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bioterrorism Use of biological weapons in terrorism. Diseases that could be employed as weapons include anthrax, plague, and botulism. The first use of biological weapons against civilians by a non-military... Birch, Charles Bell (1832-1893) English sculptor. He created the griffin on the Birch, James Frederick Noel (1865-1939) British general. Commissioned into the Royal Artillery 1885, he served in Ashanti and South Africa. During World War I he acted as artillery adviser to the commander-in-chief in France and was... Birch, John M (1918-1945) US Baptist missionary, who worked in China during World War II supplying information to the US armed forces. At the end of the war he was killed by Chinese communists; the US extreme right-wing... Birch, William Russell (1775-1834) English-born engraver. Birch emigrated to Philadelphia in 1794. He painted miniatures, and became famous for his line engravings. In 1808 he created etchings for the county seats of the USA. ... Birchall, Frederick Thomas (1868-1955) English-born journalist. Birchall became acting managing- editor of the New York Times in 1926. He later became director of the paper, winning a Pulitzer Prize in 1934 for his perceptive... Bird, Isabella Lucy (1831-1904) British traveller and writer who wrote extensively of her journeys in the USA, Persia, Tibet, Kurdistan, China, Japan, and Korea. A fearless horsewoman, she generally travelled alone and in later... Bird, Junius (Bouton) (1907-1982) US archaeologist. Bird became the assistant to the curator of South American archaeology at the American Museum of Natural History in 1931, becoming an authority on early cultures of the Western.... Bird, Lester B (1938) Antiguan politician, prime minister 1994-2004. He succeeded his father Vere Bird, Robert Montgomery (1804-1854) US playwright and novelist. His most successful dramatic work was the tragedy The Gladiator (1831), about Spartacus. As a novelist, he published Calavar (1834) and its sequel The Infidel (1835),... Bird, Vere Cornwall (1910-1999) Antiguan politician, chief minister 1960-67, and prime minister 1967-71 and 1976-94. He formed the centre-left Antigua Labour Party (ALP) in 1968, but lost power to George ... Birdsell, J(oseph) B(enjamin) (1908-1994) US physical anthropologist. A professor at the University of California at Los Angeles, 1947-75, his long-term research in Australia led to his theory that Australian aborigines are trihybrid... Birendra, Bir Bikram Shah Dev (1945-2001) King of Nepal from 1972, when he succeeded his father Mahendra; he was formally crowned in 1975. King Birendra oversaw Nepal's return to multiparty politics and introduced a new constitution in... Birinus, St (died c. 650) English saint and first bishop of Dorchester, Oxon, who in 635 converted and baptized the Saxon king Cynegils. ... Birkbeck, George (1776-1841) English doctor and pioneer of workers' education. Born in Settle, Yorkshire, he studied medicine and philosophy in Edinburgh. As professor of natural philosophy at Anderson's College, Glasgow, he... Birkenhead, F(rederick) E(dwin) Smith (1872-1930) British lawyer and Conservative politician. He was a flamboyant and ambitious character, and played a major role in securing the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921, which created... Birkett, (William) Norman (1883-1962) English lawyer and politician. He was a Liberal member of Parliament 1923-24 and 1929-31. He was a judge of the King's Bench Division 1941-50, and in 1945 was appointed a deputy member of the... Birmingham Six Irish victims of a miscarriage of justice who spent nearly 17 years in British prisons convicted of an IRA terrorist bombing in Birmingham in 1974. They were released in 1991 when the Court of... Birmingham, George A Pseudonym of Irish novelist James Birmingham, HMS British light cruiser of the `Chatham` class. On 9 August 1915 the Birmingham sank U 15, the first German submarine sunk during World War I. The Birmingham later took part in the battles of... Birney, (Alfred) Earle (1904-1995) Canadian poet. His work bridges the gaps between traditional and experimental writing, and his handling of everyday language has been widely influential. Collections include Selected Poems (1966),... Birr Castle Seat of the Parsons family, the Earls of Rosse, since 1620, at Birr, County Offaly, Republic of Ireland. The present Birr Castle is the work of several periods - it was burnt in 1643, besieged in... birth rate The number of live births per 1,000 of the population over a period of time, usually a year (sometimes it is also expressed as a percentage). For example, a birth rate of 20/1,000 (or 2%) would mean... Bischoff, Elmer (1916-1991) US painter and teacher. Bischoff taught painting at the San Francisco Art and at the University of California at Berkeley His work includes Woman With Dark Blue Sky (1959). ... Bisharin Hamitic and Muslim group of the bishop Priest next in rank to an archbishop in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican churches. A bishop has charge of a district called a diocese. Originally, bishops were chosen by the... Bishop, Elizabeth (1911-1979) US poet and writer. Bishop was the consultant in poetry at the Library of Congress, 1949-50. She then spent more than 20 years in Brazil and taught at Harvard in the 1970s. She is known for her... Bishop, Isabella Married name of the travel writer Isabella Bishop, John Peale (1892-1944) US poet and writer. Bishop published his first book of poetry, Green Fruit in 1917. He went on to become editor of Vanity Fair, but later wrote novels, short stories, and literary criticism. ... Bishop, Maurice (1944-1983) Grenadian socialist politician, president 1979-83. Founder of the New Jewel Movement (NJM) in 1973, a mass anti-colonial Marxist-Leninist organization, he became prime minister of a... Bishop, William (Howard) (1885-1952) US religious leader. Ordained in the Baltimore archdiocese in 1915, Bishop founded the first Catholic diocesan Rural Life Conference in 1925, headed the national Rural Life Conference, 1928-33,... Bishop, William Avery (1894-1956) Canadian aviator. He fought on the Western Front in World War I 1914-18 as a highly successful fighter pilot, shooting down 72 enemy aircraft. He was awarded the Victoria Cross in 1917. In 1938 he... Bishops' Wars Struggles between King Biskupin Prehistoric timber fort dating from the 6th-5th centuries BC, near Znin, central Poland. Wooden features have been preserved by its waterlogged lakeside setting. The fort had a timber rampart, and... Bismarck German battleship of World War II. Launched in February 1939, it was a constant threat to Allied convoys in the Atlantic until sunk by the British in May 1941. The Bismarck displaced 50,900 tons at... Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold von (1815-1898) German politician, prime minister of Prussia 1862-90 and chancellor of the German Empire 1871-90. He pursued an aggressively expansionist policy, waging wars against Denmark (1863-64), Austria... Bismillah Muslim ceremony to mark the beginning of a child's learning about Islam. It takes place at the age of four to five, the same age at which the angel Jibra'il (Gabriel) visited Muhammad. The child is... bisque ware In ceramics, clay or Bissell, George Edwin (1839-1920) US sculptor. Among his works are a national monument in Waterbury, Connecticut, and a statue of Abraham Lincoln in Edinburgh. ... Bissolo, Francesco (1492-1554) Italian painter. Active in Venice, he was a follower of Giovanni Bisticci, Vespasiano da (1421-1498) Florentine bookseller, scholar, and biographer. Responding to the huge demand for books in the 15th century, he became the largest employer of copyists in Europe, and the agent for the three... Bitar, Salah Eddin (1912-1980) Syrian politician, prime minister several times between 1963 and 1964 and in 1966. He was, with Michel Bitat, Rabah (1926) Algerian nationalist and politician. A founding member of the Comité Révolutionnaire d'Unité et d'Action (CRUA) and the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), he was arrested in 1955 by the... Bithynia District of northwestern Asia that became a Roman province 74 BC, and was from 64 BC administered with part of Biton and Cleobis In Greek mythology, sons of Cydippe, a priestess of Hera at Argos. They drew her chariot to the temple of Hera, where their mother, in return for their love, prayed to Hera to grant them the best... Bitter, Karl (Theodore Francis) (1867-1915) Austrian-born sculptor. Bitter emigrated to New York City in 1889. He worked with the architect, Richard Morris, and became famous for his bronze doors of Trinity Church, New York City. He... bivalence In logic, a principle or law that can be formulated as `every proposition is either true or false`. If the principle of bivalence is true, then two-valued logic, in which true and false are in... Biya, Paul (1933) Cameroonian politician, prime minister 1975-82 and president from 1982. He entered politics under the aegis of President Ahmadou Bizonia Name given to the unified US and British occupied zones of Germany after l January 1947. This unification was brought about largely by increasing East-West tensions and the need for integrated... Bj&osla;rnson, Bj&osla;rnstjerne Martinius (1832-1910) Norwegian novelist, playwright, poet, and journalist. His plays include The Newly Married Couple (1865) and Beyond Human Power (1883), dealing with politics and sexual morality. Among his novels is... Bjelke-Petersen, Joh(annes) (1911-2005) Australian right-wing politician, leader of the Queensland National Party (QNP) and premier of Queensland 1968-87. Bjelke-Petersen was born in New Zealand, the son of a Danish Lutheran... Black and Tans Nickname of a special auxiliary force of the Royal Irish Constabulary formed from British ex-soldiers on 2 January 1920 and in action in Ireland March 1920-December 1921. They were employed by... Black Beauty Novel by Anna Black Boy Autobiography of the US left-wing writer Richard Wright, published 1945, which gives a vivid and harrowing account of a black boy's experience of growing up in the USA. ... Black Death Great epidemic of black economy Hidden economy of a country, which includes undeclared earnings from a second job (`moonlighting`), benefitting from undervalued goods and services (such as company `perks`) designed for tax... Black Elk (1863-1950) American Indian religious leader, born into the Oglala Lakota people. He tried to find ways of reconciling indigenous traditions with Christianity and the new reality of white dominance. Although he... Black Friday 24 September 1869, a day on which Jay Gould (1836-1892) and James Fisk (1834-1872), stock manipulators, attempted to corner the gold market by trying to prevent the government from selling gold.... Black Hawk (or Black Sparrow Hawk) (1767-1838) American Indian leader of the Sac people. A principal opponent of the cession of lands to the US government, he sided with the British during the War of 1812 and joined his people in their removal... Black Hole of Calcutta Incident in Anglo-Indian history: according to tradition, the nawab (ruler) of Bengal confined 146 British prisoners on the night of 20 June 1756 in one small room, of whom only 23 allegedly... Black Kettle (c. 1803-c. 1868) Southern Cheyenne peace chief. Despite his attempts at accommodation, his band was massacred at Sand Creek, Colorado, in 1864. Black Kettle continued to seek peace but was killed with his tribe in... black market Illegal trade in rationed or otherwise scarce goods; for example, food, petrol, and clothing in affected countries during World War II and after. ... Black Minqua Subgroup of the American Indian Black Monday Worldwide stockmarket crash that began 19 October 1987, prompted by the announcement of worse-than-expected US trade figures and the response by US Secretary of the Treasury, James Baker, who... Black Mountain poets Group of experimental US poets of the 1950s who were linked with Black Mountain College, a liberal arts college in North Carolina. They rejected the constraints of rhyme and metre and the... Black Muslims Religious group founded in 1930 in the USA. Members adhere to Muslim values and believe in economic independence for black Americans. Under the leadership of Louis Black National State Area in the Republic of South Africa set aside from 1971 to 1994 for development towards self-government by black Africans, in accordance with black nationalism Movement towards black separatism in the USA during the 1960s; see Black Power Movement towards black separatism in the USA during the 1960s, embodied in the Black Panther Party founded in 1966 by Huey Black Prince Nickname of Black Rod Official of the House of Lords whose duties include maintaining order and who has the power to arrest a peer for breach of privilege of the House or other offences noticed by the House. Black Rod is... Black September Guerrilla splinter group of the Black Stone In Islam, the sacred stone built into the east corner of the black stump In Australia, an imaginary boundary between civilization and the outback, as in the phrase `this side of the black stump`. ... Black Thursday Day of the Wall Street stock market crash on 24 October 1929, which precipitated the Black, Adam (1784-1874) Scottish publisher. In 1807 he established the still flourishing publishing house of A and C Black (later being joined by his nephew Charles Black). The company publishes Who's Who, which has... Black, Clementina Maria (1853-1922) English suffragist, trade unionist, and novelist. After serving as secretary of the Women's Provident and Protective League, she set up the more militant Women's Trade Union Association (1889). This... Black, Conrad Moffat (1944) Canadian newspaper publisher. He bought the Sherbrooke Record in 1969 and, as chair of Hollinger Inc. 1985-2004, built up a newspaper empire by purchasing international titles such as the UK Daily... Black, Fischer (1938-1995) US economist who was the first to conceive of the pricing of options as an application of general equilibrium theory. For this reason the Black-Merton-Scholes formula (with Robert C Black, Hugo LaFayette (1886-1971) US jurist. He was elected to the US Senate 1926 and, despite his earlier association with the Ku Klux Klan, distinguished himself as a progressive populist. He was appointed to the US Supreme Court... Black, Jeremiah Sullivan (1810-1883) US politician. In 1857 he was Attorney General in James Buchanan's cabinet. He successfully contested the validity of the Californian land claims, and opposed the Congressional plan for... Black, William (1841-1898) Scottish novelist. He achieved popularity with A Daughter of Heth (1871). He wrote vivid descriptions of Scottish scenery and outdoor life, but his work became repetitive. Black was born in Glasgow.... Blackadder, Elizabeth (1931) Scottish painter. Inspired by Japanese styles, her paintings are mostly landscapes, for example Fifeshire Farm (1960, Tate Britain), and still lifes, although she has also done some commissioned... blackbirding Formerly, the kidnapping of South Pacific islanders (kanakas) to provide virtual slave labour in Australia, Fiji Islands, and Samoa. From 1847 to 1904 this practice was carried on extensively to... Blackburn, Helen (1842-1903) Irish social reformer and campaigner for women's suffrage. She was Secretary of the National Society for Women's Suffrage 1874-95 and editor of The Englishwoman's Review 1881-90. In 1899 she and... Blackburn, Joseph (Clay Styles) (1838-1918) US representative and senator. A Confederate war veteran, Blackburn served in the US House of Representatives and the US Senate as a Democrat. He also served as governor of the... Blackburn, Joseph (c. 1700-after 1765) US painter. It is believed that Blackburn lived in Boston and Portsmouth, New Hampshire. During that time he painted portraits, such as the documented canvas, Mrs. Nathaniel Barrell (1762). ... Blackfeet Plural form for the Blackfeet Indian Reservation Reservation in northwestern Montana, adjacent to Glacier National Park, along the Alberta border; area 6,142 sq km/2,371 sq mi; population (1990) 8,500 (82% American Indian).... Blackfoot Member of an American Indian people who migrated from the Great Lakes north and west into the Saskatchewan River valley, Canada, and Montana, in the early 1700s. Their name derives from their black... Blackie, John (1782-1874) Scottish publisher. He established the Glasgow publishing business of Blackie and Son Ltd in 1831. From 1870 its main output has been in educational publishing. Blackie was born in Glasgow, where,... Blacking, John Anthony Randoll (1928-1990) British anthropologist and ethnomusicologist who researched the relationship between music and body movement, and the patterns of social and musical organization. His most widely read book is How... Blacklock, Thomas (1721-1791) Scottish poet. Some early poems published 1746 led to his education at Edinburgh, where he studied divinity. He was an early admirer and friend of the poet Robert Criminal offence of extorting money with menaces or threats of detrimental action, such as exposure of some misconduct on the part of the victim. ... Blackmore, R(ichard) D(oddridge) (1825-1900) English novelist. His romance Lorna Doone (1869), set on Exmoor, southwest England, in the late 17th century, won him lasting popularity. He published 13 other novels, including Cradock Nowell... Blackmore, Richard (1654-1729) English writer and physician to William III and Queen Anne. He wrote dull and turgid epics, ridiculed by the satirical poet Alexander Blackmun, Harry A(ndrew) (1908-1999) US Supreme Court associate justice 1970-94. He was appointed to the US Court of Appeals by President Dwight D Eisenhower in 1959. President Richard Nixon appointed him to the US Supreme Court in... Blackmur, R(ichard) P(almer) (1904-1965) US literary critic and poet. Self-educated, he became a prominent critic of modern literature in the 1920s and 1930s, later writing critical theory. He also published three volumes of poems. His... Blackshirts Term widely used to describe fascist paramilitary organizations. Originating with Mussolini's fascist Squadristi in the 1920s, it was also applied to the Nazi SS (Schutzstaffel) and to the followers... blacksmith Artisan who works with iron by forging and welding. Until cars and tractors replaced horses and carts, the blacksmith was a vital member of the rur ... Blackstone, Harry (1885-1965) US magician. Blackstone's career began in vaudeville in 1904, progressing to a full evening magic show until the 1960s when he begun to perform on television. His act featured both elaborate effects... Blackstone, Tessa Ann Vosper Evans (1942) British Labour politician and sociologist. She was appointed minister of state in charge of further and higher education after the Labour election victory of 1997. Awarded a life peerage in 1987,... Blackstone, William (1723-1780) English jurist who wrote to defend the common law of England as a natural and coherent system, and published his Commentaries on the Laws of England 1765-70. A barrister from 1746, he became the... Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown (1825-1921) US Congregational minister, author, and feminist. Blackwell was not awarded the theology degree that she studied for at Oberlin College because she was a woman. After lecturing on women's rights,... Blackwell, Benjamin Harris (1814-1855) English bookseller who began bookselling in Oxford in 1846. The business came to an end when he died, and it was refounded in 1879. In 1912 his son Basil Henry (later Sir Basil Blackwell,... Blackwell, Betty Talbot (c. 1905-c. 1985) US magazine editor. As editor-in-chief of Mademoiselle magazine from 1937 to 71, Blackwell helped to bring the world of high fashion to a mass audience. ... Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821-1910) English-born US physician, the first woman to qualify in medicine in the USA in 1849, and the first woman to be recognized as a qualified physician in the UK in 1869. Her example inspired... Blackwood, Algernon (Henry) (1869-1951) English novelist. He was greatly interested in the occult and has been called `the ghost man` because of his subjects. His novels include John Silence (1908), The Human Chord (1910), and The... Blackwood, Henry (1770-1832) British admiral. During the Revolutionary Wars with France, he was commended by Horatio Blackwood, William (1776-1834) Scottish publisher. In 1817 he founded Blackwood's Magazine, which has been published monthly ever since. Its authors have included Walter Scott, Thomas De Quincey, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, George... Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine Scottish monthly literary magazine 1817-1980, founded by Scottish publisher William Blackwood (1776-1834) as a rival to the Edinburgh Review, founded 1802. The original editors of Blackwood's... Bladensburg, Battle of During the of 1812, unsuccessful American attempt to check the British advance on Washington 24 August 1814. The British entered Washington later the same day. ... Blades, William (1824-1890) British printer and bibliographer. His interest in the history of printing led to the publication of his Biography and Typography of William Caxton, England's First Printer (1877), in which, by a... Blaga, Lucian (1895-1961) Romanian poet, dramatist, and philosopher, born in Transylvania. He was a leading figure of 20th-century Romanian letters. His poetry includes the collections Poemele lumini/Poems of Light (1919),... Blahoslav, Jan (1523-1571) Czech humanist scholar and theologian. Leader of the Blaine, James Gillespie (1830-1893) US politician and diplomat. Elected to the House of Representatives 1862, he served as Speaker 1869-75 and senator 1876-81. Unable to secure the Republican presidential nomination in 1876 or... Blair, Francis Preston (1821-1875) US Republican politician. He was a member of Congress 1856-62 in the House of Representatives and as senator for Missouri 1871-73. He was instrumental in preventing Missouri... Blair, Francis P(reston) (1791-1876) US journalist and politician. In 1830, as editor of the Washington Globe and a member of the Democratic president Andrew Blair, John (1732-1800) US Supreme Court justice. He attended the 1787 Constitutional Convention and signed the US Constitution. Known for his support of a strong national government, President George Washington appointed... Blair, Montgomery (1813-1883) US politician and lawyer. As US solicitor in the court of claims 1855-58, he was associated with Curtis in the Blair, Robert (1699-1746) Scottish poet and cleric. His one outstanding work is The Grave (1743), a poem in blank verse, nearly 800 lines long. In some passages it rises to sublimity, although in others it sinks to the... Blair, Robert (1593-1666) Scottish Presbyterian, a licensed preacher of the Scottish Presbyterian Church from 1616. In 1640 he went to England as one of the commissioners from the General Assembly... Blair, Tony (1953) British Labour politician, prime minister 1997-2007. He was leader of the Labour Party 1994-2007. On standing down as prime minister in 2007, he became a Middle East special envoy for the... Blaise Hamlet Group of ten cottages at Henbury, north of Bristol, western England. They were designed 1810-11 in the Picturesque style by John Blaize, Herbert Augustus (1918-1989) Grenadian centrist politician, prime minister in 1967 and 1984-89. Cofounder of the centrist Grenada National Party (GNP), he led the official opposition after full independence in 1974. In hiding... Blake, Eugene Carson (1906-1985) US Protestant clergyman. Blake held pastorates in New York and California before becoming a senior administrator of the Presbyterian Church USA. From 1967 to 1972 he was general secretary of the... Blake, George (1922-1994) British double agent who worked for MI6 (see Blake, George (1893-1961) Scottish novelist and journalist. In direct opposition to the sentimental Kailyard School, his novels are set in urban industrial Scotland. The Shipbuilders (1935) is about... Blake, Peter (1932) English painter, sculptor, and designer. He was one of the leading exponents of Blake, Quentin Saxby (1932) English book illustrator and writer of books for children. His animated pen-and-ink drawings are instantly recognizable. A prolific illustrator of children's books written by others, including... Blake, Robert (1599-1657) British admiral of the Parliamentary forces during the English Blake, William (1757-1827) English poet, artist, engraver, and visionary, and one of the most important figures of English Romanticism. His lyrics, often written with a childlike simplicity, as in Songs of Innocence (1789)... Blakelock, Ralph (Albert) (1847-1919) US painter. Blakelock studied medicine but became a landscape painter during the 1860s. He was committed to an insane asylum in 1899 and did not paint anything after his release in 1916. His moody... Blakeslee, George H(ubbard) (1871-1954) US professor and diplomat, Blakeslee's diplomatic career included participation in the 1932 Lytton Commission, that recommended economic sanctions against Japan, and membership in the American... Blakeslee, Howard (Walter) (1880-1952) US journalist and science writer. Blakeslee Expelled was a reporter and science writer for the Associated Press from 1928 to 1952. He and four colleagues received the 1937 Pulitzer Prize for Local... Blakey, G Robert (1936) US lawyer and professor. Blakey was chief counsel to the Select House Committee on Assassinations 1977-79. As a member of various commissions charged with reforming federal and state laws, he was... Blamey, Thomas Albert (1884-1951) Australian field marshal. Born in New South Wales, he served at Gallipoli, Turkey, and on the Western Front in World War I. After his recall to Australia in 1942 and appointment as... Blanc, (Jean Joseph Charles) Louis (1811-1882) French socialist and journalist. In 1839 he founded the Revue du progrès, in which he published his Organisation du travail, advocating the establishment of cooperative workshops and other... Blanchard, Brand (born 1892) US philosopher, a thinker in the tradition of British idealist philosophers such as Bernard Bosanquet and Francis Bradley. In The Nature of Thought (1939) he insists on the importance of the... Blanchard, Edward Litt Leman (1820-1889) English writer of dramas, farces, and burlesques. For 37 years he wrote the annual pantomime for the Drury Lane Theatre in London, and he sold plays to provincial theatres at... Blanche of Castile (1188-1252) Queen of France, wife of Blanchot, Maurice (born 1907) French critic and novelist. Between 1930 and 1939 he wrote mainly for the right-wing press. Faux pas (1943) brings together some 60 of the literary essays he contributed to the Journal des débats... Blanco-Fombona, Rufino (1874-1944) Venezuelan diplomat and writer. He was born in Caracas and lived there until his opposition to the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Blanco, (Salvador) Jorge (1926) Dominican Republic left-wing politician, president 1982-86. A lawyer-politician noted for defending victims of political persecution, he joined the Senate as a member of the left-wing... Blanco, Antonio Guzmán (1828-1899) Venezuelan soldier and president 1873-88. During the Federal Revolts of 1858-63 he was actively engaged as a leader of the Liberals. He became vice-president under Juan Crisóstomo Falcón in... Blandrata (or Biandrata), Giorgio (1516-1588) Italian doctor and Unitarian theologian. He promoted the anti-Trinitarian movement in Poland 1558-63 and Transylvania from 1564. He helped to secure legal recognition for Transylvanian... blank verse In literature, the unrhymed iambic pentameter or ten-syllable line of five stresses. First used by the Italian Gian Giorgio Trissino in his tragedy Sofonisba (1514-15), it was introduced to... blanketeers Manchester hand-loom weavers who began a march on London in March 1817, in protest against the suspension of the Blanqui, (Louis) Auguste (1805-1881) French revolutionary politician. He formulated the theory of the `dictatorship of the proletariat`, used by Karl Marx, and spent a total of 33 years in... Blanton, Ray (1930) US governor. A construction company executive, Blanton was a Democrat representative for Tennessee, 1969-71. He went on to become governor of Tennessee, where he expanded industry and tourism. He... Blarney Castle Castle at Blarney, County Cork, Republic of Ireland. One of Ireland's oldest castles, it consists mainly of a massive square keep with a battlemented parapet, built by Cormac Laidir MacCarthy about... Blasco Ibáñez, Vicente See Blashfield, Edwin (Howland) (1848-1936) US painter. Blashfield studied in Paris and returned to America to paint large murals, such as the one commissioned for the Chicago World's Fair of 1893. ... Blashford-Snell, John (1936) English explorer, soldier, and writer. His expeditions have included the first descent and exploration of the Blue Nile (1968); the journey north to south from Alaska to Cape Horn, the first... Blasius, St (or St Blaise) (lived 3rd-4th centuries AD) Bishop of Sebaste in Asia Minor, said to have been martyred in the reign of the Roman emperor Diocletian, about 303. He was the patron saint of woolcombers, as his flesh was said to have been torn... Blaskowitz, Johann Albrecht (1883-1948) German general in World War II. He was military governor of Poland 1939-40, but was removed after complaining about the excesses of the SS in dealing with Jews in the territory. He subsequently... blasphemy Written or spoken insult directed against religious belief or sacred things with deliberate intent to outrage believers. Blasphemy was originally defined in the UK as `publishing any matter which... Blatchford, Samuel (1820-1893) US Supreme Court justice. Blatchford was appointed to a federal district court by President Ulysses S Grant in 1867. He became a circuit judge in 1872 and was appointed to the US Supreme Court by... Blaue Reiter, der Loose association of German expressionist painters formed in 1911 in Munich. They were united by an interest in the expressive qualities of colour, in primitive and folk art, and in the necessity of... Blaue Vier Group of four expressionist painters who exhibited in Germany 1922 and the USA 1924. The artists were Vasily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Alexei von Jawlensky, and Lyonel Feininger, all of whom had been... Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna (1831-1891) Russian spiritualist and mystic, co-founder of the Theosophical Society (see Blears, Hazel (1956) British Labour politician, secretary of state for communities and local government from 2007, member of Parliament for Salford (Manchester) from 1997. She was minister without portfolio and Labour... Bleeding Kansas In US history, period in Kansas 1854-61 when it became the scene of bloody warfare between proslavery and antislavery settlers, anticipating the larger conflict of the American Blegen, Carl (William) (1887-1971) US archaeologist. Blegen was director of the American School of Classical Studies 1948-49. His major excavations included Troy and Acrocorinth, but he is best known for his discovery... Blenheim Palace House near Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. Blenheim is the seat of the Duke of Blenheim, Battle of In the War of the Spanish Succession, decisive victory on 13 August 1704 of Allied troops under Bles, Herri met de (1480-1550) Flemish painter, active in Antwerp. He is generally identified with Herri Patinir, nephew of the painter Joachim Patinir, but identification of his work is more difficult. He seems to have... Blessed, Brian (1936) English actor. Known for his charisma and booming voice, he typically played strong leading men. He first drew popular attention as PC Fancy Smith in the television series Z Cars (1962-65), and... Blessington, Marguerite Gardiner (1789-1849) Irish writer. A leading member of literary society, she published Conversations with Lord Byron 1834, travel sketches (The Idler in Italy 1839, The Idler in France 1841), and novels. She was born in... Blicher, Steen Steensen (1782-1848) Danish novelist and poet. After translating 1807-09 the works of the Scottish poet James Macpherson attributed to the mythical Ossian, his greatest achievements were in the short story form, with... Blickling Hall Large Jacobean house near Aylsham, Norfolk, England. It was built in rose-red brick by Henry Hobart, Lord Chief Justice of England, who pulled down the 14th-century manor house in which Anne... Bligh, William (1754-1817) English sailor. He accompanied Captain James blight notice In UK law, a statutory notice by which an owner-occupier can require a public authority to purchase land that is potentially liable to compulsory purchase for development. ... Blighty Popular name for England among British troops in World War I. The term was also used to describe serious but non-fatal wounds requiring hospitalization in Britain; for example, `He caught a... blimp Airship; any self-propelled, lighter-than-air craft that can be steered. A blimp with a soft frame is also called a dirigible; a Blin, Roger (1907-1984) French actor and director. He directed and performed in numerous avant-garde plays, such as En attendant Godot/Waiting for Godot and La Dernière Bande/Krapp's Last Tape by Samuel Beckett and Les... Blind Harry Another name for blind-storey In medieval architecture, an alternative name for the Blind, Mathilde (1841-1896) English writer. Visits to Scotland inspired two long poems, The Prophecy of St Oran (1881) and The Heather on Fire (1886), the latter a passionate outcry against the Bliss, Daniel (1823-1916) US Protestant missionary and educator. Bliss attended Andover Theological Seminary and went to Syria as a missionary in 1855. He founded the Syrian Protestant College (now American University),... Bliss, Henry Evelyn (1870-1955) US librarian who developed a bibliographic classification system, described in The Organization of Knowledge and the System of the Sciences (1929) and The Organization of Knowledge in Libraries and... Bliss, Howard Sweetser (1860-1920) Syrian-born missionary and educator. Howard Bliss became a Congregational minister in New Jersey in 1894. He went on to succeed his father , Daniel Bliss, as president of the Syrian Protestant... Bliss, Lizzie Plummer (1864-1931) US art collector. Bliss began her collection of modern American and French art in 1907. A patron of the Armory Show, she was one of the founders of the Museum of Modern Art in 1929 and bequeathed... Bliss, Tasker Howard (1853-1930) US general and diplomat. He served in the Puerto Rican campaign of the Spanish-American War in 1898. Afterwards, he proved himself an able administrator in Cuban affairs, and in 1902 negotiated... Blitz, the German air raids against Britain September 1940-May 1941, following Germany's failure to establish air superiority in the Battle of Blitzkrieg Swift military campaign, as used by Germany at the beginning of World War II (1939-41). It was characterized by rapid movement by mechanized forces, supported by tactical air forces acting as... Blixen, Karen (1885-1962) Danish writer. She wrote mainly in English and is best known for her short stories, Gothic fantasies with a haunting, often mythic quality, published in such collections as Seven Gothic Tales (1934)... bloc Group, generally used to describe politically allied countries, as in the former `Soviet bloc`. ... Bloch, Henry Wollman (1922) and Richard A (1926) US accountants. The Bloch brothers founded the tax preparation firm H & R Block in Kansas City in 1955, opening a branch in New York City the following year. By the mid-1980s the firm, with 9,000... Bloch, Herbert (1911) German-born classicist. Bloch was Pope Professor of Latin at Harvard, 1973-82. He published widely and was perhaps best known for his work on Ostia and Monte Cassino. ... Bloch, Jean-Richard (1884-1947) French novelist, dramatist, and essayist. He established his reputation with his second novel, Et Compagnie/... & Co. (1918). He also published volumes of tales, travel books, a play (Le dernier... Bloch, Marc (1886-1944) French historian, leading member of the block printing Method of printing, used to decorate Block, Herbert (Lawrence) US editorial cartoonist. See Block, Martin (1903-1967) US radio disc jockey. Block was an instant success as a disc jockey on radio stations in New York City when he began in 1934. He helped to popularize vocalists such as Frank Sinatra, and his... blockade Cutting-off of a place by hostile forces by land, sea, or air so as to prevent any movement to or fro, in order to compel a surrender without attack or to achieve some other political aim (for... blocking in In art, the initial broad indications of line, colour, and tone in a picture which help the artist make decisions about the organization, composition, and overall effect of the final piece. ... Bloemaert, Abraham (1564-1651) Dutch painter and etcher. Working in Paris and Amsterdam and later in Utrecht, he produced biblical and historical pictures, portraits, and still lifes. His style was influenced by the Italian... Bloemen, van Family of Flemish painters; see blog Online journal on the World Wide Web. Blogs started in the USA in 1997 and became ubiquitous in the early 2000s, driven by the ease with which new blogs can be created on hosting services with... | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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