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courtly love Medieval European code of amorous conduct between noblemen and noblewomen. It inspired a genre of medieval and 16th-century art and literature, including the 14th-century Romance of the Rose and... Courtneidge, Cicely Esmeralda (1893-1980) English comic actor and singer. She appeared both on stage and in films. She married comedian Jack Hulbert (1892-1978), with whom she formed a successful v ... Courtney, Kathleen D'Olier (1878-1974) English suffragette and world peace activist. A founder of the Women's International League for Peace, she chaired the British section and was on the executive of the British League of Nations Union... Courtrai, Battle of Defeat of French knights on 11 July 1302 by the Flemings of Ghent and Bruges. It is also called the Battle of the Spurs from the 700 pairs of gilded spurs, taken from the defeated knights, which... cousin The child of one's uncle or aunt. Children of brothers or sisters are full, or first, cousins. If A and B are first cousins, A's child is a first cousin once removed to B, and children of A and B... Cousin-Montauban, Charles Guillaume Marie Apollinaire (1796-1878) French general. He was premier and war minister from August to September 1870, at the beginning of the Cousin, Jean (1490-c. 1560) French painter of the Cousin, Victor (1792-1867) French philosopher who helped to introduce German philosophical ideas into France. In 1840 he was minister of public instruction and reorganized the system of elementary education. ... Cousins, Frank (1904-1986) British trade unionist and politician. He was general secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU) 1956-69, and was minister of technology 1964-66 and Labour member of Parliament... Cousins, Norman (born c. 1915) US editor, humanitarian and author. He was active in promoting various educational, humanitarian, and world-peace initiatives. He was born in Union Hill, New Jersey. As editor of the Saturday... Couthon, Georges (1755-1794) French revolutionary. He became president of the Couto, Diogo do (1542-1616) Portuguese historian. He was born in Lisbon and educated at the Jesuit college there. In 1559 do Couto sailed to India, where he spent virtually all of his adult life. King Philip II appointed him... Coutts, Thomas (1735-1822) British banker. He established with his brother the firm of Coutts & Co. (one of London's oldest banking houses, founded in 1692 in the Strand), becoming sole head on the latter's death in 1778.... Couture, Thomas (1815-1879) French painter. He was a pupil of Antoine-Jean couvade Custom in some societies where a man behaves as if he were about to give birth when his child is being born - including feeling or appearing to feel real pa ... Couve de Murville, Jacques Maurice (1907-1999) French politician and diplomat, prime minister 1968-69. He was minister of foreign affairs 1958-68 and succeeded Georges Pompidou as prime minister. He was president of the foreign affairs... Couzens, James (1872-1936) Canadian-born US industrialist, Republican senator, and philanthropist. One of the original investors in the Ford Motor Company, he was general manager, and a major factor in the company's early... Covarrubias, Alonso de (c. 1488-1564) Spanish architect and sculptor. His works, which mark the transition from the Gothic style to one increasingly influenced by Italian fashions, include the chapel of the New Kings (1531-34) in... covenant Solemn agreement between two parties. In Judaism, it describes especially the relationship between God and the Jewish people, based on God's promise to Abraham and his descendants in the Book of... Covenanter In Scottish history, one of the Presbyterian Christians who swore to uphold their forms of worship in a National Covenant, signed on 28 February 1638, when Coventry, John (died 1682) English politician. During a parliamentary debate on theatres in 1670 he indicated that King Charles II's interest was really in the female actors, for which he was attacked and had his nose slit.... Coverdale, Miles (1488-1568) English Protestant priest whose translation of the Bible (1535) was the first complete version to be printed in English. His translation of the psalms is that retained in the... cow protection In Hinduism, the special protection and respect accorded to cows and bulls. Hindus believe that it is wrong to kill or harm any animal, since all living things are part of the same atman (universal... Coward, Noël Peirce (1899-1973) English dramatist, actor, revue-writer, director, and composer. He epitomized the witty and sophisticated man of the theatre. From his first success with The Young Idea (1923), he wrote and... cowboy US cattle herder working on horseback; one of the great figures of American history and part of the folklore of the rugged adventurous West portrayed in books, films, and plays. Thousands of cowboys... Cowell Family of English actors. Joseph Leathley Cowell (1792-1863) was a comedian and became very popular in the USA. His best-known part was Crack in The Turnpike Gate 1799 by Thomas Knight (died... Cowell, Simon Phillip (1959) English music and television producer. He is notorious for his acid tongue as a judge on the hit television series Pop Idol (2001, 2004) in the UK and American Idol (2002) in the USA, talent shows... Cowley, Abraham (1618-1667) English poet. He introduced the Pindaric ode (based on the work of the Greek poet Cowley, Malcolm (1898-1989) US literary critic and editor. As literary advisor to Viking Press from 1948-85, he edited popularly available editions of selected works of writers from Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman to F... Cowper, William (1731-1800) English poet. His verse anticipates Romanticism and includes the six books of The Task (1785). He also wrote hymns (including `God Moves in a Mysterious Way`). Cowper's work is important for its... Cox, Archibald (1912-2004) US professor of law and solicitor general. He is best known as director of the office of the Watergate special prosecution force in 1973; he was fired when he demanded that President Richard Nixon... Cox, David (1783-1859) English artist. He studied under John Cox, Edward Eugene (1880-1952) US Democratic representative. A congressman 1925-52, he was a member of the powerful Rules Committee, and lead the Southern Democrats opposed to the New Deal. He was born in Mitchell County,... Cox, George Barnsdale (1853-1916) US political boss. Active in Republican politics, he exercised considerable influence in the Republican Party in Ohio 1888-1910. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and was a bar owner there. He... Cox, James Middleton (1870-1957) US editor, publisher, Democratic representative, and governor. He built the Cox Enterprises newspaper conglomerate. He lost the 1920 presidential election to Warren Harding. He was born in... Cox, Kenyon (1856-1919) US painter and art critic. He painted Augustus St Gaudens, the famous sculptor, in 1908. His art criticism, such as Painters and Sculptors (1907), was widely read. He was born in Warren, Ohio. An... Coxcie (or Coxcyen), Michiel van (1499-1592) Flemish painter and engraver. After a visit to Rome he based his style on that of Coxey's Army March of the unemployed from Ohio to Washington, DC, USA, during the depression of the mid-1890s, led by business executive Joseph S Coxey (1854-1951). Some 500 marchers demonstrating outside... coyne and livery In Irish history, a general term employed by English commentators to cover the various feudal and arbitrary exactions imposed by Gaelic Irish and Anglo-Irish lords in late-medieval and... Coypel (lived mid-17th-mid-18th century) Four French painters of the same family, born in Paris: Noël (1628-1707), his sons Antoine (1661-1722) and Noël Nicholas (1690-1734), and Antoine's son Charles-Antoine (1694-1752). Noël... Coysevox, Antoine (1640-1720) French baroque sculptor at the court of Louis XIV. He was employed at the palace of Versailles, contributing a stucco relief of a triumphant Louis XIV to the Salon de la Guerre. He also produced... Cozens, John Robert (1752-1797) English landscape painter, a watercolourist. His romantic views of Europe, mostly Alpine and Italian views, painted on tours in the 1770s and 1780s, were very popular and greatly influenced the... Cozzens, James Gould (1903-1978) US writer. Often promoting socially conservative views, his novels focused on the world of male professionals; his best-known works are carefully crafted character studies such as Guard of Honor... CPP Abbreviation for current purchasing power. ... Crab In World War II, modified Crab, Roger (c. 1621-1680) English hermit. He practised great austerity and was accused of witchcraft, imprisoned, cudgelled, and put in the stocks. He published The English Hermite 1655, Dagon's Downfall 1657, and tracts... Crabbe, George (1754-1832) English poet. He wrote grimly realistic verse about the poor:The Village (1783), The Parish Register (1807), The Borough (1810) (which includes the story used in Benjamin... Crabtree, Charlotte (1847-1924) US actor. She played child parts, for example Little Nell, and appeared in burlesques and plays written for her, preserving a look of youth and innocence right up to her retirement in 1891. ... Crabtree, William (1905-1991) English architect. He designed the Peter Jones department store in Sloane Square, London, 1935-39, regarded as one of the finest Modern Movement buildings in England. The building was technically... Crace, Jim British novelist. His 1997 novel Quarantine won the 1997 Whitbread Novel Award and was shortlisted for the 1997 Booker Prize. He also published Continent (1986), The Gift of Stones (1988), Arcadia... Cradock, Christopher (1862-1914) English rear admiral. He commanded the cruiser squadron at the Battle of Cradock, Fanny (Phyllis) (1909-1994) English television cook who is less remembered for her recipes than for her comically strident manner and brusque on-screen treatment of her embattled husband Johnny. Together they wrote a number... craft The creation or decoration of handmade artefacts with a practical purpose, using technical skill and manual dexterity. Crafts may be culture specific, such as Sioux beadwork in craft union Union that represents skilled manual or `craft` workers, traditionally trained through apprenticeship schemes. Craft unions were first formed in... Cragg, Tony (1949) English sculptor, based in Germany since 1977. His early work consisted of almost flat arrangements of junk material, sometimes displayed like a picture on a wall, sometimes on the floor. From the... Craig, (Edward Henry) Gordon (1872-1966) English director and stage designer. His innovations and theories on stage design and lighting effects, expounded in On the Art of the Theatre (1911), had a profound influence on stage production in... Craig, James (1871-1940) Ulster Unionist politician; first prime minister of Northern Ireland 1921-40. Elected to Westminster as MP for East Down 1906-18 (Mid-Down 1918-21), he was a highly effective organizer of... Craig, John (c. 1512-1600) Scottish religious reformer, a popular preacher of the Reformation. He escaped execution in Rome for confession of his faith after the death of Pope Paul IV in 1559 and returned to Scotland. In 1574... Craig, Malin (1875-1945) US soldier. He carried out extensive modernization as army chief of staff in the late 1930s. At his direction, the army upgraded mobilization plans, updated armoured equipment and tactics, and... Craigievar Castle Stately 17th-century castle built on a hillside 5 km/3 mi north of Lumphanan, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, by William Forbes. The castle is little altered, and contains magnificent plasterwork in the... Craik, Dinah Maria (1826-1887) English novelist. She was the author of John Halifax, Gentleman (1857), the story of the social betterment of a poor orphan through his own efforts. Born in Stoke-on-Trent, the Midlands, at the... Cram, Ralph Adams (1863-1942) US architect and author. He was an enthusiast for, and an authority on, the Gothic style. As senior partner of Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson he helped to design many American buildings, for example: the... cramp ring In Britain, in the 11th to 16th centuries, a ring worn to ward off attacks of cramp. Rings blessed by the sovereign on Good Friday, made of gold and silver coins offered by him, were supposed to... Cranach, Lucas the Elder (1472-1553) German painter, etcher, and woodcut artist. A leading figure in the German Renaissance, he painted religious scenes, allegories (many featuring full-length nudes), and precise and polished... Cranch, William (1769-1855) US jurist. He served 54 years on the US Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, the last 50 1805-55, as its chief justice. He was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts, the nephew of future US... Crane, (Harold) Hart (1899-1932) US poet. His long mystical poem The Bridge (1930) uses the Brooklyn Bridge as a symbolic key to the harmonizing myth of modern America, seeking to link humanity's present with its past in an epic... Crane, (Robert) Bruce (1857-1937) US painter. A respected colour tonalist and Impressionist, he painted such works as December Uplands (1919). He was born in New York City. He studied with A H Wyant (c. 1877) in New York, and in... Crane, Charles Richard (1858-1939) US internationalist and philanthropist. He was the largest single contributor to Woodrow Wilson's campaign for the presidency in 1912. He cowrote (with Henry Churchill King) the Crane-King report... Crane, R S (Ronald Salmon) (1886-1967) US literary critic and educator. A professor at the University of Chicago 1935-52, and founder of the Chicago School of literary criticism, he energetically upheld... Crane, Stephen (1871-1900) US writer and poet who introduced grim realism into the US novel. His book The Red Badge of Courage (1895) deals vividly with the US Civil War... Crane, Walter (1845-1915) English artist, designer, and book illustrator. Strongly influenced by the Pre-Raphaelites and William Cranmer, Thomas (1489-1556) English cleric, archbishop of Canterbury from 1533. A Protestant convert, he helped to shape the doctrines of the Church of England under crannog Artificial island and Cranston, Alan (MacGregor) (1914-2000) US Democratic senator. Elected to the US Senate for California 1968-92, he ran unsuccessfully for the presidential nomination in 1984. He supported disarmament and liberal domestic policies. He... Crapsey, Adelaide (1878-1914) US poet. Her work anticipated that of the Imagist poets, as seen in her `Verses` (1915). She was born in Brooklyn Heights, New York. She attended Vassar 1897-1901, studied archaeology in Rome... craquelure Network of fine cracks on a painting's surface that are due to age. In tempera paintings the cracks are barely visible, whereas in oil paintings they can be very distinctive. Craquelure is an... Crashaw, Richard (c. 1613-1649) English religious poet of the metaphysical school. He published a book of Latin sacred epigrams, Epigrammatum Sacrorum Liber (1634). His principal sacred poems were published in Steps... Crassus the Elder, Marcus Licinius (115-53 BC) Roman general who crushed the Spartacus Revolt in 71 BC and became consul in 70 BC. In 60 BC he joined with Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great in the First Triumvirate and obtained a command in the... Crassus the Younger, Marcus Licinius Roman general, grandson of the triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus the Elder. He fought first with Sextus Pompeius and Mark Antony before defecting to Octavian (later the emperor Augustus). In 29 BC he... Crater, Joseph Force (1889-c. 1930) US lawyer and judge. He practised law in New York City, and became active in Tammany Hall Democratic politics. He was born in Easton, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Lafayette College in 1910, and... Craterus (died 321 BC) Macedonian general. When Alexander the Great died 323 BC, Craterus became joint regent of Macedonia and Greece with the general Crates (lived 5th century BC) Athenian writer of the Old Comedy (see Crathes Castle Castle near Crathes, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, built 1546-96 on the north side of the River Dee by the Burnett family. It contains original Cratinus (c. 520-423 BC) Greek comic dramatist, predecessor of Craven, Wayne (1930) US art historian and writer. Regarded as a leading historian of American sculpture, he published numerous works, including Sculpture in America: The Colonial Period to the Present (1984). He was... Crawford and Balcarres, Earl of Title of members of the Scottish family of Lindsay. The first of this name to settle in Scotland was probably Walter de Lindsay, an Anglo-Norman baron of the reign of David I (1124-1153). The... Crawford, (John Wallace) `Captain Jack` (1847-1917) Irish-born US scout and author who came to the USA in 1854. He served with the Union forces in the US Civil War and as a scout in campaigns against the Sioux and Apache Indians. He wrote books and... Crawford, Cheryl (1902-1986) US actor, director, and producer. One of the founders of the Group Theatre in 1931, she also helped found the American Repertory Theatre in 1946, the Actors Studio in 1947, and became a director of... Crawford, Francis Marion (1854-1909) US novelist, born in Italy. His novels, set in various countries, include Mr Isaacs (1882), A Roman Singer (1884), Saracinesca (1887), and A Cigarette Maker's Romance (1890). ... Crawford, Osbert Guy Stanhope (1886-1957) British archaeologist. He introduced aerial survey as a means of finding and interpreting remains, an idea conceived during World War I. A leading field archaeologist, he was the first archaeology... Crawford, Robert (c. 1695-1733) Scottish poet. He is chiefly remembered for his songs, such as `Tweedside`, `The Bush aboon Traquair`, and `The Broom of Cowdenknowes`, many of which were published in the Orpheus... Crawford, Thomas (c. 1813-1857) US- (or Irish-)born sculptor who settled permanently in Rome in 1835. He was a woodcarver (c. 1827) and a stone cutter (c. 1832). Essentially an imitator of classical sculpture, he created... Crawfurd, Thomas (c. 1530-1603) Scottish soldier. He was taken prisoner by the English at the Battle of Crawhall, Joseph (1861-1913) English painter. In his watercolours of animals and birds, he showed an unusual capacity for rendering essentials with simplified brushstrokes. The Dove (Tate Gallery, London) is a good example. ... crawling peg In economics, a method of achieving a desired adjustment in a currency exchange rate (up or down) by small percentages over a given period, rather than by major revaluation or devaluation. Some... Craxi, Bettino (Benedetto) (1934-2000) Italian socialist politician, leader of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) 1976-93, prime minister 1983-87. In 1993 he was one of many politicians suspected of involvement in Italy's corruption... Crayer (or Craeyer), Gaspar de (1584-1669) Flemish painter. He was greatly influenced by Peter Paul crayon Drawing stick made of a mineral substance (chalk, lamp black, charcoal, or red ochre) that is fixed in an oil or wax medium. ... Crazy Horse (1849-1877) American Indian Sioux chief, one of the leaders at the massacre of Crazy Snake (1846-1912) American Indian Creek chief. He was born in the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). In 1897, he set up the `Snake Government`, a traditional body designed to counter the legal dissolution... creamware A fine lead-glazed earthenware, composed of white clay from Devonshire, coloured and low-fired. It was invented in Staffordshire soon after 1720 and perfected by Josiah Creang&acaron;, Ion (1837-1889) Romanian writer. A friend of Mihai Eminescu, he frequented the literary circle known as Junimea (`youth`), where he presented his short stories based on folklore. His most successful work, the... Creasy, Edward Shepherd (1812-1878) English historian and lawyer. He was appointed professor of history at London University in 1840 and was chief justice of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) 1860-70. His best-known work is The Fifteen... creation In Judaism and Christianity, God's creation of the universe. It is described in creation myth Legend of the origin of the world. All cultures have ancient stories of the creation of the Earth or its inhabitants. Often these involve the violent death of a primordial being from whose body... Creation of Adam, The Fresco (Sistine Chapel ceiling, Vatican) by creationism Theory concerned with the origins of matter and life, claiming, as does the Bible in Genesis, that the world and humanity were created by a supernatural Creator, not more than 6,000 years ago. It... creative accounting Organizing and presenting company accounts in a way that, although desirable for the company concerned, relies on a liberal and unorthodox interpretation of general accountancy procedures. Creative... Crécy, Battle of First major battle of the credentials Instruments which an ambassador, envoy, or other diplomatic agent receives from their own government authorizing them to appear in their diplomatic character and defining their powers. The... Credi, Lorenzo di (1458-1537) Italian painter. In his sensitive Madonnas and other decorous religious paintings, his fondness for painting children appears. An example is Madonna and Child (Louvre, Paris). A fellow pupil with... credit In economics, a means by which goods or services are obtained without immediate payment, usually by agreeing to pay interest. The three main forms are consumer credit (usually given to individuals... credit card Card issued by a credit company, retail outlet, or bank, which enables the holder to obtain goods or services on credit (usually to a specified limit), payable on specified terms. The first credit... Crédit Mobilier scandal US financial scandal 1872 in which more than a dozen US congressmen, including the future president James A Garfield, were implicated. It involved corrupt dealings by the Crédit Mobilier... Crédit Mobilier Institution formed simultaneously with the Crédit Foncier in 1852 in France for making advances on the security of personal or moveable estate. It was taken over in 1932 by the... credit rating Measure of the willingness or ability to pay for goods, loans, or services rendered by an individual, company, or country. The lower the credit rating of a firm, the higher the interest charged by... creditor Individual or business organization that is owed money by another individual or business. Money owed to creditors by a company is a Member of an American Indian people who inhabited the subarctic regions of Canada (northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories to Québec). They are divided into the Woodland Cree and the... creed In general, any system of belief; in the Christian church the verbal confessions of faith expressing the accepted doctrines of the church. The different forms are the Apostles'... Creed, Martin (1968) English artist. His works are typically minimalist, using everyday, mundane media and reflecting an antimaterialism and playful wit. His widely exhibited Work No 200, `half the air in a given... Creek Member of an American Indian people who lived in the southeastern USA (parts of Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Tennessee); they are thought to be descendants of the prehistoric... Creel, George (1876-1953) US journalist and government official. Investigative journalist who founded the Kansas City Independent (1898-1909). During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson appointed him head of the... Creeley, Robert (White) (1926-2005) US poet and writer. Best known for his poetry, as in `Mirrors` (1983), he also wrote criticism and fiction. He was born in Arlington, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard 1943-46, Black... Creelman, James (1859-1915) Canadian journalist. A leading reporter for the New York World, New York Journal, and other publications, he was known for his intrepid coverage of wars and insurrections around the globe. He was... Creevey, Thomas (1768-1838) British Whig politician and diarist whose lively letters and journals give information about early 19th-century society and politics. He was a member of Parliament and... Creighton, James Edwin (1861-1924) Canadian philosopher. He was a cofounder and first president (1902-03) of the American Philosophical Association. His own philosophy was idealistic. He was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia. In 1892,... Creighton, Mandell (1843-1901) English bishop and historian. He was bishop of Peterborough 1891-97, and bishop of London 1897-1901, and professor of ecclesiastical history at C ... cremation Disposal of the dead by burning. The custom was universal among ancient Indo-European peoples, for example, the Greeks, Romans, and Teutons. It was discontinued among Christians until the late... Cremer, William Randal (1838-1908) English trade unionist and pacifist politician. He founded the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners in 1860, and the Inter-Parliamentary Conferences on Peace... Cremin, Lawrence (Arthur) (1925-1990) US historian and educator. His major published works include 3-volume history of American education (1970-80), which won a Pulitzer Prize, and Popular Education and its Discontents (1990). He... Creole In the West Indies and Spanish America, originally someone of European descent born in the New World; later someone of mixed European and African descent. In Louisiana and other states on the Gulf... Creon In Greek mythology, a king of Corinth and father of Glauce, the second wife of Jason. ... Creon In Greek mythology, brother of crepe Fabric woven from yarns spun with an extra-high twist, giving it a crinkled texture and good drape and handle. The effect can be imitated by various chemical finishes applied selectively, causing... Crerar, Henry Duncan Graham (1888-1965) Canadian general. Appointed Chief of the Canadian General Staff 1940, he was sent to Britain to organize the training of Canadian troops as they arrived. He resigned 1941 and took a drop in rank to... crescent Curved shape of the Moon when it appears less than half illuminated. It also refers to any object or symbol resembling the crescent Moon. Often associated with Islam, it was first used by the Turks... Crescimbeni, Giovanni Maria (1663-1728) Italian poet and critic. His Istoria della volgar poesia (1698; revised 1714), is still a standard work on the history of Italian poetry. The Commentari intorno alla storia della volgar poesia... Crespi, Giovanni Battista (1557-1633) Italian painter, sculptor, and architect. He was one of the most important artistic figures of his day in Milan. He studied in Milan, Rome, and Venice, and from 1620 was director of the painting... Crespi, Giuseppe Maria (1665-1747) Italian painter and etcher. The last noteworthy baroque artist in Bologna, he was a painter of historical and genre scenes, and portraits. He was also a brilliant caricaturist. He was a fine... Crespo, Joaquín (1845-1898) Venezuelan president 1884-86, 1892-98. A puppet of Antonia Guzman Blanco during his first term in office, Crespo seized power 1892 and is noted for his involvement in a boundary dispute with... Cressey, Donald R (1919-1987) US sociologist of crime. An authority on juvenile delinquency, organized crime, embezzlement, and other white-collar crimes, he served as an adviser to national and state agencies concerned with... Cressida Literary name of the Cresson, Edith (1934) French socialist politican, the first woman prime minister of France 1991-92. A longstanding supporter of François Cressy, HMS British armoured cruiser, sister ship of HMS Cret, Paul Philippe (1876-1945) French-born US architect and educator who emigrated to Philadelphia in 1903. Particularly prolific during the 1920s, he designed civic and memorial buildings in a modern classical style adapted to... Crete, Battle of In World War II, costly but successful German operation to capture the island of Crete from the Allies May 1941. Both sides suffered massive casualties, in particular the German airborne forces... cretonne Strong unglazed cotton cloth, printed with a design and used for wall hangings and upholstery. It originally referred to a fabric with an unusual weave of hempen warp and linen weft, made in France.... Crèvecoeur, Michel Guillaume Jean de (1735-1813) French-born US writer. He used the pseudonym Hector St John. His volume of Letters from an American Farmer (1782), with its descriptions of... Creüsa In Roman mythology, the wife of Aeneas and mother of Ascanius; she died on the night of the fall of Troy. ... Creüsa In Greek mythology, another name for Glauce, second wife of Creüsa In Greek mythology, mother of Janus and Ion by Apollo. She abandoned Ion at his birth and married Xuthus; they were told by the Delphic oracle to adopt Ion. Creüsa planned to poison her son, but he... Crichton, James (1560-1582) Scottish scholar. He was known as `the Admirable Crichton` because of his extraordinary gifts as a poet, scholar, and linguist; he was also an athlete and fencer. According to one account he was... Crichton, Michael (1942) US novelist, screenwriter, film director, and producer. He has written the screenplays for such commercial successes as Jurassic Park (1993), Rising Sun (1993), Twister (1996), and Jurassic Park:... Crick, Francis Harry Compton (1916-2004) English molecular biologist who was awarded a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1962, together with Maurice Wilkins and James Crillon, Louis des Balbes de Berton de (c. 1541-1615) French soldier, called `le Brave`. His valour at the siege of Calais in 1558 and the taking of Guines became almost legendary. At Dreux in 1562 and Montcontour in 1569 he again distinguished... crime Behaviour or action that is punishable by criminal law. A crime is a public, as opposed to a moral, wrong; it is an offence committed against (and hence punishable by) the state or the community at... Crime and Punishment Novel by Russian writer Fyodor crime fiction Genre of crime, organized Illegal operations run like a large business. The best-known such organization is the Crimean War War (1853-56) between Russia and the allied powers of England, France, Turkey, and Sardinia. The war arose from British and French mistrust of Russia's ambitions in the Balkans. It began with an... criminal damage Destruction of or damage to property belonging to another without lawful reason. Damaging property by fire is charged as arson. ... Criminal Injuries Compensation Board UK board established in 1964 to administer financial compensation by the state for victims of crimes of violence. Victims can claim compensation for their injuries, but not for damage to property.... Criminal Investigation Department Detective branch of the London Metropolitan Police, established in 1878, comprising in 1998 a force of 3,834 (3,458 men and 376 women) recruited entirely from the uniformed police... Criminal Justice and Public Order Act UK act of Parliament of November 1994, which created a broad range of new offences and made substantial changes to existing laws in an attempt to tackle those areas where the law was felt to be... criminal law Body of law that defines the public wrongs (crimes) that are punishable by the state and establishes methods of prosecution and punishment. It is distinct from Crippen, Hawley Harvey (1861-1910) US murderer who killed his wife, variety artist Belle Elmore, in 1910. He buried her remains in the cellar of his London home and tried to escape to the USA with his mistress Ethel le Neve (dressed... Cripps, (Richard) Stafford (1889-1952) British Labour politician, representing Bristol East 1931-52, and expelled from the Labour Party 1939-45 for supporting a `Popular Front` aga ... Crisp, Charles (Frederick) (1845-1896) US Democratic representative. Elected to Congress for Georgia 1883-96), he became Democratic leader and Speaker of the House 1891-95. He was born in Sheffield, England to actor parents who were... Crisp, Quentin (1908-1999) English writer, entertainer, and gay icon. He is best known for his autobiography The Naked Civil Servant (1968), filmed for television in 1975, starring the English actor John Hurt. ... Crispi, Francesco (1819-1901) Italian prime minister 1887-91 and 1893-96. He advocated the Crispin, St (died c. 285) Christian martyr, the patron saint of shoemakers. With his brother Crispinian, he is said to have left Rome for Gaul, where he worked as a shoemaker. The two brothers were martyred at Soissons;... Crissa Town in ancient Greece, situated southwest of Delphi near Mount Parnassus. Remains of its old walls still exist. Some have identified Crissa with Cirrha, but the general opinion is that Cirrha was... Cristiani Burkard, Alfredo (1947) El Salvadorean right-wing politician, president 1989-94. He negotiated, in December 1991, an end to the 12-year-long civil war with the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMNL)... Critchley, Julian Michael Gordon (1930-2000) UK Conservative Party politician and political journalist. Despite being an MP for over 30 years, he never obtained political office. This was because his liberal, pro-European `one nation`... Criterion Theatre Theatre in Piccadilly Circus, London, built underground. It was designed by Thomas Verity to hold an audience of 675 people. It opened in 1874, but was not successful until 1879 when Charles Criterion, The English quarterly literary review 1922-39 edited by T S Eliot. His poem The Waste Land was published in its first issue. It also published W H Auden, Ezra Pound, James Joyce, and D H Lawrence, and... Critias (c. 460-403 BC) Athenian politician and orator. He was one of the Thirty Tyrants installed as rulers of Athens by the Spartans at the end of the Peloponnesian War 404 BC. He was killed while at war against the... Crittenden, John Jordan (1787-1863) US politician. He was a senator 1835-41, and in 1841 became Attorney General in William Harrison's cabinet. He served as governor of Kentucky 1848-50. He was Attorney General again 1850-53,... Crivelli, Carlo (c. 1435-c. 1495) Italian painter in the early Renaissance style. He was active in Venice and painted extremely detailed, decorated religious works, often festooned with garlands of fruit. The Annunciation (1486;... Cro-Magnon Prehistoric human Homo sapiens sapiens believed to be ancestral to Europeans, the first skeletons of which were found in 1868 in the Cro-Magnon cave near Les Eyzies, in the Dordogne region of... Croat The majority ethnic group in Croatia Country in central Europe, bounded north by Slovenia and Hungary, west by the Adriatic Sea, and east by Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro. Government Croatia is a multiparty... Croce, Benedetto (1866-1952) Italian philosopher, historian, and literary critic; the personification of the intellectual opposition to fascism. His Filosofia dello spirito/Philosophy of the Spirit (1902-17) was a landmark in... crochet Craft technique similar to both Crocker, Chester (Arthur) (1941) US diplomat. He served on the National Security Council 1970-72. As assistant secretary of state for African affairs 1981-89, he pushed for a policy of `constructive... Crockett, Davy (David) (1786-1836) US folk hero, born in Tennessee. He served under Andrew Crockett, Samuel Rutherford (1860-1914) Scottish novelist. In 1893 he published The Stickit Minister, followed by The Raiders and The Lilac Sunbonnet, both 1894. Altoge ... Crockford, William (1775-1844) British gambler, founder in 1827 of Crockford's Club in St James's Street, which became the fashionable place for London society to gamble. ... Crocodile British flame-throwing tank of World War II; a modified version of the Crocus, Cornelius (c. 1500-1550) Dutch educationalist and playwright. One of the first Jesuits, he became known for his school textbooks and for his Latin plays written for performance in schools. Of these the Coemedia Sacra Joseph... Croesus (died 547 BC) Last king of Lydia (in western Asia Minor) 560-547 BC. Famed for his wealth, he expanded Lydian power to its greatest extent, conquering all Anatolia west of the river Halys and entering alliances... croft Small farm in the Highlands of Scotland, traditionally farmed cooperatively with other crofters; the 1886 Crofters Act gave security of tenure to crofters. Today, although grazing land is still... Croft Castle Castle situated northwest of Leominster, Herefordshire, England. The castle and 555-ha/1,371-acre estate were bought by the National Trust in 1957 with the aid of a government grant. The ancient... Crofts, Freeman Wills (1879-1957) Irish writer of detective fiction. Crofts was born in Dublin, and worked on the railways before taking up writing. Among his 35 novels, most of which feature the character Inspector (later... Croghan, George (born c. 1720) Irish-born trader who came to Philadelphia in 1741, learned Indian languages, and soon built a trade empire on the Pennsylvania frontier. He lost the fortune he had accumulated through trading and... Croisset, Francis de. (1877-1937) Belgian dramatist. He made his reputation in Paris as the author of light comedies and travel sketches, including Le Bonheur, Mesdames (1906) and La Féerie cinghalaise/The Sinhalese Enchantment... Croke, Thomas William (1824-1902) Irish churchman and prominent nationalist. As Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cashel and Emly, he promoted Irish cultural and political self-determination through Charles Stewart Parnell's (1780-1857) Irish politician and journalist. He was elected Tory member of Parliament for Downpatrick in 1807, and was secretary to the Admiralty 1809-30. He was a gifted debater and his articles in the... Croker, Richard (1841-1922) Irish-born US Democratic politician; political `boss` (manager) of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine in New York, 1886-1902. Born in Clonakilty, County Cork, he emigrated... Croker, Thomas Crofton (1798-1854) Irish writer and collector of Irish legends. Born in Cork, his works include Researches in the South of Ireland (1824), Fairy Legends and Traditions... | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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