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Brute, Simon William Gabriel (1779-1839) French-born US prelate. He was the first Roman Catholic bishop of the diocese of Vincennes, Indiana. He held an unrivalled place in the US Church from 1818-34, being constantly consulted by the... Bruton, John Gerard (1947) Irish politician, leader of the centrist Fine Gael (United Ireland Party) 1990-2001 and prime minister 1994-97. The collapse of Albert Bruttii A people who inhabited the `toe` of Italy (modern Calabria). Their territory, to which the name Brutus, Lucius Junius (lived 6th century BC) One of the first two elected Roman consuls 509 BC. He took a leading part in the expulsion of the last Roman king, Tarquinius Superbus, and the establishment of the Roman Republic. He executed his... Brutus, Marcus Junius (c. 85 BC-42 BC) Roman senator and general who conspired with Bryan, William Jennings (1860-1925) US politician who campaigned unsuccessfully for the presidency three times: as the Populist and Democratic nominee in 1896, as an anti-imperialist Democrat in 1900, and as a Democratic tariff... Bryant, Arthur Wynne Morgan (1899-1985) British historian who produced studies of Restoration figures such as Pepys and Charles II, and a series covering the Napoleonic Wars including The Age of Elegance 1950. Knighted 1954. ... Bryant, Gridley J F (James Fox) (1816-1899) US architect. His Boston practice prefigured the large architectural firm and designed primarily commercial and public buildings; he rebuilt 110 of his 152 buildings destroyed in... Bryant, William Cullen (1794-1878) US poet and literary figure. His most famous poem, `Thanatopsis`, was published 1817. He was co-owner and co-editor of the New York Evening Post 1829-78 and was involved in Democratic... Bryce, James (1838-1922) British Liberal politician, professor of civil law at Oxford University 1870-93. He entered Parliament 1880, holding office under Gladstone and Rosebery. He was author of The American Commonwealth... Brücke, die Group of German expressionist artists active from 1905 to 1913, originally in Dresden, and later in Berlin. The members chose the name because they wanted to create a bridge to a new, creative... Brüderhof Christian Protestant sect with beliefs similar to the Brygos (lived early 5th century) Greek vase painter in the Red Figure style. He had an exceptionally vigorous and decorative line, a fine example being a cup in the Louvre, Paris, showing Helen's arrival at Troy. ... Brüning, Heinrich (1885-1970) German politician. Elected to the Reichstag (parliament) in 1924, he led the Catholic Centre Party from 1929 and was federal chancellor 1930-32 when political and economic... Bryson, Bill (1951) US writer. He is popular in both the USA and UK for his perceptive, insightful, and comical writing. His works include several travel books, for example The Lost Continent: Travels in Small-Town... Bryusov, Valery Yakovlevich (1873-1924) Russian Symbolist poet, novelist, and critic. He wrote The Fiery Angel (1908). ... Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1928) US academic and Democratic politician, born in Poland; he taught at Harvard University, USA, and became a US citizen in 1949. He was national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter 1977-81 and... BT tanks Soviet medium tanks developed in the 1930s. They were employed successfully in the Spanish Civil War and in the occupations of Finland and Poland during World War II, but were outmatched by German... Buatta, Mario (1935) US interior decorator. Known as the `Prince of Chintz`, he was sought after for his interpretation of the English country house style. In the 1980s he began to design textiles and furniture. He... Bubastis Cult centre, in the Nile delta, of the Egyptian cat-headed goddess Buber, Martin (1878-1965) Austrian-born Israeli philosopher, a Zionist and advocate of the reappraisal of ancient Jewish thought in contemporary terms. His book I and Thou (1923) posited a direct dialogue between the... Bubiyan Uninhabited island off Kuwait, occupied by Iraq in 1990; area about 1,000 sq km/380 sq mi. On 28 February 1991, following Allied success in the Bucaram, Ortiz Abdalá (1952) Ecuadorean politician and president 1996-97. He founded the Ecuadorean Roldosista Party (PRE) in 1982 and was elected mayor of Guayaquil in 1984. In 1996 he succeeded in his bid for the... buccaneer Member of any of various groups of seafarers who plundered Spanish ships and colonies on the Spanish American coast in the 17th century. Unlike true pirates, they were acting... Bucentaur Ship, richly decorated with figures of monsters, in which the doge of Venice sailed every year on Ascension Day to the Adriatic Sea. He then performed the rite of dropping a ring into the water, to... Bucephalus Favourite horse of Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia. Bucephalus died in 326 BC during Alexander's Indian campaign. Alexander built the city... Bucer, Martin (1491-1551) German Protestant reformer who was instrumental in introducing his own brand of Lutheranism to the city of Strasbourg 1523-24. He gained an international reputation second only to that of Luther... Buchan, Anna Real name of Scottish novelist O Buchan, Elspeth (1738-1791) Scottish religious leader. She was the founder of a sect known as the Buchanites. She claimed prophetic inspiration and divine powers. After separation from her husband she met the preacher Hugh... Buchan, John (1875-1940) Scottish writer and politician. His popular adventure stories, today sometimes criticized for their alleged snobbery, sexism, and anti-Semitism, include The Thirty-Nine Steps, a tale of... Buchan, Peter (1790-1854) Scottish printer and ballad collector. His works include Gleanings of Scotch, Irish and English: Scarce Old Ballads (1825) and Ancient Ballads and Songs of the North of Scotland (1828). An... Buchanan, Franklin (1800-1874) US naval officer. He joined the Confederate States Navy in 1861 and commanded the Chesapeake Bay squadron, became a Confederate admiral (1862, was wounded and captured at Mobile Bay (1864), and was... Buchanan, Jack (Walter John) (1890-1957) Scottish musical-comedy actor. His songs such as `Good-Night Vienna` epitomized the period between World Wars I and II. ... Buchanan, James M(cGill) (1919) US economist and the founder of `public choice theory`, the economic study of non-market decision-making or, alternatively expressed, the attempt to complete the theory of market exchange... Buchanan, James (1791-1868) 15th president of the USA 1857-61, a Democrat. He was a member of the US House of Representatives 1821-31, minister to Russia 1832-34, a senator 1834-45, and secretary of state 1845-49.... Buchanan, Pat(rick Joseph) (1938) US right-wing Republican activist and journalist. Although a TV and radio commentator, he often attacked the mass media. He was a candidate for the Republican nom ... Buchanan, Robert Williams (1841-1901) English poet, novelist, and dramatist. His verse includes London Poems (1866). Two of his reviews, `The Buchenwald Site of a Nazi Bucher, Lloyd (Mark) (`Pete`) (1929-2003) US naval officer. In January 1968, he surrendered the Pueblo, when fired on by the North Korean navy. He and his crew were imprisoned until December 1968, and forced to confess the ship had been... Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892) Prussian politician. In 1848 he entered the Prussian national assembly, becoming leader of the extreme Democrats. Charged with various political offences 1860, he fled to Brit ... Buchman, Frank Nathan Daniel (1878-1961) US Christian evangelist. In 1938 he launched in London the anticommunist campaign, the Moral Re-Armament movement. ... Buchwald, (Arthur) Art (1925-2007) US journalist. Starting as a columnist for the European edition of the Herald Tribune, covering the lighter side of Paris life, he later moved to Washington, DC, and his syndicated column of wry... Buck, (Franklyn Howard) Frank (1884-1950) US animal collector and showman. Starting in 1911, he travelled extensively to South America and Asia to buy exotic animals, which he then sold to zoos and circuses in the USA. He soon extended his... Buck, Pearl S(ydenstricker) (1892-1973) US novelist. Daughter of missionaries to China, she spent much of her life there and wrote novels about Chinese life, such as East Wind-West Wind (1930) and The Good Earth (1931), for which she... Buckingham Palace London home of the British sovereign, it stands at the west end of St James's Park. The original Buckingham House, begun in 1703 for the 1st Duke of Buckingham, was sold to... Buckingham, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham (1628-1687) English politician, a member of the Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592-1628) English courtier, adviser to James I and later Charles I. After Charles's accession, Buckingham attempted to form a Protestant coalition in Europe, which led... Buckle, George Earle (1854-1935) English journalist. In 1880 he joined the staff of The Times, which he edited from 1884- 1912. The six years of Unionist rule (1886-92), during which The Times opposed home rule in Ireland, were... Buckler, Ernest Redmond (1908-1984) Canadian novelist. From a Novia Scotia farming background, he has published verse and distinguished short stories, including The Rebellion of Young David and Other Stories (1975). He is best known... Buckley, William F(rank) (1925) US conservative political writer, novelist, and founder-editor of the National Review (1955). In such books as Up from Liberalism (1959), and in a weekly television debate Firing Line, he... Buckley, William (1780-1856) Australian convict who escaped from Port Phillip and lived 1803-35 among the Aborigines before giving himself up, hence Buckley's chance meaning an `outside chance`. ... Buckner, Emory (Roy) (1877-1941) US lawyer. He helped reform the New York US attorney's office 1904-10 and New York City's Police Department 1910-13. In 1925-27 he served as US attorney in New York City, prosecuting a series... Buckner, Simon Bolivar, Jr (1886-1945) US soldier. In April 1945, he commanded the US 10th Army in the invasion of Okinawa, the last great battle on the Pacific front in World War II. He was killed in action on June 18 while inspecting... Buckner, Simon Bolivar (1823-1914) US Confederate soldier. Buckner entered Confederate service as a brigadier general in September 1861. In February 1862, after his two senior officers escaped, he surrendered Fort Donelson, Kentucky,... Buckstone, John Baldwin (1802-1879) English dramatist, actor, and theatre manager. He was an accomplished comedian and a prolific dramatist, mainly of farces and melodrama. He first appeared in London at the Surrey Theatre in 1822; in... Budaeus Latin form of Guillaume Budé. ... Budaeus, Guglielmus Latin name of French scholar Guillaume Buddenbrooks Novel by the German writer Thomas Buddha (c. 563-483 BC) Religious leader, founder of Buddha rupa Picture or statue of the Buddhism One of the great world religions, which originated in India in the 5th century BC. It derives from the teaching of the Buddhism, schools of The two main forms of Buddhist art Art and design of the Buddhist world, since the foundation of Buddhist ethics Questions of right and wrong considered according to Unordained members of the Buddhist religion. Lay Buddhists are bound by the same rules of conduct as ordained Buddhists, except that they follow the The canon of the Buddha's teachings or Budé, Guillaume (1467-1540) French scholar and humanist. Secretary to the French king Budenny, Semyon Mikhailovich (1883-1973) Soviet general. A sergeant-major in the Tsar's army, Budenny joined the Bolsheviks 1917 and rose rapidly, commanding a cavalry army by 1920 and being made Marshal of the Soviet Union 1935. One of... Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis (1857-1934) English archaeologist. An Orientalist and specialist in the Semitic languages, he conducted excavations at Aswan in Egypt, in the Sudan, and Mesopotamia, and published numerous translations from... Budgell, Eustace (1686-1737) English essayist. He contributed to the Tatler and the Spectator. He lost £20,000 in the budget Estimate of income and expenditure for some future period, used in financial planning. National budgets set out estimates of government income and expenditure and generally... budget deficit The amount of shortfall that occurs when expenditures exceed revenues. While individuals and private enterprises can have budget deficits, the most economically significant deficit is the federal... Buell, Don Carlos (1818-1898) US military officer. In the Civil War he took part, with the Union general Ulysses S Grant, in the Battle of Buell, Raymond Leslie (1896-1946) US editor and writer. He was the research director 1927-33 and then president 1933-39 of the Foreign Policy Association. An early anti-isolationist, he championed a global... Buff, Charlotte (1753-1828) German woman loved by the writer Johann Wolfgang von Buffalmacco, Buonamico (1262-1340) Italian painter of the early Florentine School. He painted frescoes in the old Badia Church in Florence but was better known, according to the writer Giovanni Boccaccio, as a wit and practical joker... buffalo Common name of the North American bison, a large brown hoofed mammal of the bovine (cattle) family, with a heavy mane and sloping hindquarters. Buffalo roamed the Buffalo Bill US frontiersman and showman; see William Frederick buffalo soldiers Name given by American Indians to the black cavalry regiments of the US Army that served in the West during the late 19th century. These soldiers mainly fought against the Indians and were known for... Buffet, Bernard (1928-1999) French figurative painter. His work is noted for landscapes and figures painted in angular, spiky forms with bold, dark outlines, the colours cold and grey. ... Buford, John (1826-1863) US Union soldier. On July 1, 1863, with a single brigade of dismounted troopers, Buford parried a heavy Confederate attack long enough to allow Union infantry to reach the battlefield. He died of... Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert (1784-1849) French soldier. In the Napoleonic Wars he commanded the advance guard of the army corps of the Alps 1815. He was created marshal by Louis Philippe, who entrusted him with command in Algeria 1837. In... Bugenhagen, Johannes (1485-1558) German Lutheran theologian. He was one of the closest friends of Martin buggery Anal intercourse by a man with another man or a woman, or sexual intercourse by a man or woman with an animal (bestiality). In English law, buggery may be committed by a man with his wife, or with... Bugis An Austronesian-speaking group of traders, craftsmen, and rice cultivators, living in Sulawesi, Borneo, and the Philippines. They were the first Malayans to convert to Buddhism and Hinduism. In... Bugs Bunny Cartoon-film character created by US cartoonist Bob Clampett for Porky's Hare Hunt (1938). The cynical, carrot-crunching rabbit with its goofy incisors and catchphrase `Eh, what's up, Doc?`... Buhari, Muhammadu (1942) Nigerian politician and soldier, president 1983-85. He led the military coup that ousted Shehu buhl Alternative spelling for building society In the UK, a financial institution that attracts investment in order to lend money, repayable at interest, for the purchase or building of a house on security of a Buisson, Ferdinand E(douard) (1841-1932) French progressive educator and pacifist. Ferdinand Buisson was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1927 with German politician Ludwig Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich (1888-1938) Soviet politician and theorist. A moderate, he was the chief Bolshevik thinker after Lenin. Executed on Stalin's orders for treason in 1938, he was posthumously rehabilitated in 1988. He wrote the... Bukowski, Charles (1920-1994) German-born US writer. In his many poetry collections, six novels, short stories, and essays, he created the persona of himself as an ugly lover and angry drunk, an outsider trapped in a gutter... Bulatovic, Miodrag (1930-1991) Serbian writer. Self-educated and first noted as a lyric poet drawing on his country's oral tradition, he later disclosed a gift for original, courageous, and grimly satiric narrative. He has... Bulatovic, Momir (1928) Montenegrian politician, president of Montenegro 1990-97, and prime minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1998-2000. He was a founder member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia,... Bulfinch, Charles (1763-1844) US architect. He became one of New England's leading architects after his design for the Massachusetts State House was accepted 1787. His designs include the Hollis Street Church, Harvard's... Bulfinch, Thomas (1796-1867) US banker and author. He spent his spare time studying natural history and literature, eventually writing books based on his extensive reading -Hebrew Lyrical History (1853), The Age of Chivalry... Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanasyevich (1891-1940) Russian novelist and playwright. His novel The White Guard (1924), dramatized as The Days of the Turbins (1926), dealt with the Revolution and the civil war. His satiric approach made him unpopular... Bulgakov, Sergei Nikolayevich (1871-1944) Russian philosopher, economist, and theologian. Initially a Marxist, he later became an Idealist and an Orthodox priest. He was a Constitutional Democrat member of the State Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1895-1975) Soviet politician and military leader. His career began in 1918 when he joined the Cheka, the Soviet secret police. He helped to organize Moscow's defences in World War II, became a marshal of the... Bulgaria Country in southeast Europe, bounded north by Romania, west by Serbia and Macedonia, south by Greece, southeast by Turkey, and east by the Black Sea. Government Under the 1991 constitution, Bulgaria... Bulgarian An ethnic group living mainly in Bulgaria. There are 8-8.5 million speakers of Bulgarian, a Slavic language belonging to the Indo-European family. The Bulgarians use the Cyrillic alphabet. Known... Bulge, Battle of the In World War II, Hitler's plan (code-named `Watch on the Rhine`) for a breakthrough by his field marshal Gerd von bull In business, trader in financial market who believes the market is going to rise. Such positive sentiments are said to be bullish. A bull is the opposite of a bull Document or edict issued by the pope; so called from the circular seals (medieval Latin bulla) attached to them. Some of the most celebrated bulls include Leo X's condemnation of Luther in 1520 and... Bull Moose Party US political party founded 1912 by supporters of the former president Theodore Bull Run, battles of In the American Civil War, two victories for the Confederate army under General Robert E Lee at Manassas Junction, northeastern Virginia, named after the stream where they took place:First Battle of... Bull, John Imaginary figure personifying England; see Bull, Olaf Jacob Martin Luther (1883-1933) Norwegian lyric poet. He often celebrated his birthplace Christiania (now Oslo) in his poetry. He was the son of the humorist and fiction writer Jacob Breda Bull (1853-1930). In his first... Bull, Phil (1910-1989) English racing information service founder. He made racing accessible to everyone by starting the Timeform organization in Halifax, Yorkshire. Today it is the world's largest information service for... Bullant, Jean (c. 1520-1578) French architect. He studied in Italy, developing a style that combined classical styles (largely derived from his study of monuments in Rome) and aspects of contemporary fashions. He became... Bullard, Robert Lee (1861-1947) US general. He served in the Spanish-American War 1898 in the Philippines, and then in France in World War I. Bullard was born in Youngstown, Alabama, and trained at the military academy of West... Buller, Redvers Henry (1839-1908) British commander against the Boers in the South African War 1899-1902. He was defeated at Colenso and Spion Kop, but relieved Ladysmith; he was superseded by British field marshal Lord Roberts.... Bulletin Weekly Sydney magazine. Established in 1880 by Australian journalists J F Archibald (1856-1919) and John Haynes (1850-1917), it was the chief Australian periodical until the 1920s and has done... Bullett, Gerald William (1893-1958) English novelist and poet. His novels include The History of Egg Pandervil (1928), Nicky, Son of Egg (1929), The Jury (1935), The Snare of the Fowler (1936), and When the Cat's Away (1940). He also... Bullinger, Johann Heinrich (1504-1575) Swiss reformer and theologian. A supporter of Bullins, Ed (1935) US writer and playwright who was a leader of the 1960s `black arts` movement. He wrote his first play, Clara's Ole Man, in 1965. Although not publishing much after the 1980s, he worked on a... Bullitt, William C (Christian) (1891-1967) US diplomat who was one of President Roosevelt's most trusted advisors. In 1933 President Franklin Roosevelt made him the first ambassador to the USSR;... bullroarer Musical instrument used by Australian Aborigines for communication and during religious rites. It consists of a weighted aerofoil (a rectangular slat of wood... Bulmer, William (1757-1839) British printer. He was celebrated for his production of the Boydell Shakespeare (1791-1805), which included a volume of engravings entitled The Shakespeare Gallery. Thomas Bewick, a friend of... Bultmann, Rudolf Karl (1884-1976) German Lutheran theologian and New Testament scholar. He was a professor at Marburg University 1921-51, and during the Third Reich played a leading role in the Confessing Church, a Protestant... Bulwer-Lytton, Edward George Earle English writer; see Edward Bumba Creator god of the Boshongo people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), who vomited out the heavenly bodies and all living things, including humanity, w ... Bunbury, Henry William (1750-1811) English caricaturist. Unlike his contemporaries James Bunche, Ralph Johnson (1904-1971) US diplomat. He was principal director of the United Nations Department of Trusteeship 1948-54 and UN undersecretary 1955-67, acting as mediator in Palestine 1948-49 and as special... Bundelas Bundy, McGeorge (1919-1996) US public official and educator. He was special national security adviser to presidents John F Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson 1961-66 and played a prominent role in pursuing the Vietnam War. Bundy was... Bundy, Ted (Theodore Robert) (1946-1989) US serial killer. He committed a series of up to 40 murders from 1974, habitually raping and beating his victims. He stood trial in 1977 but escaped from custody, fled to Florida, and assumed the... Bunin, Ivan Alexeyevich (1870-1953) Russian writer. He was the author of The Village (1910), a novel which tells of the passing of peasant life; and the short story collection The Gentleman from San Francisco (1916) (about the death... Bunker Hill, Battle of The first significant engagement in the Bunker, Ellsworth (1894-1984) US diplomat and executive. He was ambassador to South Vietnam during the crucial stages of the Vietnam War 1967-73, and the chief negotiator of the Panama Canal treaties 1973-78, which became... Bunner, Henry Cuyler (1855-1896) US poet. He edited the comic weekly Puck, to which he contributed jokes, poems, and stories, 1878-96. His first published book, Airs from Arcady and Elsewhere (1884), was followed by a collected... Bunny, Rupert Charles Wulsten (1864-1947) Australian painter. He studied in Melbourne, Paris and London, his eclectic style combining several contemporary French influences, particularly those of Bunratty Castle 15th-century castle at Bunratty, County Clare, Republic of Ireland. Considered one of the finest castles of its period in Ireland, it stands on the site of earlier fortifications from about 1250... Bunshaft, Gordon (1909-1990) US architect. While working for the architectural practice Bunting, Basil (1900-1985) English poet. His verse was given little attention when it first appeared in the 1930s, but he was rediscovered in the 1960s and some of his finest work, often dealing with autobiographical... Bunting, Edward (1773-1843) Irish collector of traditional music. Born in Armagh, he lived in Drogheda from 1782 and eventually settled in Dublin in 1819. A trained organist, Bunting made a major contribution to the survival... Buntline, Ned Adopted name of US author Edward Zane Carroll Bunyan, John (1628-1688) English writer, author of The Bunyan, Paul Legendary giant lumberjack of the frontiers of the northwestern USA. He has been the subject of a literature of mythologizing pamphlets, books, and poems. ... bunyip Imaginary water-dwelling creature of Aboriginal legend in eastern Australia, said to haunt rushy creeks and swamps. It is said to make loud booming noises and to eat humans, principally women and... Bunzel, Ruth Leah (1898-1990) US cultural anthropologist. She made a study of Zuñi Indian pottery in 1924. In 1929 she published The Pueblo Potter. She also contributed important studies of Zuñi ceremonialism. She was born in... Buon (or Bon), Bartolommeo (c. 1374-c. 1467) Italian architectural sculptor. He was one of the leading sculptors of the early Renaissance in Venice, though his style is still largely Gothic. He is best known for his work on the Porta della... Buonarotti, Michelangelo the Younger (1568-1646) Italian dramatist. His works include La tancia 1612, a rustic comedy, and La fiera 1618, a comedy written in free verse. He was the nephew of the Renaissance artist Michelangelo. He was born in... Buonconsiglio, Giovanni (died c. 1536) Italian painter of the School of Vicenza, influenced by Bartolommeo Bupalus Greek sculptor. Working in Chios with his brother Athenis, he marked the transition from archaic to classical sculpture. Bupalus carved a figure of Tyche (Fortune) and also the Graces for the temple... Burbage, Richard (c. 1567-1619) English actor. He is thought to have been Shakespeare's original Hamlet, Othello, and Lear. He also appeared in first productions of works by Ben Jonson, Thomas Kyd, and John Webster. His father... Burchiello, Domenico (c. 1404-1449) Italian poet. His poems, mostly sonnets of the burlesque type and often licentious, had great contemporary popularity. Opposed to the Medici, he was forced... Burckhardt, Jacob Christoph (1818-1897) Swiss art historian, one of the founders of cultural history as a discipline. His The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860), intended as part of a study of world cultural history,... Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig (1784-1817) Swiss explorer sponsored 1806 by an English African Association to explore Africa. He discovered the ancient city of In court proceedings, the duty of a party to produce sufficient evidence to prove that his case is true. In English and US law a higher standard of proof is required in criminal cases (beyond all... Burdett-Coutts, Angela Georgina, Baroness Burdett-Coutts (1814-1906) English philanthropist. In 1837 she inherited almost all the great wealth of her grandfather, the banker Thomas Coutts. She resolved to devote her vast wealth to the cause of philanthropy. Her... Burdett, Allen Mitchell, Jr (1921-1980) US pilot. He helped test newly developed air mobility tactics as commander of the aviation group of the 1st Cavalry Division in Vietnam 1965-66. He subsequently directed the Army Aviation School... Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau within the US Department of the Interior responsible for administering federal programmes for recognized American Indian ethnic groups, and for promoting American Indian self-determination.... Burger, Warren Earl (1907-1995) US jurist, chief justice of the US Supreme Court 1969-86. Appointed to the court by President Richard Nixon because of his conservative views, Burger showed himself to be pragmatic and liberal on... Burgers, Thomas François (1834-1881) South African president of Transvaal. He was a native of Cape Colony and minister of the Dutch Reformed Church. He was elected president by the Boers in 1872, during one... Burges, William (1827-1881) English Gothic Revival architect and designer. His style is characterized by sumptuous interiors with carving, painting, and gilding. His chief works are St Finbarr's Ca ... Burgess, Anthony (1917-1993) English novelist, critic, and composer. A prolific and versatile writer, Burgess wrote about 60 books as well as screenplays, television scripts, and reviews. His work includes A Clockwork Orange... Burgess, Frank Gelett (1866-1951) US humorous writer. He published collections of poems, stories, and sketches, including Goops and How to be Them (1900);Are You a Bromide? 1897, a satire on platitudes; and Burgess Unabridged... Burgess, Guy Francis de Moncy (1911-1963) British spy, a diplomat recruited in the 1930s by the USSR as an agent. He was linked with Kim Burgess, John William (1844-1931) US historian. In 1873 he was appointed professor of political science at Amherst College, Massachusetts, and later moved to New York as professor of political science and constitutional law at... Burgess, Melvin (1954) English author. His often controversial books for children and teenagers have received wide critical acclaim, including Junk (1996) which focuses on homelessness and heroin addiction and won the... Burgess, Thornton W (Waldo) (1874-1965) US writer. He published 54 books of stories for children, based on the bedtime stories he told to his son. The first two were Old Mother West Wind (1910) and Mother West Wind's Children (1911). Many... burgh Archaic form of burgh Former unit of Scottish local government, referring to a town enjoying a degree of self-government. Burghs were abolished in 1975; the terms burgh and royal burgh once gave mercantile privilege... Burgh, Hubert de (died 1243) English Burgh, Thomas (1670-1730) Irish military engineer and architect. Burgh was born in Drumkeen, County Limerick, the son of the Rev Ulysses Burgh. In 1700 he was appointed surveyor general in Ireland, a post he held until his... burgher Term used from the 11th century to describe citizens of Burghley House House in Cambridgeshire, England, near Stamford, Lincolnshire. Built between 1556 and 1587 by William Cecil, first Lord Burghley, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (1520-1598) English politician, chief adviser to Elizabeth I as secretary of state from 1558 and Lord High Treasurer from 1572. He was largely responsible for the religious settlement of 1559, and took a... Burgkmair, Hans (1473-1531) German painter and wood engraver. His woodcuts - nearly 700 in all - are remarkable both for their dramatic strength and for their faithful presentation of contemporary life. He worked for the... burglary Offence committed when a trespasser enters premises with the intention to steal, do damage to property, grievously harm any person, or rape a woman. Entry does not need to be forced, so, for... Burgoyne, John (1722-1792) British general and dramatist. He served in the Burgundy Ancient kingdom in the valleys of the rivers Rhône and Saône in eastern France and southwestern Germany, partly corresponding with modern-day Burgundy. Settled by the Teutonic Burgundi around AD... Buridan, Jean (c. 1297-c. 1358) French philosopher. A native of Artois, he studied under William Burk, Martha Jane (Canary) (Calamity Jane) (1852-1903) US frontier figure, an expert markswoman and rider who dressed as a man. Allegedly a pony-express rider and then a scout for General George Custer in Wyoming in the 1870s, she was companion to... Burke, Arleigh Albert (1901-1996) US rear admiral. During World War II, he earned the nickname `31-knot Burke` from his aggressive patrolling policy in the South Pacific. His squadron covered the US landings at Bougainville in... Burke, Edmund (1729-1797) British Whig politician and political theorist, born in Dublin, Ireland. During a parliamentary career spanning more than 30 years, he was famous for opposing the government's attempts to coerce the... Burke, John (1859-1937) US Democratic governor, federal official, and judge. He served in the North Dakota state senate 1893-95, was the governor of North Dakota 1907-12, and treasurer of the USA 1913-21. He served... Burke, John (1787-1848) First publisher, in 1826, of Burke, John Bernard (1814-1892) Irish genealogist, son of John Burke, the founder of Burke's Peerage. He took over the editorship of the Peerage from his father, and published it annually from 1847, along with anecdotes of the... Burke, John J (Joseph) (1875-1936) US religious leader. He helped to organize the bishops' group known as the National Catholic War Council during World War I. As general secretary (from 1919) of its successor, the National Catholic... Burke, Kenneth (1897-1993) US literary critic. His works on the psychology of literary criticism were so advanced that he was called `the critics' critic`. Among his publications are Permanence and Change (1935),... Burke, Martha Jane Real name of US heroine Burke, Robert O'Hara (1821-1861) Irish-born Australian explorer who in 1860-61 made the first south-north crossing of Australia (from Victoria to the Gulf of Carpentaria), with William Wills (1834-1861). Both died on the... Burke, Thomas (1886-1945) English novelist and descriptive writer, who became known as the supreme interpreter of London's East End and Chinatown. His works include Nights in Town (1915), Limehouse Nights (1916), The Real... Burke, William (1792-1829) Irish murderer. He and his partner William Hare, living in Edinburgh, sold the body of an old man, who had died from natural causes in their lodging house, to an anatomist as a subject for... Burke's Peerage Popular name of the Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage of the United Kingdom, first issued by John Burke in 1826. The 107th edition was published in 2003. ... Burkina Faso Landlocked country in west Africa, bounded east by Niger, northwest and west by Mali, and south by Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin. Government The 1991 constitution provides for a... Burle Marx, Roberto (1909-1994) Brazilian landscape architect. His work exploited the vivid colours of tropical plants to create spacious painterly landscapes of rhythmic abstract form. Exemplary are the Garden-Yacht Club,... burlesque In the 17th and 18th centuries, a form of satirical comedy parodying a particular play or dramatic genre. For example, John Burlingame, Anson (1820-1870) US diplomat. He was a member of the House of Representatives 1855-60. His advocacy of Hungary's independence made the Austrians hostile to his appointment as minister at Vienna, and President... Burlington Heights, Battle of During the Anglo-American War of 1812, inconclusive engagement between British and American forces in the vicinity of Detroit 5 May 1813. A small British force under Col Proctor was attacking an... Burlington House House built by Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington (1695-1753) Anglo-Irish architectural patron and architect. He was one of the premier exponents of the Palladian style in Britain. His buildings are characterized by absolute adherence to the classical rules.... Burma Former name (to 1989) of Burma Road Transport route running from Lashio in Burma to Kunming, China. In World War II it was the only route available for the Allies to send military supplies to the Chinese Army, as the Chinese coastline... Burma War War 1942-45 during which Burma (now Burman The largest ethnic group in Myanmar (formerly Burma). The Burmans, speakers of a Sino-Tibetan language, migrated from the hills of Tibet, settling in the areas around Mandalay... Burnaby, Frederick Gustavus (1842-1885) English soldier, traveller, and founder of the weekly critical journal Vanity Fair. He travelled to Spain, Sudan, and Russian Asia during his leave from the Horse Guards. His books include A Ride to... Burnand, Francis Cowley (1836-1917) English humorist. His popular | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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