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Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich (1880-1921) Russian poet. As a follower of the French Symbolist movement, he used words for their symbolic rather than actual meaning. He backed the 1917 Revolution, as in his poems The Twelve (1918) and The... Blomberg, Werner Eduard Fritz von (1878-1943) German field marshal. After a sound but unremarkable career in World War I, Blomberg became minister of war January 1933 and commander-in-chief of German armed forces May 1935. Hitler forced him... Blomefield, Francis (1705-1752) English topographer, born at Fersfield, Norfolk. He is known principally for An Essay Towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk (1739-75), which gives extensive information about... Blomfield, Arthur William (1829-1899) English architect, born in London; he began practice in 1856. He restored several English cathedrals, including Canterbury, Chichester, Lincoln and Salisbury. Other works include the Royal College... Blomfield, Charles James (1786-1857) English bishop and classical scholar. He was bishop of Chester 1824-28 and London from 1828, where he engaged in the long overdue reforming of the organization of the church. He was particularly... Blomfield, Reginald Theodore (1856-1942) English architect and writer on architecture, born at Bow, Devon. He rebuilt the Quadrant in Regent Street, London, and remodelled several country houses and their gardens, for example Blondel French poet, probably from Nesle in Picardy. There is a legend that it was he who discovered the English king Blood, Thomas (1618-1680) Irish adventurer, known as Colonel Blood. In 1663 he tried to seize the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at Dublin Castle, and in 1670 he attempted to assassinate the Duke of Ormond in 1670, possibly on... Bloody Assizes Courts held by judges of the High Court in the west of England under the Lord Chief Justice, Judge Shooting dead of 13 unarmed demonstrators in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972, by soldiers from the British Army's 1st Parachute Regiment. One wounded man later died from an illness... Bloom, Allan David (1936-1992) US political scientist and author. Bloom was an obscure translator of Plato until the publication of his Closing of the American Mind (1987), a neoconservative polemic against what he perceived as... Bloom, Claire (1931) English actor. She formed the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1948, and moved to the Old Vic in 1952, establishing a reputation as a distinguished Shakespearean actor. Her... Bloom, Sol (1870-1949) US representative. Bloom became a Democratic congressman in 1923. He was chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, 1939-49, and sponsored the Lend Lease Act and the Marshall Plan. Before going... Bloomberg, Michael Rubens (1942) US entrepreneur and politician, mayor of New York City from 2002. One of the USA's richest people, he heads a global media and financial-data empire and spent nearly US$70 million on his... Bloomer, Amelia (1818-1894) US campaigner for women's rights. In 1849, when unwieldy crinolines were the fashion, she introduced a knee-length skirt combined with loose trousers gathered at the ankles, which became known as... Bloomsbury Group Intellectual circle of writers and artists based in Bloomsbury, London, which flourished in the 1920s. It centred on the house of publisher Leonard Woolf and his wife, novelist Virginia Blore, Edward (1787-1879) English architect, draughtsman and writer. His first important building was Walter Scott's Tudor Gothic Revival house Blount (or Blunt), Edward (lived 1588-1632) English printer and stationer. In 1623, in collaboration with the printer Isaac Jaggard, he brought out John Hemings's and Henry Condell's edition of Shakespeare's plays, known as the Blount, Charles (1563-1606) English soldier, a friend of the 2nd Earl of Blount, William (1749-1800) US governor and senator. Blount represented North Carolina in the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1787. He was appointed governor of Tennessee territory in 1790, and became one of the new state of... Blowitz, Henri Georges Stéphan Adolphe Opper de (1825-1903) French journalist. He became chief Paris correspondent to The Times in 1873. Blowitz was born in Bohemia. While travelling, he learned several European languages and was subsequently appointed... Bloy, Léon-Marie (1846-1917) French writer. He achieved a considerable reputation with his literary lampoons in the 1880s. Le Désesperé/The Desperate Man 1887 and La Femme pauvre/The Woman who was Poor 1897 are... blue books In Britain, former official reports published by the government and Parliament on domestic and foreign affairs in the 19th and early 20th centuries, so named for their blue paper covers. They were... blue chip In business and finance, a stock that is considered strong and reliable in terms of the dividend yield and capital value. Blue-chip companies are favoured by stock-market investors more... Blue Cross gas In World War I, German term for respiratory irritant gases, from the mark painted on the shells. The group consisted of diphenylchlorarsine, diphenylcyanarsine, and ethylcarbazol, although the... Blue Division Spanish volunteers who fought with the German army against the USSR during World War II. ... Blue Laws In American history, a collection of severe laws regarding behaviour and the keeping of the Bluebeard Folk-tale character, popularized by the writer Charles Bluemner, Oscar (1867-1938) German-born painter and architect. Bluemner emigrated to the USA in 1892. A practising architect, he later devoted his life to painting. His individual coloration and his cubist landscapes, using... Blum, Léon (1872-1950) French socialist politician, parliamentary leader of the Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO) in the inter-war period and the first socialist prime minister of France 1936-37,... Blum, Robert (Frederick) (1875-1903) US painter and illustrator. Blum was commissioned to illustrate Sir Edwin Arnold's Japonica (1890-91), and the influence of Japan on his work is seen in his major painting, The Ameya (1892). ... Blume, Judy (1938) US novelist. Bored with suburban life, Blume turned to writing and illustrating children's stories. After many rejections, she published Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret (1970), Blubber (1974),... Blumenthal, Joseph (1897-1990) US printer, book designer, and publisher. Blumenthal founded the Spiral Press in 1926. He printed fine editions of many texts but was renowned for his special editions of the poems of Robert Frost.... Blumentritt, Gunther (1892-1967) German general. A general staff officer, he was chief of operations for Field Marshal von Blunden, Edmund (Charles) (1896-1974) English poet and critic. He served in World War I and published the prose work Undertones of War (1928). His poetry is mainly about rural life. Among his scholarly contributions was the discovery... Blunkett, David (1947) British Labour politician, former education and home secretary 1994-2004 in the Blunt, Anthony Frederick (1907-1983) English art historian and double agent. As a Cambridge lecturer, he recruited for the Soviet secret service and, as a member of the British Secret Service 1940-45, passed information to the USSR.... Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen (1840-1922) English poet. He travelled in the Middle East, becoming a supporter of Arab nationalism. He also supported Irish home rule (he was imprisoned 1887-88), and wrote anti-imperialist books... Bluntschli, Johann Kaspar (1808-1881) German jurist. He published a major work on jurisprudence, the Allgemeines Staatsrecht/General Constitutional Law (1852), and became one of the greatest authorities on international law. In 1873 he... Bly, Nellie US journalist; see Elizabeth Bly, Robert Elwood (1926) US writer. His book Iron John: A Book About Men (1990), in which he argued that men needed to rediscover the warrior side of their natures, started the `men's movement`. His collection Light... Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von (1742-1819) Prussian general and field marshal, popularly known as `Marshal Forward`. He took an active part in the patriotic movement, and in the War of German Liberation defeated the French as... Blyth, Chay (Charles) (1940) British sailing adventurer who rowed across the Atlantic with Capt John Ridgeway in 1966 and sailed solo around the world in a westerly direction during 1970-71. He sailed around the world with a... Blythe, David (Gilmour) (1815-1865) US painter. Blythe is known for his genre paintings that satirize everyday life, as seen in The Post Office (c. 1863). ... Blyton, Enid Mary (1897-1968) English writer of children's books. She used her abilities as a trained teacher of young children and a journalist, coupled with her ability to think like a child, to produce books at all levels... Bo&gcaron;azköy Village in Turkey 145 km/90 mi east of Ankara. It is on the site of Hattusas, the ancient Boadicea Alternative (Latin) spelling of British queen Boanerges `Sons of thunder`, name given by Christ to the two disciples James and John, the sons of Zebedee (Mark 3:17). ... Board of Trade Former UK government organization, merged with the Department of Trade and Industry 1970. ... board of visitors In the UK penal system, a body of people independent of the government who supervise the state of prison premises, the administration of prisons, and the treatment of the prisoners. Boards of... Boas, Franz (1858-1942) German-born US anthropologist. He stressed the need to study `four fields`- ethnology, linguistics, physical anthropology, and archaeology - before generalizations might be made about any... boat people Illegal emigrants travelling by sea, especially those Vietnamese who left their country after the takeover of South Vietnam in 1975 by North Vietnam. In 1979, almost 69,000 boat people landed in... Boateng, Paul Yaw (1951) British Labour politician and broadcaster, chief secretary to the Treasury 2002-05, and British High Commissioner to South Africa from 2005. An articulate barrister, he became, in 2002, Britain's... Boberg, Ferdinand (1860-1945) Swedish architect. The most important exponent of early 20th-century architecture in Sweden, he designed mainly large-scale civic buildings in the style of US architects Henry Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375) Italian writer and poet. He is chiefly known for the collection of tales called the Boccacino, Boccaccio (1467-c. 1524) Italian painter. He worked in Genoa, Ferrara, and Venice, where he was influenced by Giovanni Bellini. He settled in Cremona, his main work being frescoes in the cathedral there. His Marriage of St... Boccalini, Trajano (1556-1613) Italian satirist and political writer. His Ragguagli di Parnaso/Dispatches from Parnassus (1613) deal with contemporary topics and personalities, both private and political. A similar collection, La... Boccioni, Umberto (1882-1916) Italian painter, sculptor, and theorist. One of the founders of Bock, Fedor von (1880-1945) German field marshal of World War II. He commanded an army group during the German invasions of Poland 1939, Belgium and the Netherlands 1940, and the USSR 1941. After... Bocskai, Stephen (István) (1557-1606) Prince of Transylvania. He was the leader of a successful rebellion against the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II in 1604, and in 1605 was elected Prince of Transylvania by the Diet (legislative... Bodenheim, Maxwell (1893-1954) US poet and writer. Bodenheimer published 11 volumes of poetry, including Minna and Myself in 1918, and novels, which were considered to be indecent. As editor of the... Bodhgaya Village in Bihar, India, where Gautama became the Buddha while sitting beneath a bo, or bodhi tree Buddhist symbol of Bodhidharma (lived 6th century) Indian Buddhist and teacher. He entered China from southern India about 520 and was the founder of the Ch'an school. Ch'an focuses on contemplation leading... bodhisattva In Mahayana Buddhism, someone who has reached Bodiam Village in East Sussex, England; population (2001) 400. It is situated 16 km/10 mi north of Hastings, on the River Rother. Bodiam Castle was built by Sir Edward Dalyngruge in 1385, and was one of... Bodichon, Barbara (1827-1890) English feminist and campaigner for women's education and suffrage. She wrote Women at Work (1857) and with Bessie Rayner Parkes was a founder of the feminist magazine The Englishwoman's Journal... Bodin, Jean (1530-1596) French political philosopher whose six-volume De la République (1576) is considered the first work on political economy. Bodin was a lawyer in Paris. He published in 1574 a tract explaining that... Bodley, George Frederick (1827-1907) English architect, born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. A pupil of Gilbert Bodley, Thomas (1545-1613) English scholar and diplomat, after whom the Bodleian Library in Oxford is named. After retiring from Queen Elizabeth I's service in 1597, he concentrated on restoring the university's library,... Bodoni, Giambattista (1740-1813) Italian printer. He managed the printing press of the duke of Parma and produced high-quality editions of the classics. He designed several typefaces, including one bearing his name, which is in... body art Form of painting that uses the artist's own body as its central tool and material; it is closely related to Boehm, Joseph Edgar (1834-1890) Austrian-born English sculptor. Among the most important of his many commissions was a colossal statue of Queen Victoria for Windsor Castle 1869. Born in Vienna, Boehm settled in England as a... Boehme, Jakob (1575-1624) German mystic who had many followers in Germany, Holland, and England. He claimed divine revelation of the unity of everything and nothing, and found in God's eternal nature a principle to reconcile... Boelke, Captain Oskar (1889-1916) German fighter pilot in World War I. By 1916 he had more enemy aircraft to his credit than any other German flier and received the Order pour le Merite. At the time of his death in October 1916, he... Boeotia Ancient and modern district of central Greece, of which Boer Dutch settler or descendant of Dutch and Huguenot settlers in South Africa; see also Boer War The second of the Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (AD 480-524) Roman philosopher. He wrote treatises on music and mathematics and De Consolatione Philosophiae/The Consolation of Philosophy, a dialogue in prose. It was translated into European languages during... Bofill, Ricardo (1939) Spanish architect. He has been active largely in France since the late 1970s. In 1965 he set up the Taller de Arquitectura (Architecture Workshop) practice in his native Barcelona, in which an... Bofors gun Light 40-mm anti-aircraft gun designed by the Bofors company of Sweden 1929 and used by almost all combatants in World War II. They were highly effective against... Bogan, Louise (1897-1970) US poet and writer. Bogan was poetry editor of the New Yorker from 1931 to 1969. She was an influential critic and a noted lyrical poet, her work including `The Blue Estuaries` (1968). ... Boganda, Barthélemy (1910-1959) Central African Republic politician and founder of the republic. In 1949 he formed the Mouvement d'Evolution Sociale de l'Afrique Noire (MESAN) as a popular mass movement, and 1950-51 began a... Bogdanov, Aleksander Aleksandrovich (1873-1928) Russian philosopher, sociologist, economist, and politician. He became a Bogdanov, Michael (1938) English theatre director. He co-founded and became joint artistic director of the English Shakespeare Company with actor Michael Pennington (1943) in 1986. He has directed plays at the Royal... Boggs, Thomas Hale, Sr (1914-1973) US Democrat representative for Louisiana 1941-43 and 1947-73. He chaired the Special Committee on Campaign Expenditures in 1951 and became majority whip in 1961. He was majority leader of the... Bogomil Member of a sect of Christian heretics who originated in 10th-century Bulgaria and spread throughout the Byzantine empire. They held the Bohannan, Paul J(ames) (1920) US anthropologist. Bohannan published studies of African legal and economic anthropology, and on western middle-class concepts of marriage, family, and divorce. His works include Divorce and After... Bohemia Area of the Czech Republic, a fertile plateau drained by the Elbe and Vltava rivers. It is rich in mineral resources, including uranium, coal, lignite, iron ore, silver, and graphite. The main... Bohlen, Charles `Chip` (1904-1974) US diplomat. Educated at Harvard, he entered the foreign service In 1929. An interpreter and adviser to presidents Franklin D Roosevelt at Tehran and Yalta, and Harry S Truman at Potsdam, he served... Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen von (1851-1914) Austrian economist whose most important contribution to economic theory was in the field of interest and capital. He subscribed to the ... Bohn, Henry George (1796-1884) English bookseller and publisher, of German parentage. His `guinea catalogue` of rare books (1841) attracted much attention. In 1846 he launched his Standard Library of reprints, and followed... Bohrod, Aaron (1907-1992) US painter. A student of John Sloan in New York, Bohrod taught at the University of Wisconsin: Madison, 1948-73. His works include Landscape Near Chicago (1934). ... Boiardo, Matteo Maria, Count of Scandiano (1434-1494) Italian translator and poet. He is famed for his Orlando innamorato/Roland in Love (1487), a chivalrous epic glorifying military honour, patriotism, and religion. Boileau Despréaux, Nicolas (1636-1711) French poet and critic. After a series of contemporary satires, his `Epîtres/Epistles` (1669-77) led to his joint appointment with the dramatist Jean Racine as royal historiographer in 1677.... Bois, John (1561-1644) English translator of the Bible. He was one of the translators for the King James's Bible in 1604, and a member of the board of revision. He translated a portion of the Apocrypha and of the sections... Boissard, Maurice Pseudonym of French theatre critic and writer Paul Bok, Edward William (1863-1930) Netherlandish editor and author. Emigrating to the USA in 1870, Bok began working in newspapers at the age of 13. In 1884, he started a syndicate that sold women's features to newspapers; and in... Bokassa, Jean-Bédel (1921-1996) Central African Republic president 1966-79 and self-proclaimed emperor 1977-79. Commander-in-chief from 1963, in December 1965 he led the military coup that gave him the presidency. On 4... Boker, George Henry (1823-1890) US playwright, poet, and diplomat. His verse play Francesca da Rimini (1855) is sometimes claimed to be the greatest US tragedy of the 19th century. Boker was also well known for his sonnets, of... Bol, Ferdinand (c. 1616-1680) Dutch painter. He was a pupil (before 1640) of Bol, Hans (1535-1593) Flemish painter whose landscapes are populated with numerous human figures. In addition to oil paintings he produced watercolours, miniatures, cartoons for tapestry, topographical... Bolam, James (1938) English actor. He starred as the endearing and witty rogue Terry Collier in the working-class television sitcom The Likely Lads (1964-66) with Rodney Boland, Eavan (Aisling) (1944) Irish poet and academic. Born in Dublin and educated in London, New York, and Trinity College, Dublin, Boland has lectured and taught creative writing in Ireland and the USA. Most significantly she... Boland, Patrick Joseph (1880-1942) US representative. A carpenter and general contractor he served in local offices before going to the US House of Representatives in 1931 as Democrat representative for Pennsylvania. He became... Boleyn, Anne (c. 1507-1536) Queen of England 1533-36 as the second wife of Henry VIII. She gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth I in 1533, but was unable to produce a male heir to the thr ... Bolger, (Raymond Wallace) Ray (1904-1987) US actor and dancer. An agile dancer who appeared on stage and television, he was the wobbly scarecrow in The Wizard of Oz (1939) and he received numerous theatre awards, including a Tony in 1949. ... Bolger, Jim (1935) New Zealand National Party centre-right politician, prime minister 1990-97. His government improved relations with the USA, which had deteriorated sharply when the preceding Labour governments... Bolimov, Battle of In World War I, inconclusive battle between German and Russian forces, part of the third German attack on Warsaw February 1915; mainly significant as the first battle in which gas was used as a... Bolingbroke Title of Henry of Bolingbroke, Bolingbroke, Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751) British Tory politician and political philosopher. He was foreign secretary 1710-14 and a Jacobite conspirator. His books, such as Idea of a Patriot King (1738) and The Dissertation upon Parties... Bolívar, Simón (1783-1830) South American nationalist, leader of revolutionary armies, known as the Liberator. He fought the Spanish colonial forces in several uprisings and eventually liberated Colombia in 1819, his native... Bolivia Landlocked country in central Andes mountains in South America, bounded north and east by Brazil, southeast by Paraguay, south by Argentina, and west by Chile and Peru. Government Achieving... Bolkiah, Muda Hassanal (1946) Sultan of Brunei from 1967, following the abdication of his father, Omar Ali Saifuddin (1916-1986). As absolute ruler, Bolkiah also assumed the posts of prime minister and defence minister on... Bollandist Member of a group of Belgian Jesuits who edit and publish the Acta Sanctorum, the standard collection of saints' lives and other scholarly publications. They are named after John Bolland... Bolling, Richard Walker (1916-1991) US representative. Bolling worked in educational administration before joining the army in 1941. He fought in the Pacific, and served in Japan under General MacArthur. Awarded a Bronze Star, he was... Bolo, Paul (Pasha) (died 1918) French traitor and confidence trickster. In February 1915 he gained the confidence of the Khedive of Egypt and got his backing for a scheme to get money from Germany to promote a campaign for peace... Bologna, Concord(at) of Agreement reached in 1515-16 that restored papal authority over the French (Gallican) church, but granted the French monarchy a degree of control over church appointments. Signed by Pope Leo X and... Bolshevik Member of the majority of the Russian Social Democratic Party who split from the Bolswert, Sheltea (1586-1659) Dutch engraver. He was the most noteworthy of the many engravers who reproduced the paintings of Rubens, after whom he engraved more than 60 plates. He also engraved works of Seghers, Jordaens, and... Bolt, Robert (Oxton) (1924-1995) English dramatist and screenwriter. He wrote historical plays, such as A Man for All Seasons (1960; filmed 1966); his screenplays include Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Dr Zhivago (1965) (both Academy... Bolton Priory Priory situated on the banks of the River Wharfe, in the village of Bolton Abbey, North Yorkshire, England. Its Boltraffio (or Beltraffio), Giovanni Antonio (1467-1516) Milanese painter. A pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, he painted religious subjects and portraits. The Casio Madonna (1500, Louvre, Paris) includes an angel musician which, according to a later tradition,... bomb Container filled with explosive or chemical material and generally used in warfare. There are also Bombay Former province of British India; the capital was the city of Bombay (now Mumbai). In 1960 the major part became the two new states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. ... Bomberg, David (Garshen) (1890-1957) English painter and founder member of the bombing campaigns, World War II Air raids conducted against civilian and industrial targets by both the Allied and Axis powers from 1940 to 1945. Their aim was to destroy the morale of civilian populations and undermine the... Bon The pre-Buddhist faith of many of the Tibetan peoples. Probably originally shamanistic in origin, it underwent a transformation in reaction to the arrival of Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th and 9th... Bona Dea In classical mythology, a chaste and prophetic goddess worshipped in Rome. She revealed her oracles only to women. She was variously described as the sister, wife, or daughter of bona fide Legal phrase used to signify that a contract is undertaken without intentional misrepresentation. ... bona vacantia In law, the property of a person who dies without making a will and without relatives or dependants who would be entitled or might reasonably expect to inherit. In the UK, in such a case the... Bonampak Site of a Classic Bonaparte Corsican family of Italian origin that gave rise to the Napoleonic dynasty: see Bonaparte, Charles Joseph (1851-1921) US lawyer and reformer. Bonaparte practised law in Baltimore. He founded the Civil Service Reform Association of Maryland and the National Civil Service Reform League in 1881. These reform... Bonapartism Political system of military dictatorship by an individual, ostensibly based on popular appeal, with frequent use of the Bonar Law British Conservative politician; see Bonaventura, St (1221-1274) Italian Roman Catholic theologian. He entered the Franciscan order in 1243, became professor of theology in Paris, and in 1256 general of his order. In 1273 he was created cardinal and bishop of... bond In commerce, a security issued by a government, local authority, company, bank, or other institution on fixed interest. Usually a long-term security, a bond may be irredeemable (with no date of... Bond, (Horace) Julian (1940) US civil-rights activist and state legislator. Bond helped to found the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960. He served in local politics until 1987 when he gave up his seat in... Bond, (J) Max (Jr) (1935) US architect. Bond co-founded Bond Ryder Associates, a firm specializing in urban structures, in 1969. In 1990 Bond became a partner in Davis, Brody & Associates. He became dean of the... Bond, (Thomas) Michael (1926) English children's author. He is the creator of the enormously popular Bond, Edward (1934) English dramatist. His early work aroused controversy because of the savagery of some of his imagery, for example, the brutal stoning of a baby by bored youths in Saved (1965). Other works include... Bondevik, Kjell Magne (1947) Norwegian politician, prime minister 1997-2000 and 2001-05, chair of the Christian People's Party (KrF) 1983-95. He became politically active as a theology student, and was elected to... Bondfield, Margaret Grace (1873-1953) British Labour politician and trade unionist. She became a trade-union organizer to improve working conditions for women. She helped to found the National Federation of Women Workers in 1906 and... bonding Method of producing bondservant Another term for a slave or serf used in the Caribbean in the 18th and 19th centuries; a person who was offered a few acres of land in return for some years of compulsory service. The system was a... bone china Semiporcelain made of 5% bone ash added to 95% kaolin. It was first made in the West in imitation of Chinese porcelain, whose formula was kept secret by the Chinese. ... Bone, David William (1874-1959) Scottish novelist. He went to sea at 15 and rose to become commodore of the Anchor Line fleet. His novels are all about the sea. Merchantmen at Arms (1919), illustrated by his brother Muirhead Bone,... Bone, Henry (1755-1834) English enamel painter. His copies in enamel after old masters are much sought after by connoisseurs; the best known is his Bacchus and Ariadne, after Titian. Bone was born in Cornwall, apprenticed... Bone, Muirhead (1876-1953) Scottish graphic artist. As official war artist from 1916 to 1918, during World War I, he made drawings of the Western Front and battleships (Imperial War Museum and Tate Gallery, London). He also... Boner, Ulrich (lived c. 1324-1349) Swiss writer of fables. His book of 100 fables, Der Edelstein/The Precious Stone, was one of the first German books to be printed, 1461. He was born in Bern, and probably took clerical orders and... Bonestell, Chesley (1888-1986) US artist who specialized in such realistic-looking astronomical illustrations that many believe they were instrumental in persuading the US government that... Bonfigli, Benedetto (1420-1496) Italian painter. He worked mainly in Perugia, and was a follower of Benozzo di Lese in style. His main work was a series of frescoes for the Priors' Chapel in the town hall of Perugia, not entirely... Bongo, Omar (1935) Gabonese politician, president from 1967. Minister of national defence 1964-65 and vice-president in 1967 under President Léon M'ba, he succeeded as president, prime minister, and secretary... Bonham-Carter, (Helen) Violet (1887-1969) British president of the Liberal party 1945-47. A close supporter of Winston Churchill, she published Winston Churchill as I Knew Him in 1965. She w ... Bonheur, Rosa (Marie Rosalie) (1822-1899) French painter. She is best known for her realistic animal painting, including Horse Fair (1853; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). She exhibited at the Paris Salon every year from 1841 and... Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906-1945) German Lutheran theologian and opponent of Nazism. Involved in a plot against Hitler, he was executed by the Nazis in Flossenburg concentration camp. His Letters and Papers from Prison (1953) became... Boniface of Savoy (died 1270) English cleric, a Carthusian, archbishop of Canterbury from 1241, enthroned in 1249. His reforms met with strong resistance from the clergy and he retired to Rome until 1252. In 1256 he took part... Boniface V (died 625) Pope 619-25. According to the English theologian and historian Bede, he did much for the conversion of England; he is said to have fixed upon Canterbury as the metropolitan see, although St... Boniface VIII (c. 1235-1303) Pope from 1294. He clashed unsuccessfully with Philip IV of France over his taxation of the clergy, and also with Henry III of England. Boniface exempted the clergy from taxation by the secular... Boniface, St (680-754) English Benedictine monk, known as the `Apostle of Germany`; originally named Wynfrith. After a missionary journey to Frisia in 716, he was given the task of bringing Christianity to Germany in... Bonifacio, Andres (1861-1897) Filipino revolutionary leader. He was the leader of the Katipunan, a secret nationalist society organized to overthrow Spanish colonial control over the Philippines. He precipitated the Philippine... Bonington, Chris(tian) John Storey (1934) English mountaineer. Known particularly for his expeditions to the Himalayas, he took part in the first ascent of Annapurna II in 1960 and was the leader of an Everest expedition... Bonington, Richard Parkes (1801-1828) English painter who worked in France from 1817. He painted fresh, atmospheric seascapes and landscapes in oil and watercolour. A leading spirit in the formation of the French Romantic School, he was... Bonior, David (Edward) (1945) US representative. A Vietnam veteran and social worker before coming to Congress as a Democrat in 1976, he opposed aid to the Contras in Nicaragua In the 1980s and became majority whip... Bonnard, Pierre (1867-1947) French painter, designer, and graphic artist. Influenced by Gauguin and Japanese prints, he specialized in intimate domestic scenes and landscapes, his paintings shimmering with colour and light.... Bonnefoy, Yves (1923) French poet, literary critic, art critic, and translator. Best known in English-speaking countries for his poetry, he has also translated Shakespeare and published several collections of essays on... Bonner, Neville Thomas (1922-1999) Aboriginal elder and Australian Liberal senator 1971-83. Bonner was the first Aborigine to be elected to Australia's federal parliament. He lived in poverty in the New South Wales outback before... Bonner, Robert (1824-1899) Irish-born newspaper editor. Emigrating to the USA in 1839, he bought the New York Ledger newspaper in 1851 and made it prosper, attracting articles from the literary giants of the day. ... Bonner, Yelena (1923) Russian human-rights campaigner. Disillusioned by the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, she resigned from the Communist Party (CPSU) after marrying her second husband, Andrei Bonnet, Charles (1720-1793) Swiss naturalist and philosopher. He observed leaves and aphids and other insects, and published Traité d'insectologie/Treatise on Insectology (1745) and Recherches sur l'usage des feuil ... Bonneville, Benjamin Louis Eulalie de (1796-1878) French soldier. Bonneville emigrated to the USA in 1803 and graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1815. His record of the 1832-35 expedition to the Green River in Wyoming was edited by... Bonney, Charles (1813-1897) Australian politician and overlander, born in England. He is claimed to be Australia's first overlander, having taken 10,000 sheep south from the Murray River to the Goulburn River in 1837 and the... Bonney, William H US outlaw known by the name of Bonnie and Clyde Infamous US criminals who carried out a series of small-scale robberies in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Missouri between August 1932 and May 1934. They were eventually betrayed and then killed... Bonnie Prince Charlie Scottish name for Bonnin, Gertrude (1876-1938) American Indian writer and activist. A teacher and later a professional violinist, she wrote stories, many of which were published in Harper's Monthly, and also autobiographical sketches, which... Bono da Ferrara (lived 15th century) Italian painter. He worked in the studio of Francesco Bono, Sonny (1935-1998) US pop singer and Republican politician. He was the male half of the popular 1960s musical duo Sonny and Cher, who rose to fame with the 1965 hit record `I Got You Babe`. Bono's latter-day... Bonomi, Ivanoe (1873-1952) Italian socialist politician, prime minister 1921-22 and 1944-45. An opponent of Mussolini's seizure of power, he left politics in 1924, but after 1942 was a leading figure in the anti-fascist... Bonpland, Aime Jacques Alexandre (1773-1858) French botanist and explorer of South America who, with Alexander von Humboldt, travelled 9,650 km/6,301 mi in South America and collected over 6,000 new species of plants. Their travels and... Bonsignori, Francesco (1455-1519) Italian painter. He produced religious works and portraits. He was court painter to the Gonzagas in Mantua from about 1490, and was influenced by Andrea Mantegna. ... Bontempelli, Massimo (1878-1960) Italian writer. From classical beginnings, he became a Futurist and humorist, and described his art as `magic realism`. He wrote several novels, numerous volumes of verse, plays, and various... Bontemps, Arna (Wendell) (1902-1973) US writer, anthologist, and librarian. Bontemps spent most of his career as a librarian and public Relations officer. He published poetry, children's books, and several novels. His 1925 poem,... Bontemps, Pierre (c. 1507-1568) French sculptor. He worked on a number of royal monuments, his style combining traditional Gothic elements with the Italian Renaissance style then reaching France. He is best known for his work on... Bonus Army In US history, a march on Washington, DC, by unemployed ex-servicemen during the bonus issue Another term for Bony, Jean (1908-1995) French architectural historian. A scholar of French and English Gothic architecture, his publications include The English Decorated Style (1979) and French Gothic Architecture of the 12th and 13th... book Portable written record. Substances used to make early books included leaves, bark, linen, silk, clay, leather, and papyrus. In about AD 100-150, the codex or paged book, as opposed to the roll or... Book of Changes Another name for the Book of Common Worship Service book of the Church of England and the Episcopal Church, based largely on the Roman breviary. The first service book in English, published in 1549, was known as the First Prayer Book of... Book of Common Prayer Former name of the service book of the Church of England and the Episcopal Church, renamed the Book of Hours See Book of the Dead Ancient Egyptian book of magic spells, known as the Book of Coming Forth by Day, buried with the dead as a guide to reaching the kingdom of Book of Thoth Ancient Egyptian text containing medical knowledge and methods to be used under the auspices of Book Trust British association of authors, publishers, booksellers, librarians, and readers, to encourage the reading and production of better books. Founded as... book value Value at which an item is entered into the accounts of a company. Book values can sometimes differ from actual values, especially if the prices of goods are changing rapidly. For example, the book... book-keeping Process of recording commercial transactions in a systematic and established procedure. These records provide the basis for the preparation of accounts. The earliest known work on double-entry... bookbinding Securing of the pages of a book between protective covers by sewing and/or gluing. Cloth binding was first introduced in 1822, but from the mid-20th century synthetic bindings were increasingly... Booker Prize for Fiction British literary prize of £50,000 awarded annually (from 1969) to a Commonwealth writer by the Booker company (formerly Booker McConnell) for a novel published in the UK... | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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