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Anthony, Susan B(rownell) (1820-1906) US pioneering campaigner for women's rights who also worked for the antislavery and temperance movements. She campaigned for equality of pay for women teachers, married... anthropology The study of humankind. It investigates the cultural, social, and physical diversity of the human species, both past and present. It is divided into two broad categories: biological or physical... anthropomorphism The attribution of human characteristics to animals, inanimate objects, or deities. It appears in the mythologies of many cultures and as a literary device in fables and allegories. ... anthroposophy System of mystical philosophy developed by Austrian educationist Rudolf Steiner, who claimed to possess a power of intuition giving him access to knowledge not... Anti-Comintern Pact Agreement signed between Germany and Japan 25 November 1936, opposing communism as a menace to peace and order. The pact was signed by Italy in 1937 and by Hungary, Spain, and the Japanese puppet... Anti-Corn Law League An extra-parliamentary pressure group formed in the UK in September 1838 by Manchester industrialists, and led by Liberals Richard anti-Federalist An opponent of the ratification of the US Constitution, submitted to the state governments in 1787. Although the Constitution was ratified by the necessary number of nine states in 1788, coming into... anti-Semitism Prejudice or discrimination against, and persecution of, the Jews as an ethnic group. Historically, this has been practised for many different reasons, by the ancient Egyptians before the anti-submarine warfare All methods used to deter, attack, and destroy enemy submarines: missiles, torpedoes, depth charges, bombs, and direct-fire weapons from ships, other submarines, or aircraft. Frigates are the... antibiotic Drug that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi. The earliest antibiotics, the Antichrist In Christian theology, the opponent of Christ. The appearance of the Antichrist was believed to signal the Second Coming, at which Christ would conquer his opponent. The concept may stem from the... anticlericalism Hostility to the influence of the clergy in affairs outside the sphere of the church. Identifiable from the 12th century onwards, it became increasingly common in France in the 16th century and... Antico, L' (c. 1460-1528) Italian sculptor, bronze-founder, and medallist. His name (`the Antique`) derives from his keen interest in antiquity. He was patronized by the Dukes of Mantua and Isabella d'Este, his success... anticommunism Fierce antagonism towards communism linked particularly with right-wing politician Joseph Antietam, Battle of Bloody but indecisive battle of the American Civil War on 17 September 1862 at Antietam Creek, off the Potomac River. Maj-Gen George McClellan of the Union blocked the advance of the Confederates... Antigonae Play with music by Carl Orff (text by Johann Hölderlin, after Sophocles), first produced in Salzburg, Austria, on 9 August 1949. ... Antigone Tragedy by Antigone In Greek mythology, the daughter of Jocasta by her son Antigonus (382-301 BC) General of Alexander the Great after whose death in 323 BC Antigonus made himself master of Asia Minor. He was defeated and killed by Seleucus I at the battle of Ipsus. ... Antigonus II (319-239 BC) King of Macedonia. He called himself king after the death of his father Demetrius Poliorcetes 283 BC, and dissolved the Antigua and Barbuda Country comprising three islands in the eastern Caribbean (Antigua, Barbuda, and uninhabited Redonda). Government Antigua and Barbuda constitute an independent sovereign nation within the... antihero The protagonist of a novel or play who, instead of displaying heroic or sympathetic characteristics, is incompetent, foolish, and often immoral. Examples include Don... antimacassar Piece of cloth protecting a seat headrest from staining by hair oil. The term is derived from Rowland's Macassar Oil, first manufactured in about 1793. ... Antin, Mary (1881-1949) Russian-born author.Her books, such as From Polotzk to Boston (1899) and The Promised Land (1912), detailed immigrant life in America. A lecturer and activist, she campaigned against restrictive... antinomianism Doctrine that Christians are freed by grace from the necessity of obeying any moral law, such as the Ten Commandments or church law. The term was first applied in the Reformation to Martin Luther's... Antinous (lived 2nd century) Favourite of Roman emperor antinuclear movement Organization or mass movement opposed to the proliferation of nuclear weapons and/or the use of nuclear energy. It overlaps with the Antioch City in Phrygia, Anatolia, centre of Hellenism during the pre-Christian period. It was visited by St Paul on his first missionary journey. Under the Roman empire it became a colony. The ruined... Antioch Ancient capital of the Greek kingdom of Syria, founded 300 BC by Seleucus I in memory of his father Antiochus, and famed for its splendour and luxury. Under the Romans it was an early centre of... Antiochus (III) the Great (c. 241-187 BC) King of Syria 223-187 BC. He earned his title `the Great` by restoring the Seleucid empire in 25 years of continuous campaigning from western Asia Minor to Afghanistan. He also finally wrested... Antiochus I (c. 324-c. 261 BC) King of Syria from 281 BC, son of Seleucus I, one of the generals of Alexander the Great. He earned the title of Antiochus Soter, or Saviour, by his defeat of the Gauls in Galatia in 276 BC. ... Antiochus II (c. 286-c. 246 BC) King of Syria 261-246 BC, son of Antiochus I. He was known as Antiochus Theos, the Divine. During his reign the eastern provinces broke away from Graeco-Macedonian rule and set up native... Antiochus IV (lived 1st century AD) King of Commagene (a region of northern Syria), son of Antiochus III. He was made king AD 38 by Antiochus IV (c. 215-164 BC) King of Syria from 175 BC, known as Antiochus Epiphanes, the Illustrious, son of Antiochus III. He occupied Jerusalem about 170 BC, seizing much of the Temple treasure, and instituted worship of the... Antiochus VII (c. 159-129 BC) King of Syria from 138 BC. The last strong ruler of the Seleucid dynasty, he took Jerusalem in 134 BC, reducing the Maccabees to subjection. He was defeated and killed in... Antiochus XIII (lived 1st century BC) King of Syria 69-65 BC, the last of the Seleucid dynasty. During his reign Syria was made a Roman province by Pompey the Great. ... Antiope In Greek mythology, mother of the twins Antipater (c. 398-319 BC) General of Alexander the Great, and regent of Macedonia in the king's absence 334-323 BC. On Alexander's death 323 BC Antipater was appointed joint regent with Craterus, his son-in-law.... Antiphilus (lived 4th century BC) Greek painter of the Alexandrian age. He worked for Philip II of Macedonia and Ptolemy I of Egypt. He invented a form of caricature called Grylli, featuring grotesque monsters that were... antipope Rival claimant to the elected pope for the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church, for instance in the Great Schism 1378-1417 when there were rival popes in Rome and Avignon. ... antislavery literature In the US Antisthenes (c. 444-c. 366 BC) Greek philosopher. He is sometimes regarded as the founder of the antitrust laws In economics, regulations preventing or restraining trusts, monopolies, or any business practice considered to be unfair or uncompetitive. In the US, antitrust laws prevent mergers and acquisitions... Antoine, André (1858-1943) French theatre director. Founder of the Théâtre Libre 1887, he introduced to France the work of international dramatists such as Ibsen (Ghosts, performed there 1890) and Strindberg (Miss Julie,... Antokolski, Marc (1842-1902) Lithuanian sculptor. In 1871 his statue of Ivan the Terrible was bought by Tsar Alexander II. Many of his works are now in the Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. Antokolski was born in Vilnius and... Antonello da Messina (c. 1430-1479) Italian painter. He was a pioneer in his country of the technique of oil painting developed by Flemish artists; he acquired his knowledge of it in Naples, or, if the historian Vasari is to be... Antonescu, Ion (1886-1946) Romanian general and politician. He headed a pro-German government during World War II, which enforced the Nazis' anti-Semitic policies, and was executed for war crimes in 1946. Antonescu became... Antonine Wall Roman line of fortification built in Scotland in 142 in the reign of Antoninus Pius (ruled 138-61). It was the Roman empire's furthest northwest frontier, between the Clyde and Forth rivers in... Antonino, St (1389-1459) Italian churchman and economist. A Dominican friar, he became archbishop of Florence in 1446 and used his position to fight corruption in the Church and to help the poor. Appreciating the role of... Antoninus Pius, Titus Aurelius Fulvus (AD 86-161) Roman emperor. He was adopted in 138 as Hadrian's heir, and succeeded him later that year. He enjoyed a prosperous reign, during which the Antonius, Brother US poet; see William Antonius, Gaius (lived 1st century BC) Younger son of Marcus Antonius the orator, and uncle of Antonius, Gaius (died 42 BC) Brother of Antonius, Iullus (died 2 BC) Younger son of Antonius, Lucius (lived 1st century BC) Youngest brother of Antony and Cleopatra Tragedy by William Shakespeare, written and first performed in 1607-08. Mark Antony falls in love with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra in Alexandria, but returns to Rome when his wife, Fulvia, dies.... Antony House Early 18th-century house in Cornwall, England, 8 km/5 mi west of Plymouth. The architect is unknown, but the house was built for William Carew and was given to the National Trust in 1961 by John... Antrim Castle Gardens Gardens on the outskirts of Antrim in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Antrim Castle, which was noted for its Caroline doorway and contents, including the Speaker's chair from the Dublin parliament,... Antrim, Randal Macdonnell (1609-1683) Irish nobleman and Royalist. He was created a marquess 1643 on account of his (subsequently unfulfilled) promise to raise an army of 10,000 in Ireland for the service of Charles I. ... Antwerp, Battle of In World War II, British operation September 1944 to take the Belgian city of Antwerp in order to provide Allied forces with a supply port close to the front line. Although it was taken by the... Antwerp, Battle of In World War I, German siege of the Belgian port 27 September-9 October 1914. British and Belgian troops mounted a fierce resistance which failed to save the city but did delay the German advance... Anu Mesopotamian sky god, commonly joined in a trinity with Enlil, the god of storms, and Ea, the god of water. Anu was the father and king of the gods, despite a relatively minor role in mythological... Anuak Nilotic people of the borders of Ethiopia and the Sudan. They are agriculturalists and are culturally similar to the Shilluk. ... Anubis In Egyptian mythology, the jackal-headed god of the dead, son of Osiris. Anubis presided over the funeral cult, including the weighing of the heart and embalming, and led the dead to judgement. ... Anwykyll, John (died 1487) English schoolmaster and grammarian. He was the first headmaster of William Anxur Town of the Volsci; it was finally subjugated by Rome in 396 BC, after which it became a Roman colony and was named Tarracina (modern Terracina). ... Anyaoku, Eleazar Chukwuemeka (Emeka) (1933) Nigerian diplomat and secretary general of the Commonwealth from 1990. He joined the Commonwealth Development Corporation in 1959 and the Nigerian diplomatic service in 1962. In 1963 he was... Anytus (lived 5th-4th centuries BC) Athenian democrat. With Thrasybulus, he helped to overthrow the Anzac General term for all troops of both countries serving in World War I, particularly one who fought at ... Anzac Cove Cove on the west coast of the Anzam Treaty 1948 arrangement between Australia, New Zealand, and Malaya to coordinate service planning in defending air and sea communications in the region. Cover was extended to the defence of Malaya... Anzio Annie World War II German railway gun which shelled the Allied beachhead at Anzio at long range. It was reputed to be kept in a tunnel when not firing so as to preserve it from air attacks. Captured at... Anzio, Battle of In World War II, the beachhead invasion of Italy 22 Jan-23 May 1944 by Allied troops; failure to use information gained by deciphering German codes (see ANZUS Acronym for Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (Pacific Security Treaty), a military alliance established in 1951. It was replaced in 1954 by the (1898-1942) Italian general, cousin of King Emmanuel of Italy. During World War II, he was a general of the Italian Air Force and Viceroy of Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). He led an Italian army in an invasion of... Aoun, Michel (1935) Lebanese soldier and Maronite Christian politician, president 1988-90. As commander of the Lebanese army, he was made president without Muslim support, his appointment precipitating a civil war... Aozou Strip Disputed territory 100 km/60 mi wide on the Chad-Libya frontier, occupied by Libya 1973, part of Chad according to an International Court of Justice ruling 1994. Lying to the north of the Tibesti... Apache Member of an American Indian people who migrated from Canada to Arizona, and parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and north Mexico, between AD 850 and 1400. The Apache language belongs to the... apartheid Racial-segregation policy of the government of South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Under the apartheid system, non-whites - classified as Bantu (black), coloured (mixed), or Indian - did not... APC Abbreviation for Apella Spartan popular assembly. It was composed of male citizens of 30 years of age and over. It met under the presidency of the Apelles (lived 4th century BC) Greek painter, one of the most celebrated of antiquity. No trace of his work, which was praised for its startling realism, now remains. He was court artist to Philip II of Macedon and then to... Aphrodite In Greek mythology, the goddess of love (Roman Venus, Phoenician Astarte, Babylonian Ishtar). She is said to be either a daughter of Aphthonius (lived c.AD 400) Greek rhetorician. Born in Antioch, he was a pupil of Libanius. His Progymnasmata, an introduction to the study of rhetoric, was in common use for a thousand years. ... Apicius Name of three celebrated Roman gluttons. The first lived about 92 BC, the second about AD 14, and the third about the middle of the 1st century AD. The second, Marcus Gavius Apicius, is said to have... Apion (lived 1st century AD) Greek grammarian and head of the Alexandrian school. Apion's story of `Androcles and the Lion`, from his Aegyptiaca, survives in Aulus Gellius' Noctes Atticae. His Homeric glossary, based on... Apis Ancient Egyptian deity, a manifestation of the creator god Ptah of Memphis, in the form of a black bull with a small white triangle on the forehead, often bearing a Sun-disc between its horns. The... apocalypse Revelation disclosed only to a chosen person. The term is applied to the last book of the New Testament, the Apocalypse of St John, otherwise known as Revelation. There were many earlier writings of... apocalyptic number In the New Testament, the mystical number 666 (Revelation 13:18). There have been various interpretations of this number. In Greek and Hebrew the letters of the alphabet were used for numbers, and... apocatastasis In religion, the extension of the kingdom of God over all the Earth; the ultimate conversion of the whole world to the Christian faith. In the teaching of Origen it signifies the restoration of all... Apocrypha Appendix to the Old Testament of the Bible, 14 books not included in the final Hebrew canon but recognized by Roman Catholics. There are also disputed New... Apollinaire, Guillaume (1880-1918) French poet of aristocratic Polish descent. He was a leader of the avant-garde in Parisian literary and artistic circles. His novel Le Poète assassiné/The Poet Assassinated (1916), followed by... Apollinarius of Laodicea (c. 310-c. 390) Bishop of Laodicea in Phrygia (Asia Minor). His views on the nature of Christ were condemned by the Council of Constantinople 381, but nonetheless laid the foundations for the later Apollinopolis Magna Ancient name of Apollo In Greek and Roman mythology, the god of sun, music, poetry, prophecy, agriculture, and pastoral life, and leader of the Muses. He was the twin child (with Ancient Roman sculpture, unearthed in Rome in the late 15th century. Like the Laocoon, it became part of Pope Julius II's collections of antiquities and was similarly studied by artists at the turn... Apollo of Rhodes Greek statue of Apollo generally known as the Apollo poets Group of poets associated with Apollo, a literary periodical published in Cairo 1932-34. The group was strongly influenced by French and English Romantic poetry, and most of its members' work was... Apollodoros (lived late 5th century BC) Greek painter, active in Athens. He introduced some innovations in perspective and seems to have been the first Greek painter to study light and shade. His works included an Odysseus and Ajax Struck... Apollodorus (lived AD 97-130) Greek architect. A native of Damascus, he built Trajan's Forum, the Basilica Ulpiana, Hadrian's Temple of Venus and Rome (all in the Imperial capital), and the triumphal arch in honour of Trajan at... Apollonia Ancient city of Illyria, near the mouth of the Aous, founded by Corinthians and Corcyreans. It was important as a link between Brundisium and northern Greece, and subsequently as a terminus of the... Apollonia Ancient town of Cyrenaica and harbour of Cyrene, 20 km/12 mi northeast of the latter. It was the birthplace of the Greek geographer and mathematician Eratosthenes. ... Apollonian Relating to the individuating, rationalizing, and conscious principle in human society. The term was used by German philosopher Friedrich Apollonius (lived 2nd century BC) Greek sculptor. He and his brother Tauriscus, both active in Rhodes, made the marble group known as the Farnese Bull (Roman copy National Museum, Naples), based on the legend of Apollonius of Rhodes (or Apollonius Rhodius) (lived 3rd century BC) Greek poet. He was the author of the epic Argonautica, which tells the story of Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece. A pupil of Apollonius of Tyre Medieval tale, supposedly of Greek origin. Apollonius of Tyre reveals the incest of King Antiochus with his daughter and flees from Antioch, returning after the king's death. On the voyage his wife... Apollonius of Tyana (lived 1st century AD) Greek ascetic philosopher of the neo-Pythagorean school. He travelled in Babylonia and India, where he acquired a wide knowledge of oriental religions and philosophies, and taught at Ephesus. He... Apollos (lived 1st century AD) Alexandrian Jew, described in the New Testament (Acts 18:24-28). Until his `conversion` by Apollyon Name given to the devil (Revelation 9.11) as a translation of the Hebrew Abaddon (the angel of the bottomless pit). ... apologetics Philosophical writings that attempt to refute attacks on the Christian faith. Apologists include St Justin, Origen, St Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Blaise Pascal, and Joseph Butler. The questions... apostasy Public rejection of one's faith or taking up of another faith. An example of this is apostle In the New Testament, any of the chosen 12 Apostles Discussion group founded in 1820 at Cambridge University, England; members have included the poet Tennyson, the philosophers G E Moore and Bertrand Russell, the writers Lytton Strachey and Leonard... Apostles' Creed In the Christian church, the oldest of the apostles' days Feasts of commemoration of the Apostolic Age Early period in the Christian church dominated by those personally known to Jesus or his disciples. ... Apostolic Fathers Christian writers intermediate between the apostles and the later apologists (see apostolic succession Doctrine in the Christian church that certain spiritual powers were received by the first apostles directly from Jesus, and have been handed down in the ceremony of `laying on of hands` from... Apostolius, Michael (died c. 1480) Greek theologian, a native of Constantinople. When the Turks conquered the city he fled to Italy, where his defence of Plato against Aristotle lost him the protection of his patron Cardinal... apotheosis Another word for apparatchik In a communist political system, an employee of the apparat, or state bureaucracy; that is, a full-time, senior party official. ... apparition Supernatural appearance in the image of a living or dead person or animal, or an inanimate object. A ghost is specifically the apparition of a deceased human or animal. In its widest sense, the... apparitor In Roman times, an attendant on magistrates who saw to the execution of their orders; in the modern English ecclesiastical courts, the officer who serves processes of the court and causes defendants... appeal In law, an application for a rehearing of all or part of an issue that has already been dealt with by a lower court or tribunal. The outcome can be a new decision on all or part of the points... appearance In philosophy, what is visible, or manifest to the senses, but is ultimately illusory. Hence, appearance is usually contrasted with reality, and so the term often occurs in appeasement Historically, the conciliatory policy adopted by the British government, in particular under Neville Chamberlain, towards the Nazi and fascist dictators in Europe in the 1930s in an effort to... Appel, Karel Christian (1921-2006) Dutch painter and sculptor. He was a founder of the expressionist group apperception In philosophy, a term introduced by Gottfried Leibniz to denote the process by which the mind gets hold of the `perceptions` of sense and turns them into conscious knowledge. Immanuel Kant... Apperley, Charles James (1779-1843) Welsh sporting writer, who used the pseudonym `Nimrod`. His best-known works include Nimrod's Hunting Tours (1835), The Chase, the Turf and the Road (1837), Memoirs of the Life of the Late... Appia, Adolphe (1862-1928) Swiss stage designer and theorist. A proponent of symbolic design, he advocated reducing the importance of the actor as well as developing the atmospheric use of theatrical lighting. His theories... Appian Way Ancient Roman road, running southeast from Rome. Work on it began in 312 BC, ordered by the censor Appius Claudius Applegate, Jesse (1811-1888) US colonist and cattleman. Applegate raised beef cattle in the Umpqua valley and wrote the Western classic A Day with the Cow Column in 1843 (1876). He was an influential supporter of President... Appleseed, Johnny Character in US folk legend based on the US pioneer John applied arts Arts used in the design or decoration of functional objects such as glassware, furniture, and pottery. They are distinguished from the fine arts, whose main purpose is predominantly aesthetic,... appliqué Embroidery used to create pictures or patterns by `applying` pieces of material onto a background fabric. The pieces are cut into the appropriate shapes and sewn on, providing decoration for... Appomattox Court House Former town in Virginia, USA, scene of the surrender on 9 April 1865 of the Confederate army under Robert E Lee to the Union army under Ulysses S Grant, which ended the American Civil War. The house... Apponyi, Albert (1846-1933) Hungarian statesman. He became a member of parliament in 1872, established the National party in 1892 in opposition, joined the Liberals (the government party) in 1899, and defected in 1903. He... apport In appropriation In law, the setting aside of money or other property to be applied exclusively to one use. In English civil law, a debtor who owes separate amounts to the same creditor is entitled when making a... Appropriation Act In constitutional finance, both in the US Congress and the UK Parliament, one of several special Appropriation Acts passed every session to authorize payments by... appropriation account An account that shows how the APR Abbreviation for Apries Egyptian king, son of Psamtik II and fourth king (c. 588-569 BC) of the 26th dynasty. He occupied Phoenicia but failed to save Jerusalem when it was besieged by Babylonians. His army, sent against... apse Semicircular or polygonal end to or extension of a religious or secular building, Roman in origin; it is usually covered with a semidomed or vaulted ceiling. In Early Christian churches it included... Apsley House Mansion at the southeast corner of Hyde Park, London. Home of the dukes of Wellington from 1820; now the Wellington Museum. It was originally built in 1771-8 for Baron Apsley, 2nd Earl Bathurst... Apsu In the mythology and religion of Mesopotamia, primordial sweet-water god, associated with Apuleius, Lucius (lived 2nd century AD) Roman lawyer, philosopher, and writer. He was the author of Aquae Sulis Roman name of the city of Bath in the west of England. ... aquatint Printmaking technique. When combined with Aquaviva, Claudius (1543-1615) Italian theologian, the fifth general of the Aquila and Priscilla (or Aquila and Prisca) (lived 1st century AD) Jewish leatherworker of Pontus and his wife. They went with St Paul to Ephesus, where their house became a Christian meeting place. Aquileia Ancient town in northeastern Italy, at the head of the Adriatic Sea. It was founded in 181 BC by the Romans, who were attracted both by its strategic position (it controlled routes across the Alps)... Aquinas, St Thomas (1225-1274) Italian philosopher and theologian, the greatest figure of the school of Aquincum Ancient Roman town, situated near the present city of Budapest, Hungary. By the 3rd century AD, Aquincum had become the capital of Lower Pannonia, and Valentinian II was proclaimed emperor here 375.... Aquino, (Maria) Corazon (1933) Filipino centrist politician, president 1986-92. She was instrumental in the nonviolent overthrow of President Ferdinand Ara Pacis Elaborately sculpted altar in Rome, consecrated in 13 BC to mark the return of Arab Any of the Semitic (see Arab Common Market Organization providing for the abolition of customs duties on agricultural products, and reductions on other items, between the member states: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Mauritania, Syria, and... Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development Association established 1968 by the Arab League Organization of Arab states established in Cairo in 1945 to promote Arab unity, primarily in opposition to Israel. The original members were Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Transjordan (Jordan 1949),... Arab Maghreb Union Association formed in 1989 by Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia to formulate common policies on military, economic, international, and cultural issues. ... Arab Monetary Fund Money reserve established in 1976 by many Arab states plus the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to provide a mechanism for promoting greater stability in exchange rates and to coordinate Arab... Arab-Israeli Wars Series of wars and territorial conflicts between Israel and various Arab states in the Middle East since the founding of the state of Israel in May 1948. These include the war of 1948-49; the 1956... arabesque In the visual arts and architectural design, a linear decoration based on plant forms. Arabesque motifs are complicated, intertwined, flowing designs first found in ancient Arabic art - hence the... Arabian Nights Tales in oral circulation among Arab storytellers from the 10th century, probably having their roots in India. They are also known as The Thousand and One Nights and include `Ali Baba`,... Arabic literature Literature written in the Arabic language, the literature of Arabs and the Islamic world. 6th century-750 Arabic literature has its beginnings in pre-Islamic poetry with its highly developed... Arachne In Greek mythology, a Lydian woman who was so skilful a weaver that she challenged the goddess Arado German aircraft of World War II, including the AR 196 floatplane and the AR 234, the first German jet bomber. The principal model was the AR 196, a twin-float low-wing monoplane used as a... Arafat Hill and plain about 24 km/15 mi east and about 19 km/12 mi southwest of Mecca. The hill is granite and rises to 61 m/200 ft. The most important ceremony of the Muslim pilgrimage, or Arafat, Yassir (1929-2004) Palestinian nationalist politician, cofounder of the al- Aragon, Louis (1897-1982) French poet and novelist. Beginning as a Dadaist, he became one of the leaders of Surrealism, published volumes of verse, and in 1930 joined the Communist Party. Taken prisoner in World War II, he... Arahat In Buddhism, a being who has realized Arakan State of Arakan, Battles of In World War II, series of British offensives 1942-45 to dislodge the Japanese from Arakan, a coastal region of Burma (now Myanmar) offering an invasion route from India with... Arakcheev, Alexsei Andreevich (1769-1834) Russian noble. A favourite of Tsar Alexander I, he became war minister 1808 and greatly influenced internal policy in the spirit of extreme reaction. In Russia his name has become a symbol of... Aram Probably the name of a people, applied to the country north and northeast of Palestine from the Mediterranean to the middle of Mesopotamia. In the Old Testament, Aram occurs in several combinations... Aram, Eugene (1704-1759) English murderer, the subject of works by the English novelist Edward Bulwer Araña Osorio, Carlos (1918-2003) Guatemalan soldier and right-wing politician, president 1970-74. He was elected president on a programme of law and order and social reform. However, although a five-year development plan was... Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea (1718-1798) Spanish politician and general. In 1766 he was called on by Charles II to restore order in Madrid, and, having done so, became chief minister in Spain. He fell from power 1792, due largely to his... Arany, János (1817-1882) Hungarian writer. His comic epic The Lost Constitution (1846) was followed in 1847 by Toldi, a product of the popular nationalist school. In 1864 his epic masterpiece The Death of King Buda... Arapaho Member of an American Indian people who moved from Minnesota and North Dakota to the upper Missouri River area in the 17th century, where they became close allies of the Aras River rising in northeastern Turkey and flowing east through Armenia and Azerbaijan to the Caspian Sea; length 1,100 km/660 mi. Artaxata, the ancient capital of Armenia, was situated on the river... Aras an Uachtaráin Residence of the president of the Republic of Ireland, in Phoenix Park, Dublin. Formerly known as Phoenix Lodge and later Viceregal Lodge, this large house dates from 1751 and was designed and built... Arason, Jón (1484-1550) Icelandic priest, bishop of the northern diocese in Iceland. He introduced printing there, about 1530, and vigorously opposed the Lutheran Aratus (315-245 BC) Greek poet. While residing at the court of Aratus of Sicyon (271-213 BC) Greek soldier and politician. He was instrumental in the growth of the Araucanian Indian Member of a group of South American peoples native to central Chile and the Argentine pampas. They were agriculturalists and hunters, as well as renowned warriors, defeating... Araunah (or Ornan) In the Old Testament, the Jebusite owner of a threshing floor on Mount Moriah that David purchased as the site of an altar to halt a plague. This afterwards became the site of... Arawak Indigenous American people of the Caribbean and northeastern Amazon Basin. Arawaks lived mainly by shifting cultivation in tropical forests. They were driven out of many West Indian islands by... Arbaces (lived 8th/9th century BC) Founder of the Median Empire about 830 BC, according to 5th-century BC Greek historian Ctesias; however, there are inscriptions of Sargon II of Assyria where mention is made of one Arbaku, a... Arbela Ancient name for the modern Kurdish city of Irbil. ... Arbenz Guzmán, Jácobo (1913-1971) Guatemalan social democratic politician and president from 1951 until his overthrow in 1954 by army rebels led by Carlos Castillo Armas, operating with the help of the US... Arbez, Edward (Philip), S S (1881-1967) French-born Catholic theologian. Emigrating to the USA as a seminarian, he studied Near Eastern languages before being ordained a Sulpician priest. Arbez, who taught at Catholic University, earned... arbitrageur In finance, a person who buys securities (such as currency or commodities) in one country or market for immediate resale in another market, to take advantage of different prices. Arbitrage became... arbitration Submission of a dispute to a third, unbiased party for settlement. It may be personal litigation (legal action), a trade-union issue, or an international dispute. Following the Hague Conventions... Arbogast (died 394) Barbarian officer of the Roman army at the end of the 4th century. He served with distinction against the Goths, and was sent against Maximus, whom he defeated 388. He then became the chief minister... Arbor Low Megalithic structure near Bakewell, Derbyshire, in England. A circle of 30 stones, now overturned, enclosing a megalithic ruin, is surrounded by a fosse and rampart 76 m/250 ft across. It dates from... Arbroath, Declaration of Declaration made on 26 April 1320 by Scottish nobles of their loyalty to King (1667-1735) Scottish writer and physician. He attended Prince George and then Queen Anne from 1705 to 1714. He was a friend of Alexander Pope, Thomas Gray, and Jonathan Swift and was the chief author of the... Arc de Triomphe Arch at the head of the Champs Elysées in the Place de l'Etoile, Paris, France, begun by Napoleon in 1806 and completed in 1836. It was intended to commemorate Napoleon's victories of 1805-06 and... | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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