio is best known for his later figurative work which saw him superimpose improvisational drawings on anthropomorphic forms. He taught at Washington State University, becoming... auto-da-fé Religious ceremony, including a procession, solemn mass, and sermon, which accompanied the sentencing of heretics by the Spanish autobiography A person's own biography, or written account of his or her life, distinguished from a journal or autocannon French air defence weapon of World War I, consisting of a modified 75 mm field gun fitted to a special high-angle mounting and carried on a De Dion Bouton motor lorry. It became the standard... autochthon The first inhabitants of a country or area of land. In Greek mythology, the autochthons were supposed to have sprung from the rocks and trees. ... autocracy Form of government in which one person holds absolute power. The autocrat has uncontrolled and undisputed authority. Russian government under the tsars was an autocracy extending from the mid-16th... Autolycus In Greek mythology, an accomplished thief and trickster, son of the god automat Snack bar where food is dispensed through coin-operated machines. Automats were popular in the USA in the 1930s. The first was opened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1902; the last closed in New... autonomy In politics, a term used to describe political self-government of a state or, more commonly, a subdivision of a state. Autonomy may be based upon cultural or ethnic differences and often leads... autos sacramentales Spanish drama form, related to the Autry, (Orton) Gene (1907-1998) US entertainer. His 60-year career included radio, film, television, and rodeo. He was a singing cowboy in the image of Roy Rogers, who discovered him. He is most famous for his songs `Back in... auxilia Roman auxiliary troops, including units of cavalry and light infantry. They were recruited from noncitizens in the provinces outside Italy and were often employed as provincial garrisons. Pay was... auxiliary territorial service British Army unit of non-combatant women auxiliaries in World War II, formed in 1939. The ATS provided cooks, clerks, radar operators, searchlight operators, and undertook... Ava Former capital of Burma (now Myanmar), on the River Irrawaddy, founded by Thadomin Payä in 1364. Thirty kings reigned there until 1782, when a new capital, Amarapura, was founded by Bodaw Payä. In... Avalanche In World War II, codename for the Allied landings at Salerno, Italy, September 1943. ... AvalokiteÅ›vara In Mahayana Buddhism, one of the most important Avalon In Celtic mythology, the island of the blessed or paradise; one of the names of the Welsh Otherworld. In the legend of King Arthur, it is the land of heroes, a fruitful land of youth and health... Avar Member of a Central Asian nomadic people who in the 6th century invaded the area of Russia north of the Black Sea previously held by the Huns. They extended their dominion over the Bulgarians and... avatar In Hindu mythology, the descent of a deity to earth in a visible form, for example the ten avatars of Ave Maria Christian prayer to the Virgin Mary, which takes its name from the archangel Gabriel's salutation to the Virgin Mary when announcing that she would be the mother of the Messiah (Luke 11:28). ... Avebury Europe's largest stone circle (diameter 412 m/1,350 ft), in Wiltshire, England. This megalithic henge monument is thought to be part of a ritual complex, and contains 650 massive blocks of stone... Avebury, John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury (1834-1913) British banker. A Liberal (from 1886 Liberal Unionist) member of Parliament 1870-1900, he was responsible for the Bank Holidays Act 1871 introducing statutory public holidays. ... Avellaneda, Nicolas (1837-1885) Argentine politician and academic, president of Argentina 1874-80. During his presidency, the country began to industrialize, but the expeditions he sent into the southern region of Patagonia... Avengers, the British television series (1961-69), combining espionage, mystery, and, occasionally, science fiction. The series followed the fortunes of cultured British intelligence officer John Steed (Patrick... Avenzoar (or Ibn Zuhr) (1091-1161) Spanish Muslim surgeon. Admired by contemporaries, his work advanced the practice of surgery in both the Muslim and Christian worlds. Avenzoar approached medicine in a practical manner and his works... average cost Or unit cost average revenue Total Avercamp, Hendrick (1585-1634) Dutch landscape painter, born in Amsterdam. He specialized in small winter scenes enlivened by colourful, carefully arranged groups of people, skating or talking together. Winter Scene (c. 1609;... Averescu, Alexandru (1858-1938) Romanian soldier and politician, three times prime minister of Romania 1918, 1920-21, and 1926-27. In World War I, he commanded the Romanian Army of the Danube in Transylvania and was later... Averroës (1126-1198) Arabian philosopher who argued for the eternity of matter and against the immortality of the individual soul. His philosophical writings, including commentaries on Aristotle and on Plato's Republic,... Avery, Milton (1893-1965) US painter. His early work was inspired by Avery, Samuel Putnam (1822-1904) US art connoisseur and philanthropist. One of the founders of the Metropolitan Museum in New York, Avery also endowed and built the Avery Architectural Library at Columbia College in 1891. ... Avia Czechoslovakian aircraft of World War II. The Avia B-534 was a fast biplane single-seat fighter which was considered to be probably the best of its type when it was first produced 1934. Three... Avianus (lived c.AD 400) Roman fable writer. Written in elegiac couplets, his fables number 42 in total. ... Avicenna (979-1037) Iranian philosopher and physician. He was the most renowned philosopher of medieval Islam. His Canon Medicinae was a standard work for many centuries. His philosophical writings were influenced by... avidya In Hinduism and Buddhism, a lack of understanding of the true nature of reality. In Buddhism it also means a lack of understanding of the Avitus, Marcus Maecilius (died AD 456) Roman emperor from AD 455, a native of the Auvergne. He was prefect of Gaul and waged war successfully against the Huns and the Vandals. He was ambassador at the court of Theodoric, king of the... Avksent'yev,, Nikolai Dmitriyevich (1878-1943) Russian politician, leader of the right wing of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. After the Avondale House 18th-century house, 2 km/1 mi south of Rathdrum, County Wicklow, Republic of Ireland. It was built in 1779 for Samuel Hayes and possibly designed by James Watt, although Hayes himself was an... Avram, Henriett D (Davidson) (1919) US librarian. Avram worked in private industry and in government; holding important positions at the Library of Congress. An information systems specialist, she brought expertise to cataloguing and... AVRE British tank designed during World War II to defeat various types of obstacle. Based on the Avvakum, Archpriest (1621-1682) Russian Orthodox cleric and writer. He was a key figure in the religious and literary history of Russia. Avvakum was the leader of the `Old Believers`, those who rejected the church reforms... AWACS Acronym for Airborne Warning And Control System, surveillance system that incorporates a long-range surveillance and detection radar mounted on a Boeing E-3 Sentry aircraft. It was used with... Awdry, W(ilbert) V(ere) (1911-1997) English author and Church of England clergyman. His railway stories for young people, especially those featuring `Thomas the Tank Engine`, delighted generations of children. The first Thomas... Awolowo, Obafemi (1909-1987) Nigerian politician, premier of the Western Region 1954-59. He was co-founder of the Action Group, a party based on the Yoruba of western Nigeria, which he led from 1951 until the party was... axe Weapon or tool with a stone or metal head. In archaeology, it denotes the stone and bronze axeheads used by the prehistoric peoples of Europe. More generally, the term `axe` or battle-axe is... axe factories Neolithic and later (c. 3500-1400 BC) sites of volcanic rock where axe-heads were shaped. Some 550 axe factories have been identified in the Lake District of Cumbria, and it is thought that... Axis Alliance of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy before and during World War II. The Rome-Berlin Axis was formed in 1936, when Italy was being threatened with sanctions because of its invasion of... axonometric projection Three-dimensional drawing of an object, such as a building, in which the floor plan provides the basis for the visible elevations, thus creating a diagram that is true to scale but incorrect in... Axthelm, Walther von (1893-1961) German Luftwaffe general in World War II. He was appointed inspector general of anti-aircraft artillery 1942, with considerable responsibility for the air defences of Germany. In 1944 he was in... Axum Variant spelling of | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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