1. 
   pa-ku wen-chang
   (from the article `China`) ...By the end of the Ming dynasty, the writing of examination responses had become highly stylized and formalized in a pattern called `the ... ...thus produced, which approximates that of poetry, it has often been made the vehicle of proselike exposition and argumentation....
   Found op http://www.britannica.com/eb/a-z/p/1
   
   

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