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Boyle, Charles (1676-1731) Irish soldier, diplomat, and writer. His 1695 edition of the Epistles of Phalaris led to a controversy with Richard Boyle, John (1707-1762) Irish biographer and scholar, a member of the prominent Boyle political dynasty. Born in England and educated at Oxford, he visited Dublin in 1732, but settled in M ... Boyle, Kay (1903-1992) US writer. Boyle joined the American expatriate community in Europe in 1923, returning to America after World War II as the New Yorker's European Correspondent. A number of Boyle's 50 books drew on... Boyle, Richard (1566-1643) Anglo-Irish administrator. After gaining great wealth and property, he promoted English Protestant immigration to Ireland, and won the favour of Queen Elizabeth I. He was made a privy counsellor... Boyle, Roger (1621-1679) Irish soldier, politician, and author, the fifth son of Richard Boyne Valley Vast necropolis of the Neolithic and Bronze Age Boyne Valley culture in County Meath, Republic of Ireland. One of Europe's most remarkable prehistoric sites, the remains of four massive tumuli... Boyne, Battle of the Battle fought on 1 July 1690 in eastern Ireland, in which the exiled King James II was defeated by William III and fled to France. It was the decisive battle of the War of English Succession,... Boz Pseudonym under which Charles Bozeman, John M (1835-1867) US explorer. In 1963-65 he pioneered the Bozeman Trail, the best route for gold-seekers on their way from southeastern Wyoming to Virginia City, Montana. He was killed by Blackfeet Indians at... Br&acaron;tianu, Ion (1864-1927) Romanian premier and virtual dictator during World War I and almost until his death. He concluded with the Entente powers (Britain, France, and Russia) a treaty on the basis of which Romania... Br&acaron;tianu, Ioan Constantin (1821-1891) Romanian premier 1876-88. During his administration, Romania won its independence and embarked on a programme of economic development. Prior to his premiership, he took part in the Wallachian... Brabançonne, La National anthem of Belgium, written and composed during the revolution of 1830. ... Bracegirdle, Anne (c. 1663-1748) English actor. She was the mistress of William Brackenridge, Hugh Henry (1748-1816) Scottish-born author and judge. Brackenridge emigrated to the USA as a child. He helped to establish the first newspaper and bookstore in frontier Pittsburgh and went on to become a Supreme Court... Brackenridge, Henry Marie (1786-1871) US lawyer and author. Son of Hugh Henry Brackenridge, Henry was admitted to the bar when he was 20-years old. He served in the Maryland and Florida legislatures, and was briefly a US... Bracton, Henry de (died 1268) English judge, writer on English law, and chancellor of Exeter cathedral from 1264. The account of the laws and customs of the English attributed to Henry de Bracton, De Legibus et consuetudinibus... Bradbury, Malcolm (Stanley) (1932-2000) English novelist and critic. His fiction includes comic and satiric portrayals of provincial British and US campus life:Eating People is Wrong (1959) (his first novel), Stepping Westward (1965), and... Bradbury, Ray(mond) Douglas (1920) US author. He is best known as a writer of science fiction, a genre he helped make `respectable` to a wider readership. His work is concerned with the hazards of unregulated technology and shows... Braddock, Elizabeth Margaret (Bessie) (1899-1970) British union activist and Labour politician. Born in Liverpool, she was a city councillor in Liverpool from 1930 until 1961. She was Liverpool's first Labour and first female member of Parliament,... Braddon, Mary Elizabeth (1837-1915) English novelist. Her first best-seller was Lady Audley's Secret (1862) and she went on to write about 70 novels in all. Most were sensational stories of murder, blackmail, and intrigue, but they... Braden, Spruille (1894-1978) US diplomat and consultant. Braden entered the diplomatic service in 1933 and became known as a crusader for democracy, especially while he was ambassador to Argentina in 1945 and assistant... Bradford, Barbara Taylor (1933) English novelist. She is internationally known for her best-selling romantic trilogy, A Woman of Substance (1979), Hold the Dream (1985), and To Be the Best (1988). Bradford writes about strong,... Bradford, David (lived 1794) US political agitator. Bradford was a popular prosecuting attorney in Washington County, Pennsylvania He was the most prominent leader of the movement known as the Whiskey Rebellion. He avoided... Bradford, John (c. 1510-1555) English Protestant preacher and martyr. He became chaplain to Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London, in 1550, prebendary of St Paul's in 1551, and royal chaplain to Edward VI in 1553. His preaching won... Bradford, Samuel Clement (1876-1948) British librarian and documentalist who pioneered the use of the Universal Decimal Classification and the work of the International Federation for Documentation (FID). He edited the English edition... Bradford, William (1663-1752) English-born printer. Emigrating to Pennsylvania in 1685, he set up the first colonial printing press outside New England and the first colonial paper mill. Moving to New York, Bradford founded... Bradford, William (1590-1657) British colonial administrator in America, the first governor of Plymouth colony, Massachusetts, 1621-54. As one of the Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891) British freethinker and radical politician. In 1880 he was elected Liberal member of Parliament for Northampton, but was not allowed to take his seat until 1886 because, as an a ... Bradley, A(ndrew) C(ecil) (1851-1935) English literary critic and scholar. His study of Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth in Shakespearean Tragedy (1904) looked at the plays in terms of their major characters, psychology, and... Bradley, Bill (1943) US basketball player and politician. A three-time All-American forward at Princeton University 1961-65, Bradley was part of the US basketball team that won the Olympic gold medal in Tokyo in... Bradley, Edward (1827-1889) English humorous writer and cleric. As a contributor to Punch, under the pen-name Cuthbert Bede, he was well known to his contemporaries. He is remembered now for his Adventures of Mr Verdant... Bradley, Francis Herbert (1846-1924) British philosopher who argued for absolute idealism - the theory, influenced by German philosopher G W F Hegel, that there is only one ultimately real thing, the Absolute, which is spiritual in... Bradley, Joseph P (1813-1892) US Supreme Court justice. Appointed by President Ulysses S Grant to the US Supreme Court in 1870, Bradley was active in the legal problems concerning the Bradley, Katharine Harris English writer; her works with Edith Cooper were published under the pseudonym Michael Bradley, Mark E (1907-1999) US aviator. Bradley worked on a series of fighter development projects during World War II, including the highly successful P-47 and P-51 programs. After retirement, he became an executive... Bradley, Omar Nelson (1893-1981) US general in World War II. In 1943 he commanded the 2nd US Corps in their victories in Tunisia and Sicily, leading to the surrender of 250,000 Axis troops, and in 1944 led the US troops in the... Bradley, Tom (1917-1998) US lawyer, mayor, and policeman. Educated as a lawyer, he served in the Los Angeles Police Department from 1940 to 1962. He had a private law practice (1961-63), and subsequently served on the Los... Bradley, Will H (1868-1962) US designer. Initially working as a poster and book designer (1893-94, Bradley went on to found the Wayside Press. H designed typefaces, furniture, and homes, developing a style of his own that... Bradshaw, George (1801-1853) British publisher who brought out the first railway timetable in 1839. Thereafter Bradshaw's Railway Companion appeared at regular intervals. He was apprenticed to an engraver on leaving school, and... Bradshaw, Henry (1831-1886) English scholar and librarian. His discovery 1857 of the Book of Deer threw new light on ancient Celtic languages and literature, as did another discovery of manuscripts containing the earliest... Bradshaw, John (1602-1659) English judge who pronounced the death sentence on King Charles I. In the Civil War, when the king was brought to trial 1649, Bradshaw was president of the court. He put aside all legal objections... Bradshaw, Robert Llewellyn (1916-1978) St Kitts and Nevis politician, prime minister 1967-78. After universal adult suffrage had been granted by the British colonial rulers in 1952, Bradshaw led the St Kitts Labour Party (SKLP) to... Bradstreet, Anne (c. 1612-1672) English-born American poet. Her volume of verse, The Tenth Muse, was published in London, England, in 1650. Her poems were pious but often also witty, and show an intense imagination applied to... Bradwardine, Thomas (c. 1290-1349) English prelate, archbishop of Canterbury in 1349. He became known as a lecturer and writer, especially against Bradwell, Myra (1831-1894) US lawyer and editor. Bradwell originally studied law to help her lawyer husband. Although she passed the bar exam in 1869, she was denied admission. In 1868, she established the pioneer weekly... Brady, Ian (1938) British murderer who, with Myra Hindley, abducted, sexually abused, and murdered two children and a 17-year-old youth between 1963 and 1965. They were known as `the Moors Murderers` because... Brady, Nicholas (1659-1726) Irish poet and cleric. The metrical version of the psalms he made in collaboration with Nahum Brady, William A(loysius) (1863-1950) US actor and theatre manager. Brady is best known for the many plays he mounted at the various theatres he managed in New York. ... Braganza The royal house of Portugal whose members reigned from 1640 until 1910; members of another branch were emperors of Brazil from 1822 to 1889. ... Bragg, Braxton (1817-1876) American Confederate general. When the Civil War broke out 1861 he served as major-general in the Confederate army of the Mississippi, taking part... Bragg, Melvyn (1939) English television presenter and executive, also author, who began presenting and editing the subsequently long-running ITV arts documentary series The South Bank Show in 1978. He was head of arts... Bragi In Norse mythology, the god of wisdom, poetry, and eloquence, husband of Idun. He received slain heroes when they entered Brahma In Hinduism, the creator god. Brahma combines with Brahma Samaj Indian monotheistic religious movement, founded in 1830 in Calcutta (now Kolkata) by Ram Mohun Roy, who attempted to recover the simple worship of the Vedas and purify Hinduism. The movement had... Brahma Vihara Four Buddhist states of mind:metta (loving kindness), compassion (sympathy and empathy with the suffering of others), sympathetic joy (an ability to feel happiness at the good fortune of others),... brahmacari In Hinduism, a young man leading a life of disciplined religious study. In student life, the boy lives austerely in the ashram (religious community) of his guru as a brahmacari, studying the Vedic... Brahman In Hinduism, the supreme being, an impersonal and infinite creator of the universe. Brahman exists in everything, and is the spirit, or Brahmanism Earliest stage in the development of Brahui A Dravidian-speaking group of nomadic goat-herders and seasonal labourers living in northwestern Pakistan and neighbouring mountain areas of Iran and Afghanistan. They occupied... Braidwood, Robert J(ohn) (1907-2003) US archaeologist and anthropologist. Braidwood pioneered interdisciplinary scientific studies in archaeology; publishing widely on the development of agriculture... Brain Trust Nickname of an informal group of experts who advised US president Franklin D Roosevelt on his Braine, John (Gerard) (1922-1986) English novelist. His novel Room at the Top (1957) cast Braine as one of the leading Brainerd, David (1718-1747) US Protestant missionary. Brainerd obtained a license to preach in 1742 and ministered to American Indians in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Poor health forced him from the field in... Braithwaite, Edward Ricardo (1920) Guyanese author. His writings explore the problems and dilemmas faced by humans in inhumane situations. His experiences as a teacher in London prompted To Sir With Love (1959). His books Reluctant... Braithwaite, Lilian (1873-1948) English actor. She had a long career on the London stage and was outstanding in modern comedy. Among her parts were Margaret Fairfield in Clemence Dane's Bill of Divorcement (1921), Florence... Braithwaite, Nicholas (1929) Grenadian centrist politician, prime minister 1991-95. Following the US-led invasion of Grenada, which ousted the left-wing military government of General Hudson Austin, Braithwaite served as... Braithwaite, Richard Bevan (1900-1990) British philosopher, physicist, and mathematician. Although mainly a philosopher of science, he also tried to give an empiricist account of religious belief as a belief in morally uplifting stories... Braithwaite, William Stanley (Beaumont) (1878-1962) US writer and editor. Literary critic of the Boston Daily Evening Transcript until 1929 and editor of the influential annual Anthology of Magazine Verse, Braithwaite did much to promote American... Bramah, Ernest (1868-1942) English short-story writer. He created the characters of Kai Lung, a Chinese philosopher who appears in The Wallet of Kai Lung (1900), Kai Lung Unrolls his Mat (1928), and other works; and Max... Bramante (1444-1514) Italian High Renaissance architect and artist. Inspired by classical designs and by the work of Leonardo da Vinci, he was employed by Pope Julius II... Bramantino (1450-1536) Italian painter and architect. His religious paintings include the Holy Family and Crucifixion (both Brera, Milan) and the Pietà (Church of San Sepolcro). He was a pupil of Vincenzo Foppa and a... Brambell, Wilfrid (1912-1985) Irish-born actor famous for his role as the coarse, manipulative father Albert Steptoe in the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) sitcom Steptoe and Son (1962, 1972, and 1973). ... Bran Welsh mythological figure, one of the family of Llyr in the Brancovan, Constantin (1654-1714) Romanian noble, of Serbian origin, who became Prince of Wallachia in 1688 after assisting Turkey in the Austrian war of 1690. He remained neutral and maintained his own position by skilful diplomacy... Brancusi, Constantin (1876-1957) Romanian sculptor. One of the main figures of 20th-century art, he revolutionized modern sculpture. Active in Paris from 1904, he was a pioneer of abstract sculpture, reducing a few basic themes... brand Or trademark a named good in competition with other similar goods in the market. For example, Nescafé is a brand of coffee; Persil is a brand of washing powder. Producers attempt to... Brand, Max US novelist and poet. See Brandeis, Louis Dembitz (1856-1941) US jurist. As a crusader for progressive causes, he helped draft social-welfare and labour legislation. In 1916, with his appointment to the US Supreme Court by President Woodrow Wilson, he became... Brandenburgers German special forces and commando-style units in World War II. They were rarely used for their intended purpose and eventually became an ordinary mechanized infantry regiment. Originally known as... Brandes, Georg (Morris Cohen) (1842-1927) Danish writer and literary critic. His studies of European literature were translated into English as Main Currents in Nineteenth-century Literature (six volumes) 1901-05. He produced... Brandt Commission International committee (1977-83) set up to study global development issues. It produced two reports, stressing the interdependence of the countries of the wealthy, industrialized North and the... Brandt, Willy (1913-1992) German socialist politician, federal chancellor (premier) of West Germany 1969-74. He played a key role in the remoulding of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) as a moderate socialist force (leader... Brandywine, Battle of British victory over General George Washington during the Brangwyn, Frank (François Guillaume) (1867-1956) British artist. He is best known for his murals. He initially worked for William Morris as a textile designer, and subsequently produced furniture, pottery, carpets, schemes for interior decoration... Brankovic, George (c. 1367-1456) Prince of Serbia from 1427, when he succeeded his uncle, Stephen Lazarevic. He was driven into Hungary by Sultan Murad II in 1437. After a period of exile, he organized an expedition against the... Brannan, Charles F(ranklin) (1903-1992) US lawyer and cabinet member. A Denver lawyer and cattle rancher, Brannan became regional director of the Farm Security Administration in 1941. In 1948 he became President Truman's secretary of... Brannan, Samuel (1819-1889) US pioneer. A journeyman printer, Brannan became a Mormon in 1842 and led a Mormon group to California by sea in 1846. He published San Francisco's first newspaper,... Branner, Hans Christian (1903-1966) Danish novelist and dramatist. Much of his writing is connected with World War II; it includes the two long stories Angst (1944) and Bjergene/The Mountains (1953) and the novels Rytteren/The Riding... Brant, Gerald Clark (1880-1958) US pilot. He held a senior air force training command in Florida during World War II. He was born in Chariton, Iowa, and graduated from West Point in 1904. He served on the Mexican border and in the... Brant, Joseph (1742-1807) Brant, Sebastian (c. 1457-1521) German humanist and poet. One of the major figures of German Renaissance literature, Brant is best known for his long satirical poem Das Narrenschiff/The Ship of Fools (1494), which ridiculed the... Branting, Karl H(jalmar) (1860-1925) Swedish astronomer, editor, political activist, and prime minister. Branting shared the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1921 with Norwegian pacifist and historian Christian Louis Braque, Georges (1882-1963) French painter. With Picasso, he played a decisive role in the development of cubism (1907-1910). It was during this period that he began to experiment with collage and invented the technique of... Brasch, Charles (1909-1973) New Zealand poet. Together with Denis Glover and James Bertram, he founded the influential literary quarterly Landfall in 1947. As its editor until 1966, he played an important role in publishing,... Brasidas (c. 472-422 BC) Spartan general during the first decade of the Bratby, John (1928-1992) English painter. He was one of the leading exponents of the `kitchen sink` school of the 1950s whose work concentrated on working-class domestic life. He also wrote and illustrated his own... Brathwaite, Edward Kamau (1930) West Indian historian and poet. Using calypso and work songs as well as more literary verse forms, he has explored the ways in which the West Indian legacy of slavery has been transcended by the... Brauchitsch, (Heinrich Alfred) Walther von (1881-1948) German field marshal. A staff officer in World War I, he became commander-in-chief of the army and a member of Hitler's secret cabinet council 1938. He resigned after a heart attack and his... Braudel, (Paul Achille) Fernand (1902-1985) French historian. While in a German prisoner-of-war camp during World War II he wrote La Mediterranée et le monde mediterranéen à l'époque de Philippe II/The... Braun AEG German company, manufacturer of sound equipment and domestic appliances, founded 1921 by Max Braun and based in Frankfurt. The factory was rebuilt 1945 and in 1951 when Max Braun died his son Artur... Braun, Eva (1912-1945) German mistress of Adolf Hitler. Secretary to Hitler's photographer and personal friend, Heinrich Hoffmann, she became Hitler's mistress in the 1930s and married him in the air-raid shelter of the... Brautigan, Richard Gary (1935-1984) US novelist. He lived in San Francisco, the setting for many of his playfully inventive and humorous short fictions, often written as deadpan parodies. He became a cult figure in the late 1960s with... Brave New World Novel by Aldous Bray, Thomas (1656-1730) English cleric and philanthropist. He worked for the institution of public libraries in England and America; 80 were constructed in England and 36 in America before his death. The Society for... Bray, Vicar of (lived 16th century) English vicar of Bray. He is variously described as Simon Aleyn, Simon Dillin, or Simon Allen, and was appointed vicar during the reign of Henry VIII. He maintained his position during the reigns of... Brazil Largest country in South America (almost half the continent), bounded southwest by Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia; west by Peru and Colombia; north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and... Brazil, Angela (1868-1947) English writer. She founded the genre of girls' school stories, writing over 50; among them are A Pair of Schoolgirls (1912), Captain Peggie (1924), and The New School at Scarsdale (1940). ... Brazilian architecture The first substantial buildings in Brazil were Christian churches built by the Jesuits: the church of S Bento in Rio de Janeiro (1652) is in early baroque style. The second half of the 18th century... Brazza, Pierre Paul Francois Camille Savorgnan, Comte de (1852-1905) French explorer and administrator, the founder of the French Congo. Here he secured large tracts of land for France and established many stations. He was governor of the French dependency of the... breakeven In finance, the level of output where costs equal revenue and no profit or loss is made. ... Breakspear, Nicholas Original name of Breasted, James Henry (1865-1935) US Orientalist. Well known as the author of textbooks and popular works on the history of the ancient Near East, Breasted founded the University of Chicago Oriental Institute, funded by John D... Breathalyzer Trademark for an instrument for on-the-spot checking by police of the amount of alcohol consumed by a suspect driver. The driver breathes into a plastic bag connected to a tube containing a... Brecht, Bertolt (Eugen Berthold Friedrich) (1898-1956) German dramatist and poet. He was one of the most influential figures in 20th-century theatre. A committed Marxist, he sought to develop an `epic theatre` which aimed to destroy the... Breckinridge, John Cabell (1821-1875) US politician and soldier. In 1849 he became a Democratic member of the Kentucky legislature, and sat in Congress 1851-55. In 1856 he was elected vice-president under James Buchanan. He... Breda, Compromise of Petition by Dutch noblemen and burghers presented to the Habsburg regent, Margaret of Parma, in 1566. A complaint against the attempts of Philip II of Spain to force Catholicism on the Netherlands,... Breda, Treaty of 1667 treaty that ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664-67). By the terms of the treaty, England gained New Amsterdam, which was renamed New York. ... Bredero, Gerbrand Adriaanszoon (1585-1618) Dutch poet and dramatist. His devotional and love poetry often achieves a mastery of formal control over deep and turbulent feelings, and his farces (Klucht van de koe 1612 and Klucht van de... Breen, Patrick (died 1868) US pioneer and diarist who was born in Ireland. During the winter of 1846-47, he kept a diary of the stark events of deaths, quarrels, and eventual rescue of the surviving members of his family.... Bregno, Andrea (1421-1506) Italian sculptor. Active in Rome from 1465 and later in Siena, he produced monumental decorative sculptures, tombs, and altars in marble, one of his best-known works being the Piccolomini altar in... Breguet French two-seat biplane used in World War I as a day bomber. It first flew November 1916, and before the war ended it saw service with 71 French squadrons on... Breidfjord, Sigurdur (1798-1846) Icelandic poet, the finest of the rimur. His Numa rimur, composed in Greenland 1831-34 is one of the masterpieces of Iceland's 19th-century literature. ... Breitenfeld, Battle of In the Thirty Years' War, victory of a joint Swedish-Saxon force under King Gustavus Adolphus over Imperial forces under Count Tilly 17 September 1631 at Breitenfeld, about 10 km/6 mi from... Breitinger, Johann Jakob (1701-1776) Swiss scholar and writer. His critical works had a great reforming influence on German literature and in this he was associated with Johann Bodmer. His writings include Kritische Dichtkunst (1740),... Breitkopf, Bernhardt Christoph (1695-1777) German printer and publisher. In 1710 he founded the music publishing business of Breitkopf and Härtel in Leipzig, which became famous for its editions of the classics. The company also encouraged... Breitmann, Hans US writer; see Charles Godfrey Brekelenkam, Quirin (1620-1658) Dutch painter. He produced scenes of everyday life, such as Old Woman by the Fire (Prado, Madrid) and Confidential Talk (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam). He was probably a pupil of Gerard Dou. ... Breker, Arno (1900-1991) German neoclassical sculptor who created several pieces on commission for the Nazi regime. After World War II much of his work was destroyed. ... Bremer, (Lewis) Paul (1941) US diplomat and counterterrorism official, director of post-war reconstruction and humanitarian assistance in Iraq 2003-04. He replaced Lt-Gen Jay Garner as the top civilian administrator of... Bremer, Fredrika (1810-1865) Swedish novelist. She introduced the realistic family novel, gaining international recognition with Familjen H/The H Family (1831). She made studies of family life in both Europe and the USA, and... Bremner, Rory (1961) Scottish-born television impressionist who specializes in topical and political satire. ... Bremond, Henri (1865-1933) French critic. His main work is the 11-volume Histoire littéraire du sentiment religieux en France/A Literary History of Religious Thought in France (1916-32). Other works include L'Inquiétude... Bren gun Standard light machine gun of British and Commonwealth armies during World War II. Probably the best light machine gun used by any army during the war, it was simple,... Brendan, St (or St Brandan) (484-577) Irish abbot and traveller. Born in Tralee, now in County Kerry, he is traditionally regarded as the founder of the monastery of Clonfert in County Galway (561), as well as other monasteries in... Brennan, Christopher John (1870-1932) Australian Symbolist poet. He was influenced by Baudelaire and Mallarmé. Although one of Australia's greatest poets, he is virtually unknown outside his native country. His complex, idiosyncratic... Brennan, William J(oseph), Jr (1906-1997) US judge and associate justice of the US Supreme Court 1956-90. A liberal, he wrote many important Supreme Court majority decisions that assured the freedoms set forth in the First Amendment and... Brenner, Joseph Hayyim (1881-1921) Jewish novelist, born in Bulgaria. He served in the Russian army, but fled to London in 1905 and settled in 1908 in Palestine, where he founded the Histadruth, the general confederation of labour.... Brennus (lived 4th century BC) Chieftain of the Celts of Gaul. According to the Roman historian Brennus (lived 3rd century BC) Chieftain of the Celts of Galatia in Asia Minor. He led the Gauls on two expeditions into Macedonia and Thrace. During the second 279 BC the Gauls advanced on Delphi, but were beaten back by the... Brent-Dyer, (Gladys) Elinor M(ay) (1894-1969) English children's writer. Author of 98 schoolgirl novels, her fourth book, The School at the Chalet (1925), established her popular `Chalet School` series, which were set... Brent, Margaret (1600-1671) English-born American colonial landowner who came to Maryland in 1638. She was Maryland's first female landowner. Sometimes cited today as a pioneering protofeminist lawyer, she seems to have... Brentano, Franz (1838-1916) German-Austrian philosopher and psychologist. In Psychology from the Empirical Standpoint 1874 he developed the theory that mental phenomena can be identified as those that have... Brentano, Klemens (1778-1842) German Romantic writer. He published a seminal collection of folk tales and songs with Ludwig von Breshkovsky, Catherine (1844-1934) Russian revolutionary of aristocratic Polish origin, nicknamed `the Grandmother of the Russian Revolution`. She belonged to the party of Socialist Revolutionaries and spent many years in prison,... Breslin, (James) Jimmy (1930) US journalist who began as a sportswriter for the New York Herald Tribune. He wrote for a sequence of New York papers. Also a novelist, he won... Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of Bilateral treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Russia and Germany, Austria-Hungary, and their allies. Under its terms, Russia agreed to recognize... Brétigny, Treaty of Treaty made between Edward III of England and John II of France in 1360 at the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War, under which Edward received Aquitaine and its dependencies in... Bretón de los Herreros, Manuel (1796-1873) Spanish dramatist. He wrote about 160 original plays and produced many translations. He portrayed middle-class customs in a witty, satirical style, as in Muérete y verás/Die and... Breton, André (1896-1966) French writer and poet. He was among the leaders of the Breton, Nicholas (c. 1545-c. 1626) English poet and satirist. A very versatile writer, he produced many works of poetry, including The Passionate Shepherd (1604). His prose works include Wit's Trenchmour (1597) (about angling) and... Brett, Jeremy (1933-1995) English actor. He won acclaim for his classical performances with the Old Vic, London, in the 1950s and appeared on Broadway in Richard II (1956). On television he is known for his definitive... Brett, John (1831-1902) English landscape and marine painter. His early, minutely detailed pictures were inspired by Pre-Raphaelite principles. An example is The Stonebreaker (1857-58; Walker Gallery, Liverpool), which... Bretton Woods Township in New Hampshire, USA, where the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held in 1944 to discuss post-war international payments problems. The agreements reached on financial... Bretton Woods Reform Organization Pressure group on international economics, formed 1991 to campaign for Bretwalda 9th-century Anglo-Saxon title for a powerful king who exercised authority over England south of the Humber. The term was initially used in Bede's list of hegemonic rulers, but also extended to... Breuer, Lee (1937) US director, producer, and playwright who was connected with avant-garde theatre. Born in Philadelphia, he was cofounder of the Mabou Mines... Breuer, Marcel (Lajos) (1902-1981) Hungarian-born US architect and designer. He studied and taught at the Breuil, Abbé (Henri Edouard Prosper) (1877-1961) French prehistorian. He was an authority on the breviary In the Roman Catholic Church, the book of instructions for reciting the daily services. It is usually in four volumes, one for each season. ... Brewer, David J (Josiah) (1837-1910) US Supreme Court justice. President Benjamin Harrison nominated him to the US Supreme Court 1890-1910, where he strictly adhered to the limits of federal power as outl ... Brewster, William (1567-1644) American colonist, one the Pilgrims. In 1620 he sailed in the Breyer, Stephen G(erald) (1938) US Supreme Court associate justice. He served on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force in 1973. He contributed to the deregulation of the airlines in the 1970s. Able to grasp and clearly explain... Breytenbach, Breyten (1939) South African writer. In 1975 he was sentenced to seven years in prison for his involvement with the anti- Brezhnev Doctrine Soviet doctrine of 1968 designed to justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia. It laid down for the USSR as a duty the direct maintenance of `correct` socialism in countries within the Soviet... Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich (1906-1982) Soviet leader. A protégé of Joseph Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev, he came to power (after he and Aleksei Brialmont, Henry Alexis (1821-1903) Belgian general, the leading fortifications engineer of his day. As director of fortifications in the Antwerp district, he was responsible from 1884 for the forts at Namur and Liège (which were... Brian Bóruma (or Brian Boru) (c. 941-1014) King of Munster from 976 and high king of Ireland from 999. His campaigns represent the rise of Munster as a power in Ireland, symbolized by his victory over Leinster and the Dublin Norse at Glen... Briand, Aristide (1862-1932) French republican politician, 11 times prime minister 1909-29. A skilful parliamentary tactician and orator, he was seldom out of ministerial office between 1906 and 1932. As foreign minister... bribery Corruptly receiving or agreeing to receive, giving or promising to give, any gift, loan, fee, reward, or advantage as an inducement or reward to persons in certain pos ... Brice, Fanny (born Fannie Borach) (1891-1951) US comedian with an act based on parody, dialect, and physical humour. She attained international stardom in the 1921 Ziegfeld Follies with her signature torch-song parody, `My Man`. She... Bricker, John W (1893-1986) US Republican senator. Governor of Ohio 1939-45, and US senator of Ohio 1947-49, he was also vice-presidential candidate in 1944. He was born near Mount Sterling, Ohio. ... Brickhill, Paul Chester Jerome (1916-1991) Australian writer. His book The Great Escape (1951) was based on his own experience as a prisoner of war during World War II. It was filmed in 1963. He also wrote The Dambusters (1951) and Reach for... brickwork Method of construction using bricks made of fired clay or sun-dried earth (see Bridel, Philippe Sirice (1757-1845) Swiss writer. His Poésies helvétiennes/Swiss Poems, with their picturesque settings and allusions to the nation's past, helped give Swiss literature written in French a... Brideshead Revisited Novel (1945) by Evelyn bridewealth Goods or property presented by a man's family to his prospective wife's family as part of the marriage agreement. It is common practice among many societies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, and... bridge Structure that provides a continuous path or road over water, valleys, ravines, or above other roads. The basic designs and combinations of these are based on the way they bear the weight of the... Bridge of Sighs Covered bridge in Venice connecting the Doge's Palace with the State prison. The name refers to the fact that it was by way of this bridge that offenders under sentence of death were conducted to... Bridgeman, Frederick (Arthur) (1847-1927) US painter who specialized in archaeological subjects. He lived and produced most of his work in Paris. He studied with Gérôme in Paris 1866-71. He was born in Tuskegee, Alabama. His works... Bridger, James (1804-1881) US fur trader and scout. He was the first white man to see the Great Salt Lake in 1824. He established Fort Bridger in Wyoming in 1843 and discovered Bridger's Pass in 1849. Between 1859 and 1866 he... Bridges, (Henry) Styles (1898-1961) US Republican governor, senator, magazine editor, and investment broker. Although conservative governor of New Hampshire 1935-37, he appointed the first woman state judge. In the US Senate... Bridges, Harry (Alfred Renton) (1901-1990) Australian-born US labour leader. In 1931 he formed a trade union of clockworkers and in 1934, after police opened fire on a picket line and killed two... Bridges, Robert Seymour (1844-1930) English poet and critic. He was poet laureate from 1913 to 1930. His topographical poems and lyrics, which he began to publish in 1873, demonstrate a great command of rhythm and melody. He wrote The... Bridget, St (or St Brigit or St Bride) (453-523) A patron saint of Ireland. She founded a church and monastery at Kildare, and is said to have been the daughter of a prince of Ulster. Her feast day is 1 February. ... Bridgewater, Francis Henry Egerton (1756-1828) English bishop. He was the son of John Egerton, bishop of Durham, and succeeded his brother as earl in 1823. He remained unmarried and at his death the title became extinct. He bequeathed the... bridging loan Loan, typically for the purchase of a house, to cover the period between the purchase of a new house and the sale of the old house. Most home buyers try to avoid taking out a bridging loan, because... Bridgwater Three Three victims of a miscarriage of justice who spent 18 years in prison for the murder of Carl Bridgwater. The convictions were declared unsafe in February 1997. Following the discovery... Bridie, James (1888-1951) Scottish dramatist and professor of medicine. He was a founder of the Glasgow Citizens' Theatre. His plays include the comedies Tobias and the Angel and The Anatomist (both 1930). Bridie was born in... bridle path Public footpath on which horse riding is also permitted. On most bridle paths cycling is allowed, but motor traffic is barred. The law relating to bridle paths in the UK is set out in the Highways... Bridlington agreement In UK industrial relations, a set of principles agreed in 1939 at a Trades Union Congress conference in Bridlington, Humberside, to prevent the poaching of members of one trade union by another, and... brief In law, the written instructions sent by a solicitor to a barrister before a court hearing. Traditionally, in the UK, briefs are tied with red tape and the barrister writes the outcome of the case... Brierley, Benjamin (1825-1895) English writer. He wrote in Lancashire dialect. In 1869 he started Ben Brierley's Journal, a weekly, which continued until 1891. He wrote several works under the pseudonym... Brieux, Eugène (1858-1932) French dramatist. He was an exponent of the naturalistic problem play attacking social evils. His most powerful plays are Les Trois Filles de M Dupont 1897;Les Avariés/Damaged Goods 1901, long... brigade Military formation consisting of a minimum of two battalions, but more usually three or more, as well as supporting arms. There are typically about 5,000 soldiers in... Briggs, Charles Augustus (1841-1913) US clergyman, educator, and professor of Hebrew. Conservative Presbyterians objected to his scholarly Old Testament work, found him guilty of heresy, and suspended him from the ministry. He was... Briggs, Raymond Redvers (1934) English writer and illustrator of children's books including Father Christmas (1973) and The Snowman (1979), both of which use his hallmark comic-strip format and have been made into successful... Brighouse, Harold (1882-1958) English dramatist. Born and bred in Lancashire, in his most famous play, Hobson's Choice 1916, he dealt with a Salford bootmaker's courtship, using the local idiom. ... Bright, John (1811-1889) British Liberal politician. He was a campaigner for free trade, peace, and social reform. A Quaker mill-owner, he was among the founders of the Anti-Corn Law League in 1839, and was largely... Brightman, Edgar Sheffield (1884-1953) US philosopher. His philosophy, systematically presented in the posthumous Person and Reality (1958), was an empirically oriented development of Borden Parker Bowne's personalistic theism. He is... Brightman, Frank Edward (1856-1932) English liturgist and historian. His reputation as the foremost liturgical scholar of his day in England was established by his Liturgies, Eastern and Western, and English Rite (1915). The... | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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