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Batlle y Ordóñez, José (1856-1929) Uruguayan statesman, political reformer, and president 1903-07 and 1911-15. Many industries were nationalized by the state during his administration and significant improvements were made in the... Batman Comic-strip character created in 1939 by US cartoonist Bob Kane (real name Robert Kahn, 1915-98) and his collaborator Bill Finger. A crime-busting superhero, disguised by a black bat-like... Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo (1708-1787) Italian painter. He made detailed portraits of princes and British visitors to Rome on the Grand Tour. Most of his portraits are painted with a Roman antiquity in the background;Portrait of Henry... Batsford, Bradley Thomas (1821-1904) English publisher. After working as a bookseller for many years, he founded a family publishing firm with his three sons in 1874. Batsford soon established a reputation for well-produced books on... Batt, Philip (1927) US politician and governor of Idaho from 1995. A strong fiscal conservative, Batt is an outspoken critic of high taxation and regulation. His special interests are in agriculture and he is a member... battalion Basic personnel unit in the military system, usually consisting of four or five companies. A battalion is commanded by a lieutenant colonel. Several battalions form a Battenberg Title (conferred 1851) of German noble family; its members included (1854-1921) British admiral. A member of a British family of German extraction, Battenberg joined the Royal Navy and became an admiral. In 1914 he was First Sea Lord but was forced to retire due to... Batthyány Prominent Hungarian family that includes some of the most illustrious figures in the country's history. Its most famous member was the politician Count Louis (or Lajos) Batthyány (1806-49), one... Battleaxe, Operation In World War II, unsuccessful British offensive in the Western Desert 15 June 1941, intended to relieve Tobruk and recapture Cyrenaica. Three columns were used in... battleship Class of large warships with the biggest guns and heaviest armour. The Battye grenade Simple hand Bauchant, André (1873-1958) French naive painter. He was a farm labourer who started to draw when serving as a soldier in World War I. After 1922 he devoted himself entirely to painting, becoming noted for landscapes and... Baucis and Philemon In classical mythology, an elderly Phrygian country couple whose names were symbolic of married love. They entertained Zeus and Hermes, messenger of the gods, when all others had refused them... Baudart, Willem (1565-1640) Dutch scholar and Calvinist minister. A leading biblical scholar, he was chosen as one of the translators of the Old Testament for the Dutch Bible commissioned by the Synod of Dort in 1619. He also... Baudelaire, Charles Pierre (1821-1867) French poet. His immensely influential work combined rhythmical and musical perfection with a morbid romanticism and eroticism, finding beauty in decadence and evil. His first and best-known book... Baudouin (1930-1993) King of the Belgians 1951-93. In 1950 his father, Baudrillard, Jean (1929-2007) French cultural theorist. Originally influenced by Marxism and structuralism in works such as The System of Objects (1968), Baudrillard evolved a critique of consumer society and of an information... Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882) German theologian and historian. His main works are on the origins of the Gospels, the 18th century, and the French Revolution. Bauer was born in Eisenberg, and educated in Berlin, where he was... Bauernfeld, Eduard von (1802-1890) Austrian dramatist. His drawing-room comedies elegantly portrayed Viennese life and the political and social issues of the time. They include Leichtsinn aus Liebe 1831, Bürgerlich und Romantisch... Bauhaus German school of art, design, and architecture founded in 1919 in Weimar by the architect Walter Baul Member of a Bengali mystical sect that emphasizes freedom from compulsion, from doctrine, and from social caste; they avoid all outward forms of religious worship. Not ascetic, they aim for harmony... Baum, L(yman) Frank (1856-1919) US writer. He was the author of the children's fantasy The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) and its 13 sequels. The series was continued by another author after his death. The film The Wizard of Oz... Baumeister, Willi (1889-1955) German painter. He was a leading exponent of abstract art in Germany. Baumeister studied in Stuttgart, and during the 1920s developed a style of geometric design influenced by his association with... Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb (1714-1762) German philosopher who established Baumol, William (Jack) (1922) US economist. Best known for his work distinguishing sales maximization from profit maximization in industry, he was also known for his clear transcription of business management and operations... Baur, Ferdinand Christian (1792-1860) German Protestant theologian who founded the Tübingen School of biblical criticism in 1835-47. As professor of theology at Tübingen University, he was influenced by the writings of Georg Bautzen, Battle of French victory in the Napoleonic Wars over a combined Russian and Prussian force 20-21 May 1813, at Bautzen, about 40 km/25 mi northwest of Dresden. The victory was the result of Napoleon's... Bavadra, Timoci (1934-1989) Fijian centre-left politician, prime minister in 1987. A Melanesian chief from the main island of Viti Levu, Bavadra formed the left-of-centre Fijian Labour Party (FLP) in 1985, which... Bawa, Geoffrey (1919-2003) Sri Lankan architect. His buildings are a contemporary interpretation of vernacular traditions, and include houses, hotels, and gardens. His first major commission came in 1979, with... Bawden, Nina Mary (1925) English writer. Her novels, which focus on the lives of the middle classes, include Who Calls the Tune (1953), Circles of Deceit (1987), and Family Money (1991). Among her books for children are The... Bax, Ernest Belfort (1854-1926) English journalist and political writer who, together with William Baxendale, Leo (1930) English strip cartoonist. From 1953 he freelanced strips to the Beano comic, beginning with `Little Plum` and `Minnie the Minx`, the female counterpart to `Dennis the Menace`. A large... Baxter, James Keir (1926-1972) New Zealand critic and poet. Together with Louis Johnson, he founded and edited the magazine Numbers 1954-60. His criticism was collected in The Fire and the Anvil (1955), The Man on the Horse... Baxter, Richard (1615-1691) English cleric. During the English Civil War he was a chaplain in the Parliamentary army, and after the Restoration became a royal chaplain. Baxter was driven out of the church by the Act of... Bay Psalm Book Puritan rendering of the psalms into metre, printed in 1640; it is considered the first work of American literature. Written by Richard Mather, John Eliot, and 28 other ministers of the... Bay, Howard (1912-1986) US set designer. Winner of many awards for his sets, he was the designer for The Little Foxes (1939), One Touch of Venus (1943), The Music Man (1957), and Man of La Mancha (1965). ... Bay, Michel de Alternative name for Michael Bayard, James Asheton, Sr (1767-1815) US representative/senator. Elected to the House of Representatives in 1797, Bayard became a senator in 1804. He was a signatory of the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812. ... Bayard, James Asheton, Jr (1799-1880) US senator. Son of a prominent US senator, Bayard began his political career as a Democrat, but became a Republican in 1857. He returned to the Democrats after Abraham Lincoln's assassination. ... Bayard, Thomas Francis (1828-1898) US politician. He was a senator 1869-85 and secretary of state 1885-89. He was the leader of the Democratic Party in the Senate. Bayard was born in Wilmington, Delaware, and became a lawyer... Bayer, Mahmud Jelâl (1884-1986) Turkish politician, president 1950-60. With Adnan Bayeu, Francisco (1734-1795) Spanish painter. He worked under the neoclassical painter Anton Mengs in Madrid and was a prolific decorator of religious and secular buildings. He also produced tapestry designs. He was Francisco... Bayeux Tapestry Linen hanging made about 1067-70 that gives a vivid pictorial record of the invasion of England by William I (the Conqueror) in 1066. It is an embroidery rather than a true tapestry, sewn with... Bayle, Pierre (1647-1706) French critic and philosopher. In Dictionnaire historique et critique/Historical and Critical Dictionary (1696), he wrote learned and highly sceptical articles attacking almost all the contemporary... Baylis, Lilian Mary (1874-1937) English theatre manager. She was responsible for re-opening Sadler's Wells Theatre, London, in 1931. From 1934 Sadler's Wells specialized in productions of opera and ballet: the resultant... bayonet Short sword attached to the muzzle of a firearm. The bayonet was placed inside the barrel of the muzzleloading muskets of the late 17th century. The sock or ring bayonet, invented in 1700, allowed a... Bazaine, Achille François (1811-1888) Marshal of France. From being a private soldier in 1831 he rose to command the French troops in Mexico 1862-67 and was made a marshal in 1864. In the Franco-Prussian War Bazaine allowed himself... Bazalgette, Joseph William (1819-1890) British civil engineer who, as chief engineer to the London Board of Works, designed London's sewer system, a total of 155 km/83 mi of sewers, covering an area of 256 sq km/100 sq mi. It was... Bazargan, Mehdi (1907-1995) Iranian politician, prime minister in 1979. In 1977 he cofounded the Human Rights Association and in February 1979, following the overthrow of the government of Shapour Bazelon, David (Lionel) (1909-1993) US judge. Bazelon became chief judge of the US Court of Appeals in 1962. He earned a reputation as a strong civil-rights advocate, and issued landmark rulings that expanded the scope of the... Bazin, René-François-Nicolas-Marie (1853-1932) French writer. His novels are usually set in a provincial (often peasant) environment, such as Brittany, Alsace, or Burgundy. He is noted as a stylist, using the French language... Baziotes, William (1912-1963) US painter. Baziotes was one of the founders of the Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors (1940). His calligraphic approach to painting can be seen in such works as Moon Forms (1947), and... bazooka US 2.36 in calibre rocket launcher fired from the shoulder. A lightweight tube with simple sights, it fires a fin-stabilized rocket containing a shaped charge warhead. The weapon's name came from... BBC Abbreviation for BBFC Abbreviation for the British Board of Film Classification. ... BE First British military aircraft, developed 1911-12 by Geoffrey de Havilland and F M Green at the Royal Aircraft Factory, Farnborough. As the improved BE 2, it w ... Beach, Moses Yale (1800-1868) US publisher and inventor. Beach's inventions include rag-cutting machinery that esaed the process of paper-making. He bought the New York Sun in 1838 and was its editor until 1848. ... Beach, Rex Ellingwood (1877-1949) US novelist. His Alaskan adventure novels include Pardners (1905), The Spoilers (1906), The Silver Horde (1909), and The Iron Trail (1913). ... Beach, Sylvia Woodbridge (1887-1962) US bookseller and publisher. In 1919 Woodbridge established the Shakespeare and Company bookshop in Paris, which became an avant-garde publishing house and mecca for American expatriates. In 1922... Beachy Head, Battle of English naval defeat in the Channel 30 June 1690 by a French force sailing to London in support of a proposed Jacobite rebellion. The English army at the time under William of Orange was almost... Beaconsfield Title taken by Benjamin beadle British official whose function has had many variations. In Saxon England, the beadle called householders to the moot (an assembly of freemen). After the Norman Conquest the beadle was an officer... Beadle, Erastus Flavel (1821-1894) US publisher. He was a co-publisher of cheap and popular Beadle, Jeremy (1948) English television entertainer who presented humorous excerpts from viewers' home videos on the peak-time show You've Been Framed (1990-97). Other television shows include Beadle's About (1987),... beak-head moulding In Beaker people Prehistoric people thought to have been of Iberian origin, who spread out over Europe from the 3rd millennium BC. They were skilled in metalworking, and are associated with distinctive earthenware... Beal, Gifford (Reynolds) (1879-1956) US painter. A pupil of William Merritt Chase, he lived in New York and Massachusetts, and painted city and marine scenes, as in The Albany Boat (1915), and Freight Yards (1920). ... Beale, Edward Fitzgerald (1822-1893) US explorer and naval officer. Beale was an Indian agent and the surveyor general for California and Nevada. He made six transcontinental journeys, and later served as... Beale, Mary (1632-1699) English portrait painter. A professional artist at the time of her marriage in 1651, little is known of her work before about 1670, although her husb ... Bean, `Judge` Roy (c. 1825-1903) US frontier figure. Bean gained national attention in 1898 for staging a boxing match on a sandbar in the middle of the Rio Grande to avoid the boxing ban in Texas. In 882 he established himself as... Bean, Sean (1959) English stage and film actor who has appeared in a number of West End stage productions as well as several films. Since 1993, he has starred as Richard Sharpe in a series of Independent Television... bear In business, trader in financial market who believes the market is going to fall. Such negative sentiments are said to be bearish. A bear is the opposite of a Beard, (Daniel Carter) `Uncle Dan` (1850-1941) US illustrator and youth leader. Beard established two organizations for boys - the Sons of Daniel Boone in 1905 and the Boy Pioneers of America in 1909 - that were precursors of the Boy Scouts.... Beard, Charles Austin (1874-1948) US historian and a leader of the Progressive movement, active in promoting political and social reform. As a chief exponent of critical economic history, he published An Economic Interpretation of... Bearden, Romare (1914-1988) US painter, printmaker, and collage artist. A leading African-American artist and Beardon, Romare (Howard) (c. 1912-c. 1988) US painter and collagist. A major American artists, Beardon worked in a variety of media. A set and costume designer for the Alvin Ailey Ballet Company, he founded the Spiral Group to promote... Beardsley, Aubrey Vincent (1872-1898) English illustrator and leading member of the Beast, Great Biblical reference in the Book of Revelation to an evil creature `whose number is six hundred and three score six`, and with whom Aleister Beat Generation US social and literary movement of the 1950s and early 1960s. Members of the Beat Generation, called beatniks, responded to the conformist materialism of the period by adopting lifestyles derived... beatification In the Catholic Church, the first step towards Beatitudes In the New Testament, the sayings of Jesus reported in Matthew 5:3-11 and Luke 6:20-22, describing the spiritual qualities of character that should characterize those influenced by the kingdom... Beaton, David (1494-1546) Scottish Catholic cleric and politician. He became a cardinal in 1538 and archbishop of St Andrews in 1539. He held diplomatic posts under James V and was chancellor under... Beatrix, (Wilhelmina Armgard) (1938) Queen of the Netherlands. The eldest daughter of Queen Beattie, James (1735-1803) Scottish poet and philosopher. His `Essay on Truth` 1770, written to disprove the empiricism of philosopher David Beattie, John Hugh Marshall (1915-1990) British anthropologist whose work on cross-cultural analysis influenced researchers in other fields, particularly philosophy. His book Other Cultures: Aims, Methods and Achievements in Social... Beatty, David (1871-1936) British admiral in World War I. He commanded the cruiser squadron 1912-16 and bore the brunt of the Battle of Beau, Louis Victor (1895-1986) US aviator. An air service veteran of the Western Front in World War I, he commanded the Mediterranean Air Transport Service during World War II. After the war, he became national commander of the... Beauclerk Family name of the dukes of St Albans, descended from King Charles II by his mistress Nell Gwyn. ... Beaufort, Henry (1375-1447) English politician and cleric. As chancellor of England, he supported his half-brother Beaufort, Margaret (1443-1509) English noble. She was the granddaughter of Beauharnais, Alexandre, Vicomte de (1760-1794) French liberal aristocrat and general who served in the American Revolution and became a member of the National Convention in the early days of the French Revolution. He was the first husband of... Beauharnois, Charles (1670-1749) French governor general of Canada 1726-47. His task was to maintain the then French colony of New France against English designs, and to encourage French immigration. Trying to promote Canadian... Beaulieu, Eustorg de (c. 1500-1552) French poet and musician. He wrote a few chansons, but is better known for his verse, including a collection of early Protestant song texts. ... Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de (1732-1799) French dramatist. His great comedies, Le Barbier de Seville/The Barber of Seville (1775) and Le Mariage de Figaro/The Marriage of Figaro (1778, but prohibited until 1784), form the basis of operas... Beaumaris Town and tourist resort on the Isle of Anglesey, northwest Wales; population (2001) 2,050. It is situated on Beaumaris Bay, to the north of the Menai Strait, and has a large harbour. There is an... Beaumont-Hamel French village in the département of Somme, 10 km/6 mi north of Albert. Under German occupation during World War I, it resisted capture by the British during the Battle of the Somme July 1916.... Beaumont, Agnes (1652-1720) English religious autobiographer. She became a friend of the writer John Beaumont, Francis (1584-1616) English dramatist and poet. From about 1606 to 1613 he collaborated with John Beaumont, George Howland (1753-1827) English patron of art and amateur artist. The friend and supporter of many painters (in particular the landscape painter John Constable), he donated many pictures to the National Gallery 1826, an... Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant (1818-1893) US military leader and Confederate general. Opening fire on beauty The property of, or combination of qualities in, objects or people giving rise to pleasure or delight. The branch of philosophy that deals with beauty is Beauty and the Beast European folk tale. A traveller receives mysterious overnight hospitality in a woodland palace, meeting the benevolent owner, a hideous creature, the following morning. The Beast, furious at the... Beauvoir, Simone de (1908-1986) French socialist, feminist, and writer. She played a large role in French intellectual life from the 1940s to the 1980s. Her book Le Deuxième Sexe/The Second Sex (1949), one of the first major... Beaux Arts, Ecole des Influential art school in Paris, established 1795 to replace the pre-revolutionary Royal Academy; from 1819, architectural training was provided. Through its teaching and awards and commissions,... Beaux, Cecilia (1855-1942) US painter. A portrait painter influenced by the work of Thomas Eakins, his sensitive academic work - such as Dorothea and Francesca- remains popular. ... Beaver Dams, Battle of Battle fought in southern Ontario, Canada, between Iroquois warriors and British troops against invading US troops on 24 June 1813, during the Beaverbrook, (William) Max(well) Aitken (1879-1964) Canadian-born British financier, proprietor and publisher of the Daily Express group of newspapers, and a UK government minister in cabinets dur ... Beazley, John Davidson (1885-1970) British classical archaeologist. He transformed the study of ancient Greek vase-paintings, showing that by analysing the style of the paintings it was possible to isolate the work of individual... Bebel, (Ferdinand) August (1840-1913) German socialist. In 1869, with Wilhelm Liebknecht, he was a founding member of the Verband deutsche Arbeitervereine (League of German Workers' Clubs), and became its leading speaker in the... Beccadelli, Antonio (1394-1471) Italian poet. He came to fame in 1425 when he published his collection of Latin poems Hermaphroditus. Containing poets that explicitly avowed homosexual love, the book was condemned by the Church... Beccafumi, Domenico (c. 1486-1551) Italian painter and mosaicist. He became the leading exponent of Beccaria, Antonio (c. 1400-1474) Italian humanist translator. He travelled to England and was appointed secretary to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, in about 1438. He translated works by Plut ... Becher, Johannes R (1891-1958) German expressionist poet. His revolutionary antiwar sentiments were embodied in his exuberant early verse, which includes Verfall und Triumph/Decline and Triumph (1911-14) and An Europa/To Europe... Bechuanaland Former name (to 1966) of Beck, Józef (1894-1944) Polish soldier and politician, foreign minister of Poland 1932-39. He served in Józef Becker gun German aircraft gun of World War I. It was an automatic weapon firing a small high explosive shell (19 mm calibre) at about 300 rounds per minute. Some were fitted into Gotha bombers, while about... Becker, Gary (Stanley) (1930) US economist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1992 for his work on a comprehensive economic theory of all aspects of human behaviour. His work in this field began with a 1956 paper... Becket, St Thomas à (1118-1170) English archbishop and politician. He was chancellor to Henry II from 1155 to 1162, when he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. The interests of the Roman Catholic medieval Beckett, Margaret (1943) British Labour politician, secretary of state for foreign and commonwealth affairs from 2006. She became president of the Board of Trade and secretary of state for trade and industry when the Labour... Beckett, Samuel Barclay (1906-1989) Irish dramatist, novelist, and poet, who wrote in both French and English. He won international acclaim for his work, which includes the play En attendant Godot- first performed in Paris in 1952,... Beckford, William (Thomas) (1759-1844) English writer and eccentric. At 21 he inherited the family fortune. He wrote, originally in French, Vathek 1787, a fantastic Arabian Nights tale. Although frequently abroad (he wrote perceptively... Beckmann, Max (1884-1950) German expressionist painter and graphic artist. He was influenced both by medieval art and by the Beckwourth, Jim (1798-1867) US pioneer and Becque, Henry (1837-1899) French dramatist. His naturalistic plays, in particular Les Corbeaux/The Vultures 1882 and La Parisienne/Woman of Paris 1885, are bitter and sometimes cruel portrayals of contemporary society. Other... Bective Abbey Cistercian foundation (1146) near Kells, County Meath, Ireland, now a house and ruins dating from 13th to 15th centuries. ... Beda Fomm, Battle of In World War II, catastrophic Italian defeat at the hands of the British during the North African Campaign 7 February 1941. The battle took place just outside Beda Fomm, a small town about 190... Beddoes, Thomas Lovell (1803-1849) English poet and dramatist. His unfinished revenge drama Death's Jest Book, begun 1825 and frequently revised, was published 1850. Many of his lyrical poems, such as `If there were dreams to... Bede (c. 673-735) English theologian and historian, known as the Venerable Bede. Active in Durham and Northumbria, he wrote many scientific, theological, and historical works. His Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis... bedel Alternative spelling of Bedell Smith, Walter (1895-1961) US general; Eisenhower's staff officer for much of World War II. Among his many achievements was the negotiation of the Italian surrender 1943 and the surrender of German forces in northwestern... Bedell, William (1571-1642) English cleric, bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh in Ireland from 1629. In his earlier career, he was chaplain to the diplomat Henry Bedford, John Robert Russell, 13th Duke of Bedford (1917-2002) English peer. Succeeding to the title 1953, he restored the family seat Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire, now a tourist attraction. ... Bedivere In British legend, one of King Arthur's closest companions, and the last knight of the Round Table. He carried Arthur's body to the barge which was to take him to Avalon after the last battle, and... Bedjaoui, Mohamed (1929) Algerian lawyer and diplomat. He chaired and co-chaired several United Nations commissions (co-president of the UN Commission of Enquiry to Iran in 1980, vice-president of the UN Council for... Bedny, Demian (1883-1945) Soviet poet and propagandist. He was a member of the Bolshevik party from 1912. His simple verses, in the form of pithy slogans and satirical attacks on class enemies, were very popular during the... Bedouin Member of any of the nomadic, Arabic-speaking peoples occupying the desert regions of Arabia and North Africa. Originating in Arabia, they spread to Syria and Mesopotamia, and later... Bee, Barnard (Elliott) (1824-1861) US Confederate soldier. At the first Battle of Bull Run he inadvertently originated the nickname `Stonewall` for General T J Jackson. Mortally wounded, Bee survived the battle by one day. ... Bee, St (or St Begh or St Bega) Irish princess and religious leader. She was initiated into holy orders by her fellow countryman St Beebe, Lucius (Morris) (1902-1966) US journalist and author. Beebe worked as a journalist, notably for the New York Herald Tribune (1929-50), chronicling Manhattan's high society. He wrote several books on railways and the American... Beecher, Harriet Unmarried name of US author Harriet Beecher Beecher, Henry Ward (1813-1887) US Congregational minister and militant opponent of slavery, son of the pulpit orator Lyman Beecher, Lyman (1775-1863) US Congregational and Presbyterian minister, one of the most popular pulpit orators of his time. He was the father of Harriet Beecher Beechey, Frederick William (1796-1856) English admiral and geographer. He accompanied Buchan and Beeding, Francis Pseudonym adopted jointly by Hilary beehive house In archaeology, a building made of unhewn stones without mortar. Resembling a beehive in shape, it consists of long stones laid down in a circle, each course being overlapped by the one immediately... Beelzebub In the New Testament, the leader of the devils, sometimes identified with Satan and sometimes with his chief assistant (see ... beer-hall putsch Unsuccessful uprising at Munich led by Adolf Hitler, attempting to overthrow the government of Bavaria in November 1923. More than 2,000 Nazi demonstrators were met by armed police, who opened fire,... Beer, Patricia (1924-1999) English writer, best known as a poet. Her work appears to deal with simple material in a simple manner, but with such precision and sensitivity that it... Beerbohm, (Henry) Max(imilian) (1872-1956) English caricaturist and author. A perfectionist in style, he contributed to The Yellow Book (1894); wrote a novel of Oxford undergraduate life, Zuleika Dobson (1911); and published volumes of... Beernaert, Auguste M(arie) F(rancis) (1829-1912) Belgian attorney and politician. Beernaert shared the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1909 with French diplomat Baron de Constant Beets, Nikolaas (1814-1903) Dutch poet and writer. His collection of humorous sketches Camera Obscura (1839) was first published under the pseudonym Hildebrand. He also wrote critical essays, the best of which are contained in... BEF Abbreviation for Befana In Italian folklore, a legendary old woman who brings gifts for good children on Twelfth Night (6 January) and ashes for naughty children. The name is also applied to a rag doll hung... begging Soliciting, usually for money and food. It is prohibited in many Western countries, and stringent measures were taken against begging in the former USSR. In the Middle East and Asia, almsgiving is... Begin, Menachem (1913-1992) Israeli politician. He was leader of the extremist Irgun Zvai Leumi organization in Palestine from 1942 and prime minister of Israel 1977-83, as head of the right-wing Likud party. Following... begum In Muslim countries, a woman ruler of high social rank, such as a princess or the widow of a prince. ... Behaim (or Boheim), Martin (1459-1506) German navigator and geographer. In 1484 he accompanied the fleet of the Portuguese Diogo Beham German artist brothers, both painters and engravers. Bartel studied with his brother Hans, and from 1527 was court painter to Duke William IV of Bavaria, executing a series of portraits of the ducal... Behan, Brendan Francis (1923-1964) Irish writer and dramatist, born in Dublin and educated by the Christian Brothers until the age of 14. Behan's extended family included many talented musicians and writers as well as Republican... behemoth In the Old Testament (Job 40), an animal cited by God as evidence of his power; usually thought to refer to the hippopotamus. It is used proverbially to mean any giant and powerful creature. ... Behn, Aphra (1640-1689) English novelist and dramatist. She was the first woman in England to earn her living as a writer. Her works were criticized for their explicitness; they frequently present events from a woman's... Behrens, Peter (1868-1940) German architect. A pioneer of the Behring, Emil (Adolph von) (1854-1917) German physician who was awarded the first Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, in 1901, for his discovery that the body produces antitoxins, substances able to counteract poisons released by... Behrman, S(amuel) N(athaniel) (1893-1973) US playwright, screenwriter, and journalist. Behrman's first sophisticated comedy, The Second Man was a hit in 1927. He cofounded the Playwrights' Company in 1938 and was subsequently a Hollywood... Beidler, John Xavier (1831-1890) US vigilante. Born in Mountjoy, Pennsylvania, Beidler was a saloon owner, a ruthless vigilante, and the collector of customs for Montana and Idaho. He was present at the apprehension and the hanging... being In philosophy, the basic state of existence shared by everything and everybody. Being is a fundamental notion in Beissel, Johann Conrad (1690-1768) German-born religious leader and composer. Fleeing persecution, Beissel emigrated to America in 1720. He founded the Solitary Brethren of the Community of Seventh Day Baptists and wrote many... Beit Guvrin Village in Israel, west of Hebron. The nearby churches of Sandahanna are examples of Roman technique applied to Christian buildings. A fine Roman mosaic of the 3rd century... Beit, Alfred (1853-1906) South African financier and philanthropist, born in Hamburg, Germany. He assisted the South African politician Cecil Beith, John Hay Real name of Ian Beja A nomadic people of northern Ethiopia and eastern Sudan, including the Adabda, the Hadendoa, and the Bisharin. Most speak Cushitic languages and are descendants of peoples who have lived in the area... Bek, Antony (died 1311) English prelate, bishop of Durham from 1283. In 1296 he took part in Edward I's expedition against Scotland, and received the Scottish king John de Baliol's submission. Clement V made him patriarch... Beke, Charles Tilstone (1800-1874) English explorer, born in Stepney, London. He joined an expedition to Ethiopia in 1840-44 and published the results of his travels in Abyssinia: a Statement of Facts (2nd edition 1846), and On the... Bekker, Balthazar (1634-1698) Dutch Protestant theologian. His critical study of comparative theology Die Betooverde Wereld/The World Bewitched (1691) expresses disbelief in sorcery, magic, and even the existence of the devil.... Bekker, Elizabeth (1738-1804) Dutch poet and novelist. She showed vivacity and independent wit in her Economische liedjes/Economic Ditties 1780. The epistolary novel Sara Burgerhart (1782) was modelled on the work of the English... Bekynton, Thomas (c. 1393-1465) English cleric, bishop of Bath and Wells from 1443. He was for a time secretary to Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester; he later served as a royal diplomat and compiled a collection of documents, proving... Bel God of Babylonian and Assyrian mythology. He was known to the Hebrews as Baal, the name signifying `lord` in both languages. ... Bel Geddes, Norman (1893-1958) US industrial designer. He was a key member of the small group of US pioneers who helped to establish the profession of industrial design in the interwar years. Throughout his career he was... Belafrej, Ahmed (1908-1990) Moroccan nationalist and politician, prime minister in 1958. Minister in charge of foreign affairs 1955-58, he became prime minister May-December 1958; his government was brought down because of... Belaid, Abdessalem (1928) Algerian politician, prime minister 1992-93. Appointed minister of industry and energy 1966-77, he opposed the self-management system and almost single-handedly chose and carried out a... Belarus Country in east-central Europe, bounded south by Ukraine, east by Russia, west by Poland, and north by Latvia and Lithuania. Government The 1994 constitution provided for a democratic-pluralist,... Belasco, David (1859-1931) US dramatist and producer. His works include Madame Butterfly (1900) and The Girl of the Golden West (1905), both of which Puccini used as libretti for operas. ... Belaúnde Terry, Fernando (1913-2002) Peruvian politician and president 1963-68 and 1980-85. He championed land reform and the construction of roads to open up the Amazon valley. He fled to the USA in 1968 after being deposed by a... Belcher, John (1841-1913) English architect born in London. His chief designs were The Institute of Chartered Accountants, Moorgate Street (1890); Colchester Town Hall (1902); Electra House, Finsbury (1902); Mappin and Webb,... Belcher, Jonathan (1681-1757) American administrator. He was governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire 1730-41, and of New Jersey from 1746 until his death. Belcher was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and graduated from... Belding, Don (1898-1969) US advertising executive. Belding worked in the Los Angeles branch of the advertising agency Lord and Thomas, which he took over with Emerson Foote and Fax Cone, renam ... Belfast Castle Victorian Scottish-style baronial castle in Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It was built in 1870 on the lower slopes of Cave Hill for the 3rd Marquess of Donegall and his daughter and... Belfast, HMS Largest and most powerful cruiser built for the British Royal Navy with a displacement of 11,874 tonnes/11,684 tons, now a permanent Royal Navy museum, moored on the south bank of the River Thames,... belfry A term originally applied to a tower used in medieval warfare, later to a watch-tower (or one from which an alarm bell was rung), and finally to a bell-tower,... Belgae Name given by Roman authors to people who lived in Gaul, north of the Seine and Marne rivers. They were defeated by Caesar in 57 BC. Many of the Belgae settled in southeastern England during the 2nd... Belgian and Dutch Architecture The architecture of Belgium and the Netherlands. The present state of Belgium only dates from 1830, when it was separated from the kingdom of the Ne ... Belgian literature There are three literary traditions in the area now called Belgium: Flemish, French, and Walloon. For the Flemish tradition see Belgic Confession Articles of faith drawn up in 1561 for the reformed churches of the southern Netherlands. A moderate statement of Calvinist doctrine, it was widely influential, and between 1566 and 1581 it was... Belgium Country in Western Europe, bounded to the north by the Netherlands, to the northwest by the North Sea, to the south and west by France, and to the east by Luxembourg and Germany. Government A... Belgrade, Battles of Three major battles of Christian forces against the Turks around Belgrade, for centuries an outpost of the West as a bastion against the Turks and other forces from the East. Mehmet II besieged the... Belgrano, Manuel (1770-1820) Argentine revolutionary. He was a member of the military group that led the 1810 revolt against Spain. Later, he commanded the revolutionary army until he was replaced by José de belief Assent to the truth of propositions, statements, or facts. In philosophy, belief that something is the case is contrasted with Belin, David (William) (1928) US lawyer. Partner in Iowa law firms since 1955, he was counsel to the Warren Commission on the assassination of President Kennedy in 1964, becoming best known for his defence of the commission's... Belinski, Vissarion Grigorievich (1811-1848) Russian literary critic and journalist. He was one of the leaders of the Westernists and a representative of a new generation of radical intelligentsia in Russia. He founded the sociological... | SearchTyp a word and hit `Search`.
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