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array, commission of In England, system of universal military conscription dating from the 13th century, when the obligation to serve the king was extended to serfs. Able-bodied men between the ages of 15 and 60 in... arrest Apprehension and detention of a person suspected of a crime. In Britain, an arrest may be made on a magistrate's warrant, but a police constable is empowered to arrest without warrant in all cases... arrestment In Scots law, the process by which a creditor detains the goods or effects of the debtor in the hands of a third party till he or she is paid. It is divided into two kinds:arrestment in security,... Arretium One of the 12 cities of Arrhidaeus (died 317 BC) Natural son of Philip II of Macedon, and half-brother to Alexander the Great. On the latter's death 323 BC, he was named successor by Alexander's soldiers in Babylon. He married Eurydice,... Arria Wife of Caecina Paetus. When her husband was implicated AD 42 in a plot against the Roman emperor Arriaga, Manuel José de (1842-1917) Portuguese president 1911-15. He was elected deputy for Funchal as a Republican in the parliament of 1882-84 and for Lisbon 1890-92. He took part in the revolution that drove King Manuel II... Arrian (lived 2nd century AD) Greek historian. His Anabasis/Expedition is the chief literary source of information on the campaigns of Alexander the Great, drawn with care from much earlier material. Arrian was a governor and... Arrianus, Flavius (c.AD 96-c. 175) Greek historian and philosopher. He was governor of Cappadocia 131-37 and archon of Athens 147-48. The latter years of his life were spent at Nicomedia, where he wrote Anabasis of Alexander, a... arris In architecture, the sharp edge produced by the intersection of two plane or curved surfaces. ... Arrow, Kenneth Joseph (1921) US economist. With French-born US economist Gerard Arrowsmith, Aaron (1750-1823) English cartographer born in Winston, County Durham. By 1790 he had founded a cartography business in London, raising the execution of maps to a level never before attained. ... Arrowsmith, Edmund (1585-1628) English priest. He was born at Haydock, near St Helens, and educated at Douai. Following his ordination as a priest in 1612, he pursued missionary work in England 1613-28, being received into the... Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal (1947) Filipino politician, president from 2001. The daughter of former president Diosdado Ars poetica Poem by Arsaces Founder of the Arsacid dynasty Rulers of ancient Parthia c. 250 BC-AD 226, who took their titles from their founder Arsaces. At its peak the dynasty controlled a territory from eastern India to western Mesopotamia, with a... Arsenius Autorianus (c. 1200-1273) Patriarch of Constantinople 1255-59 and Nicaea 1255 and 1261-65. He excommunicated the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII in 1265 for blinding John, his ward, the rightful heir to the throne, and... Arsinoë Name given to various towns and villages founded in Ptolemaic times, and mostly named after Arsinoë I (died 247 BC) Daughter of Lysimachus, King of Thrace, and first wife of Ptolemy II. She was banished to Coptos for conspiring against her husband, following accusations made by Arsinoë II. Her son afterwards... Arsinoë II (316-270 BC) Daughter of Ptolemy I and Berenice I. She married Lysimachus, King of Thrace, and murdered her stepson, Agathocles, in order to secure the succession. Ptolemy Keraunos then murdered Lysimachus and... Arsinoë III (died c. 204 BC) Sister and wife of Ptolemy IV, with whom she defeated Antiochus III at Raphia 217 BC, although the latter was later successful against Ptolemy. She was the mother of Ptolemy V. She was murdered. ... Arsinoë IV Youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII and sister of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. During Caesar's attack on Alexandria, the inhabitants recognized her as their queen. After Caesar's victory she was taken to... arson Malicious and wilful setting fire to property. In Britain arson is covered by the Criminal Damage Act 1971. In Scotland arson is known as `wilful fire-raising`. ... art In the broadest sense, all the processes and products of human skill, imagination, and invention. In contemporary usage, definitions of art usually reflect art theory, and the term may encompass... art brut Term coined by the French artist Jean art deco Style in the decorative arts that influenced design and architecture, and is particularly associated with mass-produced domestic goods. It emerged in Europe in the 1920s and continued through the... art history The study of works of art. German archaeologist Johann Winckelmann laid the foundations for a systematic study of art history as early as the mid-18th century, but it did not become an academic... art nouveau Decorative style in the visual arts, interior design, and architecture that flourished from 1890 to 1910. It is characterized by organic, sinuous patterns and ornamentations based usually on... Artaud, Antonin (1896-1948) French actor, theatre director, and theorist. Although his play Les Cenci/The Cenci (1935) was a failure, his passionate manifestos in Theatre of Artaxerxes I (lived 5th century BC) King of Persia 465-424 BC, son of Xerxes I. During his reign Athens supported an Egyptian revolt 460-454. He sanctioned the Jewish religion in Jerusalem by allowing the the Hebrew scribe Ezra to... Artaxerxes II Mnemon (lived 5th-4th centuries BC) King of Persia 404-359 BC, son and successor of Darius II and elder brother of Cyrus the Younger. He was at war with Sparta 399-394, and 387-380 with Artaxerxes III Ochus (lived 4th century BC) King of Persia 359-338 BC, son and successor of Artaxerxes II. He obtained the throne by contriving the deaths of his three elder brothers. With the aid of Greek generals and mercenary troops, he... Arte Povera Type of modern art that uses everyday materials such as soil or old newspapers in an attempt to undermine the commercial values of the art world. The term is often used vaguely and has been applied... artefact Any object that has been used, modified, or manufactured by humans, such as a tool, weapon, or vessel. In art, an artefact is a product of human skill and creativity, while in archaeology, the... Artemidorus Daldianus (lived 2nd century AD) Soothsayer and interpreter of dreams, born at Ephesus in Asia Minor (now Turkey). His four-volume work Oneirocritica/Interpretation of Dreams offers valuable insights into ancient superstitions. ... Artemis In Greek mythology, the goddess of chastity, all young creatures, the Moon, and the hunt (Roman Diana). She was the daughter of Zeus and the Titaness Artevelde, Jacob van (c. 1295-1345) Flemish patriot. During the revolt against Count Louis 1337, he led the insurgents. He allied with Edward III of England against the king of France during the Artevelde, Philip van (c. 1340-1382) Flemish patriot. Son of Jacob van Artevelde, he led the people of Ghent in a revolt 1381 against Count Louis II de Male (died 1384). Artevelde defeated... artha In Hinduism, prosperity arising from economic development according to religious principles, one of the four aims of material life prescribed in Hindu scripture. These aims are dharma (religion),... Arthur (lived 6th century) Semi-legendary Romano-British warleader who led British resistance against the Saxons, Picts, and Scots in the first half of the 6th century. He was probably a warlord rather than a king. He... Arthur, Chester Alan (1830-1886) 21st president of the USA 1881-85, a Republican. In 1880 he was chosen as James Arthur, Duke of Brittany (1187-1203) Grandson of Henry II of England and nephew of King Arthur, Owen (Seymour) (1949) Barbadian centre-left politician, prime minister from 1994. In 1993 he succeeded Henry Forde as leader of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) and led the party to a landslide victory in September... Arthur, Prince of Wales (1486-1502) Eldest son of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. He was made Prince of Wales 1489, and married Arthur, Timothy Shay (1809-1885) US writer. He was the author of moral and domestic tales, notably Ten Nights in a Bar Room (1854), and founded Arthur's Home Magazine in (1853). ... arti In Hinduism, a primary ritual for worship of the sacred image in a temple. A ghee (clarified butter) lamp, incense, flowers, and water are offered before... articles of association In the UK, the rules governing the relationship between a Articles, Lords of See Lords of the Articles. ... Artigas, José Gervasio (1764-1850) Uruguayan independence campaigner. Artigas became governor of Montevideo 1815 but soon fell out with the Buenos Aires regime because it lacked commitment to his province's liberation. Although he... artillery Collective term for military Artois Former province of northern France, bounded by Flanders and Picardie and almost corresponding with the modern département of Pas-de-Calais. Its capital was Arras. Its Latin name Artesium lent... Artois, Battle of In World War I, French offensive north of Arras during May-July 1915. It was intended to hold German forces in France and prevent their movement to the Eastern Front. Although the French advance... Arts and Crafts Movement English social and aesthetic movement of the late 19th century that stressed the importance of manual skills and the dignity of labour. It expressed a rejection of Victorian industrialization and... Arts Councils UK organizations that support music, drama, dance, visual arts, and literature with government and arts festival Programme of events and performances either promoting a single or a combination of art forms. Arts festivals vary in size, content, and duration, but all share the general objectives of staging and... Artzybasheff, Boris (1899-1965) Russian-born illustrator. Artzybasheff emigrated to the USA and worked as an engraver, illustrator, and set designer. Known for his illustrations of books for adults and children, such as his... Arundel Marbles Major portion of an important Greek chronicle discovered on the island of Paros. The author's intention was to list the main events of Athens from the period of Cecrops (a mythical king, attributed... Arundel, Thomas Howard (1586-1646) English politician and patron of the arts. Succeeded to earldom 1595. The Arundel Marbles, part of his collection of Italian sculptures, were given to Oxford University in 1667 by... Arup, Ove (1895-1988) Danish civil engineer. He founded the British-based architectural practice, Arup Associates, a firm noted for the considered and elegant manner in which modern materials, especially concrete, are... Arval Brethren Body of priests in ancient Rome who offered annual sacrifices to the lares or divinities of the fields to ensure a good harvest. They formed a college of 12 priests, and their chief... Arverni Gallic people who inhabited the ancient French province of Auvergne. In 52 BC their capital, Gregovia, was successfully defended against Caesar by Arya Samaj Hindu religious sect founded by Dayanand Saraswati (1825-1888) in about 1875. He renounced idol worship and urged a return to the purer principles of the Vedas (Hindu scriptures). For its time the... Aryan The hypothetical parent language of an ancient people believed to have lived between Central Asia and Eastern Europe and to have reached Persia and India in one direction and Europe in another, some... Arzú, Irigoyen Alvaro (1947) Guatemalan politician, president 1996-1999. He served briefly as minister of foreign affairs in 1991, before resigning to become secretary general of the National Advancement Party (PAN). As the... asa Abbreviation for Association of South East Asia (1961-67), replaced by ASEAN, Asachi, Gheorghe (1788-1869) Romanian teacher and writer. He was a leading figure in the Romanian cultural renaissance of the early 19th century. In 1813 Asachi introduced Romanian as the language of... Asam (lived 18th century) Family of German baroque artists and decorators. They included Hans Georg (d. 1696), whose work consisted of frescoes and oil-paintings, and his two sons Cosmas Damian (c. 1686-1742), a painter,... Asanuma, Inejiro (1898-1960) Japanese politician, leader of the Japan Socialist Party. In 1946 he was elected to the lower house of the Diet (parliament) in the first post-war election and repeatedly thereafter. He was... Asaph, St (lived 7th century AD) Welsh ecclesiastic who was active c.570. He is thought to have been the first bishop of Llanelwy, which was thereafter known by his name. His feast is on 1 May. ... ASAT Acronym for antisatellite weapon. ... Asbjörnsen, Peter Christen (1812-1885) Norwegian writer and folklorist. In collaboration with J&osla;rgen Asbury, Francis (1745-1816) English-born US Protestant religious leader. Asbury travelled to America as a Wesleyan missionary in 1771, touring the colonies and the Mississippi territory. He was appointed superintendent of... Ascania German dynasty founded in the 12th century by Albert `the Bear`, 1st Margrave of Brandenburg. His castle, near Aschersleben, was called Ascania. ... Ascanius In Roman mythology, the son of Aeneas and ancestor of the Julii. He accompanied his father to Italy from Troy, and later founded the city of Alba Longa. ... Ascension Day In the Christian calendar, the feast day commemorating Jesus' ascension into asceticism The renunciation of physical pleasure; for example, in eating, drinking, sexuality, and human company. Discomfort or pain may be sought, often for religious reasons. The most acute asceticism is the... Asch, Sholem (1880-1957) Polish-born US novelist and dramatist. He wrote in Yiddish from 1904 onwards, beginning with the story `Dos Shtetl/The Little Town`, a classic tragicomedy of life in a small Jewish settlement.... Ascham, Roger (c. 1515-1568) English scholar and royal tutor. His writings include Toxophilus (1545), a treatise on archery written in dialogue form, and an educational treatise The Scholemaster, published by his widow in 1570.... Asclepiades (lived 3rd century BC) Greek epigrammist and lyric poet of Samos, after whom the Asclepiad metre was named. His lyrics are rhythmic and musical and he injected new life into the epigram as a poetic form; 45 of his... Asclepius In Greek mythology, the god of medicine (Roman Aesculapius); son of Ascott Half-timbered house in Wing, Buckinghamshire, England. The house and its estate of over 100 ha/247 acres were given to the National Trust in 1950 by Mr and Mrs Anthony de Rothschild, together with... ASEAN Acronym for Asgard One of the Nine Worlds of Norse mythology; dwelling place of Odin and his Ash Wednesday First day of Ashanti Wars Four British expeditions 1873-1901 to the interior of modern Ghana to wrest control of trade in West Africa from the indigenous Ashanti people and end the slave trade which... Ashbee, Charles Robert (1863-1942) English designer, architect, and writer. He was one of the major figures of the Ashbery, John Lawrence (1927) US poet and art critic. His collections of poetry - including Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1975), which won a Pulitzer Prize - are distinguished by their exuberant artifice and strong... Ashbridge, Elizabeth (1713-1755) English-born American Quaker. She is remembered for her autobiography Some Account of the Fore-Part of the Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge, first published in England 1774. The book is a frank... Ashby, Margery Irene (1882-1981) English feminist. She attended the first International Women's Suffrage Congress in Berlin (1904) and subsequently worked with various women's organizations, becoming president of the International... Ashcan School Group of US realist painters active about 1908-14. So-called because of their chosen subject matter, the School's central figures were Robert Ashcroft, John (1942) US Republican politician and attorney general 2001-04. A deeply religious conservative, who opposes abortion, gun control, voluntary school desegregation, and gay rights, and supports the death... Ashcroft, Peggy (1907-1991) English actor. Her Shakespearean roles included Desdemona in Othello (1930) (with Paul Robeson) and Juliet in Romeo and Juliet (1935) (with Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud), and she appeared in... Ashdown House 17th-century house in Oxfordshire, England, 12 km/7 mi east of Swindon. It was given to the National Trust in 1956 by Cornelia, Countess of Craven, whose ancestor, the 1st Lord Craven, built the... Ashdown, Paddy (Jeremy John Durham) (1941) British politician, leader of the Liberal Democrat party 1988-99. His party significantly increased its seat holding in the 1997 general election, winning more seats than it had had since the... Ashford Castle Victorian baronial castle at Cong, County Mayo, Republic of Ireland. It was built mostly in 1870 by Sir Arthur Guinness on the rump of a house bought by his father in 1855. The designers were James... Ashford, Daisy (Margaret Mary Julia) (1881-1972) English writer. The Young Visiters (1919), a novel of unconscious humour, was written when she was nine. Sponsored by the novelist and playwright J M Barrie, the book won instant success by its... Ashi (352-427) Jewish Talmudic scholar, born in Babylon. Ashi was president of the Academy of Sura, and collected all the Jewish laws, doctrine, and tradition into... Ashikaga In Japanese history, the family who held the office of Ashingdon, Battle of Victory on 18 October 1016 of King Canute's Danish army over King Edmund II (`Ironside`) at the village of Ashingdon, Essex. Following the battle, only Wessex remained in English hands and when... Ashiwi Alternative name for a member of the American Indian Ashkelon Ancient city in Israel, one of the five chief cities of the Philistines, and centre of worship of the Philistine fish-god, Dagon. It was the birthplace of Ashkenazi Any Jew of German or Eastern European descent, as opposed to a Sephardi, of Spanish, Portuguese, or North African descent. Ashkenazim developed European customs and the Yiddish language during the... Ashley, Jack (1922) British Labour politician. Profoundly deaf since 1967, Ashley campaigned inside and outside Parliament for the deaf and other disability groups. He sat as member of Parliament for Stoke-on-Trent... Ashmole, Elias (1617-1692) English antiquary. His collection forms the basis of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England. He wrote books on alchemy, astrology, and on antiquarian subjects, and amassed a fine library and a... Ashmolean Museum Museum of art and antiquities in Oxford, England, founded in 1683 to house the collections given to Oxford University by the historian and antiquary Elias Ashmun, Jehuda (1794-1828) US colonial agent. A Congregational minister, Ashmun travelled to Liberia in 1822 with returning African-American slaves. He remained in Liberia, becoming the American Colonization Society;s agent... ashram Indian community whose members lead a simple life of discipline and self-denial and devote themselves to social service. Noted ashrams are those founded by Mahatma Gandhi at Wardha (near Nagpur,... ashrama In Hinduism, the four stages of life that a Hindu may follow or pass through. They are the student (brahmachari), the householder (grihastha), the hermit (vanaprastha), and the... Ashrawi, Hanan (1946) Palestinian political leader. She was chief spokesperson of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) delegation at the Madrid peace conference in 1991, but refused to join Yassir Ashton, Winifred Real name of English novelist and dramatist Clemence Ashur National god of Assyria, and city god of the early capital Ashur. He was a god of war and was depicted shooting an arrow from the bow, enclosed in a circle. The king was considered his high priest. ... Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference Trade group comprising 21 Pacific Asian countries, formed in November 1989 to promote multilateral trade and economic cooperation between member states. Its members are the USA, Canada, Japan,... Asiago Plateau, Battles of In World War I, series of battles between Austrian and Italian forces from November 1917-November 1918 in the mountainous country north of the Venetian plain between the Adige and Piave rivers.... Asian The native peoples and inhabitants of the continent of Asia, which is the contiguous land mass east of the Ural Mountains, the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. The region is culturally... Asian Development Bank Bank founded in 1966 to stimulate growth in Asia and the Far East by administering direct loans and technical assistance. Members include 30 countries within the region and 14 countries of Western... Asian Times, The Weekly newspaper for the Asian community in Britain, covering UK and international news, business, cultural, and other general subject areas. It was established in 1983 and in 1998 had a circulation... aside Words in a play spoken to the audience alone, conventionally unheard by the other characters on stage. For example: Cordelia (aside):`What shall Cordelia speak?` Many other characters in... Asiento, Treaty of Agreement between the UK and Spain in 1713, whereby British traders were permitted to introduce 144,000 black slaves into the Spanish-American colonies in the course of the following 30 years. In... Asimov, Isaac (1920-1992) Russian-born US author and editor of science fiction and nonfiction. He published more than 400 books, including his science fiction novels I, Robot (1950) and the Foundation trilogy (1951-53),... Aske, Robert (c. 1500-1537) English lawyer who led the Askew, Anne (1521-1546) English Protestant martyr. An early convert to the Askew, Anthony (1722-1774) English scholar. He helped to develop public interest in rare manuscripts, scarce editions, and fine copies, and collected an extensive library. His manuscript volume of transcribed... Askew, Reubin (O'Donovan) (1928) US governor. AS Florida's governor 1971-79), Askew initiated tax reform, improved the penal system, and established an environmental protection agency. He was a US representative for international... Askey, Arthur (1900-1982) English comedian. He made his professional debut in 1924 and became a principal comedian in the summer seasons at seaside resorts, achieving wider recognition on radio with Band Wagon from 1938.... Asoka (or Ashoka) (lived c. 272-228 BC) Aspasia (lived c. 440 BC) Greek courtesan, the mistress of the Athenian politician Aspel, Michael (1933) English presenter and chat show host who has presented This Is Your Life since its revival in 1994. He has also presented Family Favourites, Crackerjack, Aspel and Company, and Ask Aspel, all for... Aspen Lodge US presidential residence at the country retreat of Aspern, Battle of Austrian victory over Napoleon Bonaparte 21-22 May 1809, his first defeat. The battle took place outside the village of Aspern, northwest of Vienna. Following the French occupation of Vienna,... Aspertini, Amico (c. 1475-1552) Bolognese painter and sculptor. Notable works include a series of reredoses and a cycle of frescoes 1508-09 in the Church of San Frediano, in Lucca. As a sculptor he collaborated on... Aspinall, John Audley Frederick (1851-1937) English mechanical engineer. While general manager and chief mechanical engineer of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 1899-1919, he designed many types of locomotive and completed one of the... Aspland, Robert (1782-1845) English churchman. Aspland joined the Unitarians (see Asplund, (Erik) Gunnar (1885-1940) Swedish architect. His early work, for example at the Stockholm South Cemetery (1914), was in the neoclassical tradition. Later buildings, such as the Stockholm City Library (1924-7) and the... Asquith, Herbert Henry (1852-1928) British Liberal politician, prime minister 1908-16. As chancellor of the Exchequer, he introduced old-age pensions in 1908. He limited the powers of the House of Lords and attempted to give... Assad, Hafez al (1930-2000) Syrian Ba'athist politician, president 1971-2000. He became prime minister after a bloodless military coup in 1970. The following year he became the first president to be elected by popular vote.... assassination Murder, usually of a political, royal, or public person. The term derives from the order of the Assassins, order of the Militant offshoot of the Islamic Isma'ili sect 1089-1256, founded by Hassan Sabah (c. 1045-1124). Active in Syria and Persia, they assassinated high officials in every Muslim town to further... assault Intentional act or threat of physical violence against a person. In English law it is both a crime and a assault ship Naval vessel designed to land and support troops and vehicles under hostile conditions. ... Asselyn, Jan (1610-1652) Dutch landscape and animal painter. He worked for some time in Italy and was one of the most noteworthy of the Dutch landscape painters who worked in an Italianate manner. His The Angry Swan... assemblage In the visual arts, any three-dimensional work of art constructed of various, and often unusual, materials, or found objects. The term was first used in the 1950s by French painter Jean A collection of artefacts that can be considered a single analytic unit, occurring in archaeology, together at a particular time and place. ... Asser (died c. 909) Welsh monk and scholar who became the mentor and friend of Alfred the Great, King of Wessex. His biography of the king, De rebus gestis Aelfredi magni, which follows Alfred's career from his birth... Asser, Tobias M(ichael) C(arel) (1838-1913) Dutch jurist and professor of international law. He shared the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1911 with Austrian pacifist Alfred asset In accounting, anything owned by or owed to the company that is either cash or can be turned into cash. The term covers physical assets such as land or property of a company or individual,... asset stripping Sale or exploitation by other means of the assets of a business, often one that has been taken over for that very purpose. The parts of the business may be potentially more valuable separately than... assignat During the French Revolution, a bond issued by the Constituent Assembly on the security of the confiscated landed property of the clergy. The object in issuing assignats was not only to obtain the... assisted area Region that is receiving some help from the central government, usually in the form of extra funding, as part of a regional policy. Most policies concentrate on identifying and then assisting... assize In medieval Europe, the passing of laws, either by the king with the consent of nobles, as in the Constitutions of ... Associated State of the UK Status of certain Association of South East Asian Nations Regional alliance formed in Bangkok in 1967; it took over the non-military role of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1975. Its members are Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,... Association of Caribbean States Association of 25 states in the Caribbean region, formed in 1994 in Colombia to promote social, political, and economic cooperation and eventual integration. Its members include the states of the... Association, Freedom of Principle laid down in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (see Association, the League formed by Parliament in 1696 to protect William III against `popish plots`, as a result of an assassination plot against him. ... Assur Alternative spelling of assurance Form of long-term saving where individuals pay monthly premiums, typically over 10 or 25 years, and at the end receive a large lump sum. For example, a person may save £50 a month and at the... Assyria Empire in the Middle East c. 2500-612 BC, in northern Mesopotamia (now Iraq); early capital Ashur, later Nineveh. It was initially subject to Sumer and intermittently to Babylon. The Assyrians... Astarte In Canaanite and Syrian mythology, a goddess of sexual passion (equivalent to the Babylonian and Assyrian goddess Asteria In Greek mythology, a goddess who took the form of a quail (ortyx) when Zeus tried to rape her, and threw herself from heaven into the sea. Here she was changed into the island of Asteria (which had... Astérix the Gaul The belligerent, wing-helmeted Belgian comic-strip character who first appeared in 1959. Written originally by René Goscinny (1926-1977) with artwork by Albert Uderzo (1925), it appears... Astley, Jacob (1579-1652) English Royalist commander in the Civil War. He took part in several Civil War battles, including those of Edgehill and Naseby. ... Astley, Philip (1742-1814) English equestrian and theatre impresario who was the first to introduce the Astor Prominent US and British family. John Jacob Astor (1763-1848) emigrated from Germany to the USA in 1783, and became a millionaire. His great-grandson Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor... Astor, Brooke (1902-2007) US socialite, philanthropist, and author. Largely self-educated, she was a magazine journalist and the author of four books. She married three times, and the death of her third husband, Vincent... Astor, John Jacob (1763-1848) German-born US merchant who founded the monopolistic American Fur Company in 1808. His subsidiary enterprise, the Pacific Fur Company, was created in 1811 following the US government's Louisiana... Astor, Nancy (1879-1964) US-born British Conservative politician, the first woman member to sit in the House of Commons. After marrying into the wealthy Anglo-American Astor, Waldorf, 2nd Viscount Astor of Cliveden (1879-1952) British politician and newspaper proprietor. Astor was Conservative and Unionist MP for Plymouth 1910-19, when he was raised to the peerage. During his political career, he held several junior... Astraea In Greek mythology, the last goddess to leave the Earth, at the start of the Bronze Age. She is immortalized among the signs of the zodiac as Virgo. She was the daughter of Zeus and Themis. ... astral body In theosophy and other spiritual systems of religious thought, one of several normally invisible bodies extending through and beyond the human physical body. It is believed to separate from the... astral projection Separation of the hypothetical astral body from the physical body, although remaining attached to it by the astral or etheric cord. In theosophy and similar beliefs, it is said to happen during... astral spirits In mythology and ancient religions, spirits associated with the heavenly bodies, believed to cause their movements in the sky and to exercise influence on human affairs. Many of the major older... astrological diagnosis Casting of a horoscope to ascertain a person's susceptibility to specific kinds of disease. From statistical evidence that offspring tend to have the same planetary positions in their charts as a... astrology Study of the relative position of the planets and stars in the belief that they influence events on Earth. The astrologer casts a Asturias, Miguel Ã?ngel (1899-1974) Guatemalan author and diplomat. He published poetry, Guatemalan legends, and novels, such as El señor presidente/The President (1946), Men of Corn (1949), and Strong Wind (1950), attacking... Astyanax In Greek mythology, the baby son of asylum, political In international law, refuge granted in another country to a person who, for political reasons, cannot return to his or her own country without putting himself or herself in danger. A person seeking... Atahualpa (c. 1502-1533) Last emperor of the Incas of Peru. He was taken prisoner in 1532 when the Spaniards arrived and agreed to pay a substantial ransom, but he was accused of plotting against the conquistador Pizarro... Atalanta In Greek mythology, an Arcadian huntress who challenged each of her suitors to a running race; losers were slain. The goddess ... Atargatis Alternative Greek name for the goddess Atassi, Hashem al- (1874-1960) Syrian politician, president 1936-39, 1949-51, and 1954-55. Educated in Istanbul, Turkey, he served as a district governor in Ottoman administration before World War I. In 1920 he was briefly... Atatürk, Kemal (1881-1938) Turkish politician and general, first president of Turkey from 1923. After World War I he established a provisional rebel government and in 1921-22... Atchison, David Rice (1807-1886) US senator. Atchison was appointed and then elected to the US Senate in 1843. A supporter of slavery, he helped frame the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854). After losing his seat in the Senate, he... Ate In Greek mythology, the personification of infatuation or criminal folly (failure to distinguish between good and bad courses of action). She was the daughter... Atellan farce Theatre performance popular in ancient Rome (a type of Athabaskan Language, one of the largest families of American Indian languages; also the collective tribal name of the Athabaskan-speaking people of Alaska and Canada. Athabaskan speakers can be divided into... Athamas In Greek mythology, a king of Thessaly. He abandoned his wife Nephele for Ino, who persecuted his children Phryxes and Helle. In revenge, the goddess (died 568) Visigoth king of Spain 534-48. As captain of the Spanish Goths, and with the help of a Roman force sent from Gaul by Emperor Justinian, he defeated and killed King Agila near Seville 534.... Athanasian creed One of the three ancient Athanasius, St (296-373) Bishop of Alexandria, Egypt, supporter of the doctrines of the Trinity and Incarnation. He was a disciple of St Anthony the hermit, and an opponent of atheism Nonbelief in, or the positive denial of, the existence of a God or gods. A related concept is atheling Anglo-Saxon title of nobility. It was confined in use by the 8th century to male members of the royal family; that is, kings, and brothers and sons of kings. ... Athelney, Isle of Area of firm ground in marshland near Taunton in Somerset, England, the headquarters of King Athelstan (895-939) King of England 924-39. The son of Athena In Greek mythology, the goddess of war, wisdom, and the arts and crafts (Roman Minerva). She was reputed to have sprung fully-armed and grown from the head of Zeus, after he had swallowed her... Athenaeus (lived 3rd century) Greek writer, born at Naucratis in Egypt; he studied at Alexandria and Rome. He wrote a miscellany Deipnosophistae/Scholars at Dinner in the form of conversations of learned guests at a prolonged... Athenagoras (lived 2nd century AD) Greek teacher and writer, best known for his defence of Christianity Legatio pro Christianis, which was addressed to the Roman emperor Athenodorus Cordylion (lived 1st century BC) Head of the Atherton, Charles Gordon (1804-1853) US politician. He was elected to Congress in 1836, and in 1838 he introduced the resolution `That all petitions relating to slavery, or its abolition, be laid on the table without debate`, which... Atherton, Gertrude Franklin (1857-1948) US novelist. Her novels include The Californians (1898), a historical novel;The Conqueror (1902), a fictional biography of the US statesman Alexander Hamilton;Julia France and Her Times (1912), a... | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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